Nafeez Mosaddeq Ahmed ndiye Executive Director weInstitute for Policy Research and Development muLondon uye akadzidzisa paUniversity yeSussex neBrunel University. Bhuku rake razvino uno nderokuti a Bhuku reMushandisi kune Dambudziko reBudirirouye akanyorawo zvakawanda pamusoro pemitemo yekunze kwenyika dzekuMadokero nehugandanga. Mukuwedzera anochengetedza blog inonzi Iyo Inocheka Edge.
Mubvunzurudzo iyi, Nafeez naSamia Aziz vanokurukura nezveIslamophobia - hunhu hwayo, zvikonzero uye masimba, uye kuti ingarambirwe sei.
Izwi rekuti 'Islamophobia' rakangove chikamu chemazwi akajairika ezvematongerwo enyika mumakumi maviri emakore apfuura. Chekutanga, ungatiudza here kuti izwi iri rinorevei?
Islamaphobia inoreva chimiro chepfungwa kana seti yezvitendero zvinoratidzira maMuslim nenzira yekudzoreredza uye yekuzvidza, zvichikonzera kuti vasarurwe. Ndizvo zviri nyore kwazvo. Chekutanga pane zvese, ndiko kunanga kwevaMuslim seboka chairo. Uyezve, iboka remafungiro pamusoro pavo, ayo anowanzokanganisa, asina kururama uye anogona kukuvadza. Izvi zvinobva zvaita kuti pave nemhando dzemafambiro dzine rusarura mumagariro evanhu, zvematongerwo enyika, zveupfumi netsika, zvichizviratidza nenzira dzakawanda.
Munzira dzipi Islamophobia inozviratidza pachayo?
Islamophobia inogona kuzviratidza nenzira dzakawanda. Chekutanga, kune nzira dzakavanda, dzemasangano, dzimwe nguva dzinonetsa kuona. Izvi zvinogona kuonekwa muhuwandu hwehupfumi pamusoro pemamiriro eMuslim. Inenge 69% yevaMuslim vekuSouth Asia vanogara muurombo muBritain, izvo pasina mubvunzo munhu anoshamisa. Ndiwo mhedzisiro yekusaenzana kwemaitiro emagariro, ayo asingangobata maMuslim, asi anokanganisa akati wandei nharaunda, senge vachena vanoshanda, uye vanotsvaga hupoteri. Iyi nhamba yakakosha haisi chinhu chinogona kuiswa pasi kune kurangana. Munharaunda dzekuMadokero nharaunda dzemadzinza dzinowanzotarisana nedambudziko rezvimiro zvisina kuenzana izvi, uye nekudaro vanoshorwa. Kunowanzonzi kusarura kwemasangano. Kunyange zvazvo senzanga takaramba rusaruraganda, tichiri kuwana zvikamu zvikuru zvemarudzi maduku ari kurerutswa mumagariro evanhu sezvo vasina mukana wekuwana zvinhu zvakafanana nemabasa anoitwa nedzimwe nhengo dzenzanga.
Ipapo iwe une zviitiko zviri pachena zveIslamophobia, maererano nezviito zvechisimba uye ruvengo kune vaMuslim izvo zvinowanzonyorwa nemapurisa. Masangano akasiyana akaita seIslamic human rights commission anochengeta zviitiko zvakadaro. Iri nzira yakanyanyisa yerusarura uye pfungwa dzechiIslam zvinokonzeresa kuti vaMuslim vaomerwe nehupenyu hwavo hwemazuva ese. Vanhu vari kutaura zvinhu zvinosetsa nezvavo, uye vari kunetswa, kurwiswa, uye kurwiswa mumigwagwa. Saka aya ndiwo maviri emhando dzemienzaniso yemakesi atiri kutarisa.
Kwave kunyanyisa munguva pfupi yapfuura here?
Chokwadi, yave ichikwira zvisingaite. Sangano reIslamic Human Rights Commission rinopokana mumushumo wavo wa2004 kuti makumi mapfumbamwe muzana evaMuslim vavakaongorora, mune yakakura saizi yeanosvika zana, vakati vakasarurwa nekuda kwekuva muMuslim. Saka zvinogona kunge zviri zvesangano, zvingave zvisinganzwisisiki, mubasa, pekugara, dzidzo kana zvinhu zviri kuitika paunenge uri mumigwagwa nevanhu vanokupa zvitarisiko zvisinganzwisisike uye nekutarisa, vachitaura zvinonyomba pamusoro pako, kana kutokurova panyama. Zvidzidzo zvakawanda, kusanganisira kubva kuhofisi yepamba, zvakaratidza kuti takave nekukwira kukuru kwezviito zvekuvenga maMuslim mumakore gumi apfuura, e90-1000%. Kubva 70/80 uye 9/11 zvatonyanya kuipa, uye zviri kuenderera mberi.
Ndezvipi zvinhu zviri pasi pekukura kweIslamophobia?
Ndinofunga kuti chinhu chakaoma zvikuru. Chinhu chiri pachena kuitika kwemagandanga. Zviripachena kuti kwave nekukwira mukuvenga maMuslim mushure mekuita kwe9/11 uye 7/7. Mubvunzo ndewokuti kana iri mhinduro inonzwisisika kune kurwiswa. Chiri kunetsa inzira iyo nyika inoronga nayo mhinduro ine musoro uye nzira yainoedza nayo kunzwisisa uye kuburitsa rondedzero yakatenderedza kurwiswa uku. Kazhinji nyika inosarudza nharaunda dzeMuslim kuti dzitariswe, maererano nekutyisidzira. Mhinduro iyoyo inotungamirwa nechiratidzo inodyisa munhau. Iko kune kushoma kubvunza kwakanyanya pamusoro pemhinduro dzehurumende, kana nezve mutemo wekunze, mitemo yedu yehungwaru kana matanho edu ekuchengetedza. Izvi zvinosiya veruzhinji nerondedzero iri nyore: "kune maMuslim aya anovenga mararamiro edu." Panguva imwecheteyo, kunyangwe nharaunda dzechiMuslim dzichichengetedzwa kutengeswa, hurumende dzinowanzo edza kuzvibvisa mhosva nekutaura pachena kuti vanotenda kuti maMuslim mazhinji akanaka uye haatsigire hugandanga, uye kuti Islam pachayo haitsigire hugandanga. Asi kuedza kwakadai kwePR hakuenderane nehungwaru hwehurumende kana mauto, izvo zvichiri kutarisisa nharaunda dzechiMuslim, uye izvo zvinozoita kuti vapedzisire vadzivise dhimoni senzira yekutyisidzira. Inoshanduka kuita iyi yakashata kutenderera iyo inozivisa zvisizvo vanhu vazhinji vangangove vasina kusangana kwakawanda nevaMuslim vazhinji. Kudyidzana kwavo chete nemuMuslim kuchave kuburikidza neterevhizheni yavo kana nezvavanonzwa paredhiyo, kana izvo zvavanoverenga muZuva. Saka ndiro dambudziko, nderekuti ruzivo rwekutanga rwavari kuwana nezvevaMuslim nderekuti vakaita kurwisa kwemagandanga, uye pane njodzi, uye vane zvitendero izvi zvine njodzi, uye kune Bin laden neAl Qaeda, uye vari muno munyika ino, pane 2,000 vaMuslim vakagadzirira kurwisa. Ndizvo veruzhinji varikunzwa, hapana chimwe chavari kunzwa. Saka inodyisa mupfungwa iyoyo yekutya nekufunganya. Zviri nyore saka kutarisa maMuslim uye kutora pane stereotypes.
Ini ndinofunga chimwe chinhu ndeidzi dzakadzama zvimiro nyaya dziri kutamba. Ini ndinoona dambudziko rehupfumi sechiratidzo chekuparara kwakakosha kweiyo neoliberal hupfumi hwenyika. Takatarisana nekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze, kupera kwesimba, matambudziko ezvekudya, uye kudzikira kwehupfumi. Kumashure kwaizvozvo, isu tine zvakare kutya uku kuri kuwedzera kwekuchengetedza, hugandanga uye kurwisana kwechisimba. Saka zvese izvi zvinhu zvinosangana panguva imwe chete, uye zvakasimbiswa kuti kana uine dambudziko revanhu rakawanda, rinounza kushushikana, mapoka emagariro anowanzo kuumba 'vamwe'; ivo 'dzimwe' nharaunda. Nepo kare iwe ungave uine nharaunda yakabatana, zvinongoerekana zvave nyore kunongedza boka revamwe uye kuvaratidza sevakasiyana, uye kuronga 'kupomera' mhosva yedu yemagariro kune iri ikozvino 'rakasiiwa' boka. Ikozvino kwave kunzi 'clash of civilisations' apo tinoona maMuslim achipomerwa mhosva. Panzvimbo yekufunga nezve shanduko huru yehupfumi, pane iyi ibvi-gerk maitiro ekutaura kuti dambudziko riri pamusoro pevaMuslim. Semuenzaniso, chimwe chezvikonzero zvatiri muIraq uye tine inopindira yekune dzimwe nyika mutemo ndeyekunyanya kuvimba neOiri. Panzvimbo pekutarisa izvo, vanhu vachange vachitaura nezvekuti maMuslim aya ari kutirwisa sei - iyi 'imwe nzira'. Ini ndinofunga zvese izvi zvinhu zvinosangana kugadzira vortex yakasimba kwazvo yemhando yeradicalisation, apo ruzhinji rwevaenzi-nharaunda inotanga kuve yakasarudzika uye ine pfungwa dzine njodzi pamusoro penharaunda dzayo diki.
Iwe unofunga kuti mitemo yekubvakacha ine basa rekuita mukukura kweIslamophobia?
Zvakanaka, ndinofunga kuti immigration inonyatso nyore bogy-man. Kana ukaenzanisa huwandu hwevakapinda muEurope neBritain, vanhu vazhinji vakatama kubva kuUK kuenda kuEurope nekumwewo, kupfuura vauya kuBritain. The ratio is a third or quarter of the number of people vari kuenda, vari kuuya. Saka iyo haisi nyaya. Nyaya iripo ndeyekuti sei immigration yakarongedzwa nenzira yekuti idambudziko? Zvakare, mhinduro yacho ine chekuita nemamiriro ezvinhu. Dambudziko nderokushaya basa here? Saka vanhu vanobva kune dzimwe nyika vari kuuya vachititorera mabasa? Kana kuti imhaka yekuti hupfumi hwedu hwakarongeka nenzira yekuti hunoita kuti hurovha huvepo? Ini ndinofunga Marx akawana zvinhu zvakawanda mukushoropodza kwake capitalism, uye akaburitswa mukutarisa kumashure nezvimwe zvezvinhu zvaakataura. Chimwe chezvaakataura ndechekuti capitalism inoburitsa zvine hungwaru uye matambudziko, kuburikidza nekurudziro yepurofiti kune vashoma vepamusoro avo varidzi vezviwanikwa zvakawanda zvinogadzira. Tsaona yazvino uno muenzaniso wakanaka wekuti sisitimu yedu inokonzeresa sei matambudziko uye nekudaro kushaikwa kwemabasa. Paive nemamiriro ezvinhu apo pakanga paine kuunganidzwa kukuru kwemari apo mabhanga aiunganidza purofiti yakakura. Asi mabhanga akange asina zvitsva zvekuisa mari nekuti isu taenda kwese kwese pasirese uye takaita zvese zvinogoneka zvekufungidzira zvaungafungidzira. Vakanga vachipererwa nenzvimbo dzekuenda uye kuchengetedza iyo purofiti inowedzera, uye inofanirwa kuramba ichiwedzera kana hupfumi huchakura, uye hupfumi hunofanira kukura zvikasadaro iwe uchave nekutadza kwebhizinesi uye kudonha. Saka miganhu yakanga yasvikwa kumberi ikoko. Panguva imwecheteyo iwe une banking system inokweretesa kupenga kune chero munhu yaaigona kugadzira purofiti kuseri kweizvi chaizvo dodgy mari zviridzwa. Ipapo iwe waive nemafemu matsva aya achiuya uye neinishuwarenzi izvo zviridzwa zvemari, uchibvumirana kuti zvichengetedzeke, asi iwo mafemu asina mari yekuisa inishuwarenzi pakutanga. Saka bubble rakakura rakagadzirwa neakasiyana zvimiro mukati mecapitalism zvinoita kuti purofiti iwedzere maitiro ane musoro, nekuti kana ukasaramba uchienda zvisingaite, bhizinesi rako rinotadza. Zvinoita kuti zviito zvehudzvinyiriri zvive zvakajairika uye zvinodiwa kuti urarame. Chii chinoitika neicho ndechekuti inosvika painokundikana uye inodonha.
Saka nyaya yekuti dambudziko iri nekuti vanhu vanobva kune dzimwe nyika vari kutitorera mabasa, hazvina musoro zvachose. Nyaya yekupinda nekubuda kwevanhu munyika yanga iri nyaya huru mumagakava ezvematongerwo enyika ebato munguva yesarudzo, zvichiisa patafura sedambudziko guru. Asi hazvisi pano kana apo kana zvasvika kune izvo zvisiri izvo nehupfumi. Isu tinofanirwa kunge tichitarisa maitiro emabhanga, hurongwa hwevaridzi uye kugoverwa kwezviwanikwa muhupfumi.
Is Islamophobia inzira yakasiyana yerusaruraganda here? Izvo zvakasiyana here kubva mukusarura vanhu vatema, vanhu veIrish, maJuda, nezvimwe?
Kune mabhuku esainzi ezvemagariro akatenderedza Islamophobia izvozvi ayo vatauri vazhinji uye vezvenhau vezvenhau vasingazive. Zvinobva pakukurukurirana kwevezera rekuongorora kwave kuenderera kwemakore anopfuura gumi pamberi pe9 / 11, yakaitwa nenyanzvi dzave dzichidzidza rusarura uye rusarura. Vanofunga kuti Islamophobia ipfungwa yakasarudzika uye inofanirwa kucherechedzwa senzira yakasarudzika yerusaruraganda. Haina kunyanya kusiyanisa mumasimba ayo uye yakafanana nerusaruraganda kune dzimwe nharaunda. Chinoita kuti ive mutsauko inzira iyo masimba masimba aya anokanganisa nharaunda. Iwe unowana semuenzaniso nzira iyo nzanga dzevatema dzinoita rusaruraganda, zvino dzobva dzasiyana zvishoma nenzira iyo nzanga dzeMuslim dzinoita rusaruraganda. Vanhu vatema vachasarurwa nedzimwe nzira uye vachasangana nerusarura rwakafanana nemapurisa semuenzaniso. Vanogona kunge vaine matambudziko akafanana mune zvehupfumi asi mazinga eruvengo kuvanhu vatema akasiyana zvakanyanya kana achienzaniswa nemazinga ekuvenga maMuslim. Matanho ehutsotsi uye kurova nharaunda dzevaMuslim ari pamwero mukuru wakarongeka. Kune nyaya dzakasiyana dzevaMuslim vari kurwiswa, mamosque ari kurwiswa uye vakadzi vachibviswa machira. Zvinhu zvakadai hazvisi kuitika kunharaunda dzevatema panguva ino.
Nyaya yehugandanga inoshandura mutambo ichiuisa kunze kwemabatirwo anoitwa mamwe matunhu akatarisana nerusarura nekuti akanangana nekupona kwehurumende neveruzhinji. Inopembedza kushandiswa kwemasimba ekukurumidzira asina kuisirwa kune dzimwe nharaunda, semutemo unorwisa hugandanga. Madzinza madiki pane ese ari kutambura zvisingaite, asi nharaunda dzechiMuslim dziri kutambura zvakanyanya. Iwe unoona kuti rusaruraganda, asi imhando yakasarudzika yerusarura, nekuti yakanangana nemaMuslim zvakananga, kwete madzinza madiki kana vanobva kune dzimwe nyika.
Asi kana paine kufanana pakati pezviitiko zvevaMuslim, uye izvo zvine mamwe mapoka madiki, hapana here njodzi yekuti kushandisa izwi rekuti 'Islamophobia' kunogona kukonzera kupatsanurana?
Izwi iri rakatanga sepfungwa yezvidzidzo uye hapana akauya nepfungwa iyi sezvo iri izwi rine mukurumbira. [Ini ndaizodzima iyo yakasimbiswa, hazvina musoro] Chikonzero chakauya chaive chekubata zvinhu izvi zvakasiyana. Chinoita kuti ive yakasiyana inyaya yekuchengeteka. Kana nyika yangotanga kutaura inyaya yehupenyu nerufu nekuitumidza senyaya yekuchengetedza, iwe une iyi nzira yekuchengetera iyo nyika inokwanisa kushandisa matanho anoshamisa, uye kuenda kunze kweyakajairwa Rule yeMutemo pahwaro hwekuponesa hupenyu. . Izvi zvinoonekwa mukududzirwa kunoshamisa uye kutora chikamu mukurwadzisa. VaMuslim vakabatwa murusarura urwu rwakakodzera rusaruro runosanganiswa nekumwe kusarongeka kwakaitika munharaunda. Yakagadzira yakasarudzika yakasarudzika munzira iyo nharaunda dzeMuslim dzinonangwa, iyo masayendisiti ezvemagariro anoedza kubata. Vakataura kuti ichikamu chakasiyana cherusarura, ndokuchitumidza kuti Islamophobia. Asi zvakakosha kuti vanhu vazive kuti kubva pakuona kwe epistemological and sociological, uri kuyedza kuwana nzwisiso yekuti nzanga inoshanda sei. Kana iwe usinganzwisisi kuti Islamophobia chii chaizvo, izvo zvandinofunga kuti vezvenhau vanotamba neshoko havaiti, zvino zvinoonekwa sekusarura kune vamwe, nekunyatsojekesa matambudziko anosangana nevaMuslim. Ini ndinofunga pane chimwe chinhu chinofanirwa kutaurwa pano, mupfungwa yekuti kana iwe uchitaura nenharaunda dzechiMuslim, pane iyi pfungwa yekuvharirwa hood, uye kazhinji inopesana zvakanyanya. Pane chimwe chikonzero chechikonzero chazvo, asi kazhinji chinogona kukanganisa zvakanyanya, kana iwe uchigara uchitarisa nzanga kuburikidza neicho: Ndiri mubairo, uye munhu wese anondivenga nekuti ndiri muMuslim uye handikwanise kuwana. ndinobatanidzwa nokuti ndiri mutorwa. Zvinogadzira pfungwa yekuti 'Ini ndakasiyana, ndiri mumwe ane chitupa chakasiyana' zvinokanganisa maMuslim, uye zvinowedzera dambudziko ravo rekuzivikanwa iro vazhinji veMuslim vanopinda naro.
Saka inogona kupesana-inogadzira asi, iwe unoziva, izwi iri pano kuti rigare. Sezvandambotaura, chii chakaita kuti izwi rive nemukurumbira inzvimbo yaro yesainzi yemagariro. Panzvimbo pekusiya izwi iri, isu tinofanirwa kujekesa manzwisisiro ezvarinoreva uye kuti chii chinoita kuti risiyane. Hazvisi zvekuedza kuita maMuslim uyu anogara achibatwa, asi kuyedza kutaura kuti rusaruraganda rwevaMuslim rwakasiyana uye rwakasiyana. Izvo hazvidzikisise zviitiko zvinotyisa izvo dzimwe nharaunda dzinopfuura nemairi. Kona yekuchengetedza inoita kuti ive yakasiyana. Chokwadi, musiyano wesemantic uye wezvidzidzo, kwete nyaya yakakosha inoti nharaunda idzi dzakasiyana zvachose, asi iyo inobvuma kuti nharaunda dzechiMuslim dziri kusarura sei neimwe nzira, nekuda kwekuchengetedzeka.
Ndeipi yaungagumisa kuti ndiyo nzira yakanakisa yekugadzirisa nyaya yeIslamophobia?
Uyu mubvunzo mukuru. Imwe yefungidziro yandakaita mukati bhuku rangundezvekuti pane 'bhizinesi semazuva ese' modhi, hapana mubvunzo kuti zvinhu zvichatonyanya kuipa zvisati zvave nani. Izvo zvine chekuita neiyi chengetedzo ine simba yandambotaura. Ndakatarisa magwaro ekudzivirira ekudzivirira kuAmerica neBritain, ndichitarisa matambudziko epasi rose uye kuti akakanganisa sei nyaya dzekuchengetedza mumakore mashoma apfuura. Vanoronga zvekudzivirira vanonzwisisa kuti kuwedzera kwekuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze, kugadzirwa kwechikafu uye kushomeka kwezvishandiso zvinogadzira mukana wemhirizhonga. Uyezve, vanotenda kuti kukanganisa kwematambudziko aya kuchawedzera munzvimbo zhinji dzeMuslim. Vanga vakatarisa kuNorth Africa, Middle East nepakati peAsia, vachigumisa kuti ndevanonyanya kufarira nekuda kwezviwanikwa zvavo zvehydrocarbon, huwandu hwevanhu uye basa ravo muhupfumi. Vari kufanotaura kuti vanhu ava vachave nekukura kukuru kwevanhu mumakore gumi kusvika makumi maviri anotevera, paine 10% yevechidiki bulge. Saka havazokwanisi kutsungirira matambudziko, uye saka, vanoronga vanopedzisa, ruzhinji rwechidiki ruchave munjodzi yekukurumidzira. Kuchave nekutama kumatunhu akasiyana kuitira kutiza matambudziko, izvo zvichaunza mamwe matambudziko. Zvakaoma kuona kana mamwe eaya fungidziro yehuwandu yakavakirwa mune chero yakakomba yesocial science ongororo. Aya marekodhi ekuronga ekudzivirira magwaro eruzhinji, akanyorwa nevanoongorora zvekudzivirira vanowana mihoro. Vari kuzviita mukati mepfungwa, ideology uye chimiro chine imwe nyika maonero ane zvimwe zvinodikanwa uye zvinokurudzira. Vanoziva pachena kuti kusaenzana kwenyika yose kuchawedzera, uye ruzhinji rwevanhu ruchatambura zvakanyanya somugumisiro. Ivo vanofungidzira, nenzira yechokwadi neoliberal, kuti mhedzisiro iyi inongove isingadzivisike mhedzisiro yeiyo yakakwana sisitimu isingafanirwe kushanduka.
Izvo zviri kudyisa kuratidzwa kwakajeka kweIslamophobia aya akavanzika emasangano, imperialist, asina ruzivo rwekusarura mazano pamusoro pemashandiro anoita nyika. Maonero angu ndeekuti hazvisi zvese zvakaipa uye kusuruvara. Vanhu vakawanda vari kuodzwa mwoyo nemashandiro anoita hurongwa uhu. Vanogona kunge vasinganzwisisi nyaya dzakadzika pamusoro pezvakaipa, asi vari kutarisa matambudziko ehupfumi uye vanogumisa kuti mabhanga ane uori uye ane hanya chete nekuita purofiti. Vari kutarisa hurongwa hweparamende vogumisa kuti hurongwa uhu hwatyoka uye kuti maMP ane huori. Vari kutarisa kuMiddle East mamiriro uye kusava nechokwadi pamusoro pezviri kuitwa neIsrael munzvimbo dzakatorwa, uye zviito zvayo hazvigoni kururamiswa. Vari kutarisa kuIraq uye vachiti pamwe hatina kunyepa nemaune, asi isu taisafanira kuenda kuhondo. Vakabvuma kuti padiki pacho kwaive kukanganisa kukuru (kunyangwe zvichiri kure nekubvuma kuti pane huwori uye kuedza kuvanza kubva kune veruzhinji). Saka inzvimbo inofadza kuva nezvematongerwo enyika, nokuti kune kuwedzera kwekusava nechokwadi. Chinongodiwa pari zvino isangano remagariro, nemapurojekiti akaita seNLP nemamwe mafambisirwo emitemo kuruboshwe kuti vatange kutaura chiono chekuti imwe nzanga inofanirwa kutaridzika sei.
Chinhu chimwe chete chinoitwa nebhuku rangu, kufamba neizvo imwe nyika yaizotaridzika, yakarongeka. Ini handiedze kuisa purani, asi ndinopokana kuti pane mamwe magadzirirwo atinofanira kufunga nezvawo kana tichizosvika kune rimwe divi zvakachengeteka. Hapana mubvunzo kuti zvinhu zvinotyisa zvichaitika, uye sevanhu isu hatigoni kuzvimisa. Zviri nyore kuva usina tariro pamusoro pazvo. Ndinofunga kuti matambudziko ese aya zviratidzo zveshanduko huru yebudiriro. Budiriro yemaindasitiri haigone kupfuura 21st century. Icho ichokwadi chinogoneka. Chimwe chinhu chichatora nzvimbo yacho, uye zviri kwatiri kana iri regressive, imwe dystopian totalitarian society, kana chimwe chinhu - tine mukana usina kumboitika wekurota-kuruka uye kuva zvishoma utopian. Vamwe vanhu vari kufungidzira kuti Europe ichave 50% inotsamira pasimba rinodzokororwa panosvika 2030 pasina pesvedzero yehurumende. Saka imwe shanduko iri kuitika, kana zvishoma nezvishoma. Tinofanira kuyeuka kuti capitalism yakanga isiri pfungwa yakagadzirwa yakatsiva feudalism. Zvakabuda organically. Izvo zvichaitika neiyi nyowani post-carbon civilisation. Ichafanira kubuda organically kubva kumagariro ekufamba. Mukupedzisira, ini ndiri mupfupi pessimist uye kwenguva refu tarisiro.
Haingave nzira imwe chete yekubata nerusaruro nerusarura kune vaMuslim here ndeyekusimbirira kuti kurwiswa kwevaMuslim, zvakanyanya, kurwiswa kwenhengo dzeboka revashandi izvo zvinonetesa uye zvinoparadzanisa boka revashandi rose? Izvi zvingave nemukana wekubatanidza maMuslimwo zvavo nevasiri maMuslim, vachiratidza zvavanofarira zvehupfumi nemagariro avo.
Hongu, zvachose. Zviripachena kuti maMuslim ari kunangwa zvakanyanya nekuda kwesimba rezvimiro uye mafambiro ari kuwedzera aya inzira inotungamirwa nechiratidzo yekugadzirisa matambudziko. Paul Rogers anoidana kuti 'Liddism' - pane kutarisana nezviri kuitika mubhokisi, iwe unongochengeta chivharo pairi. Pakupedzisira, ichaputika pachiso chako. Islamophobia chiratidzo, hachisi chikonzero chakakosha. VaMuslim vanowanzovhiringidzika, uye vanofunga kuti 'ihondo paIslam' nekuda kwekuita hondo neIslam. Asi kana iwe ukaona kuti chingori chiratidzo, unoona kuti simba rekufambisa rinodzoka kunyaya dzakakura dze capitalism yese. Chakakosha pane iyi zororo pakati pevaridzi vezviwanikwa zvepasirese, uye ruzhinji rwevanhu vanoshandira muhoro zvakanyanya, uye vazhinji vanobatanidzwa mumhando dzakasiyana dzehuranda neuranda. Kubviswa kwevashandi uku kwaburitsa simba remacapitalist vanoda kuramba vachivandudza nzira dzekugadzira nekudyara mupurofiti, kudzikisira mihoro, uye kushandisa propaganda. Nokudaro, haisi, chikonzero, nyaya yeMuslim. Inyaya yeruzhinji rwevanhu vepasi rose vakatorerwa uye vakatorerwa pfuma kubva pane inofanira kunge iri mamiriro echisikigo. Dambudziko nderekuti nhasi, zvakanyanya, matunhu mazhinji echiMuslim anoitika kuve kumusha kune akanyanya kurongeka uye ari kuwedzera kushomeka zviwanikwa zvehydrocarbon, kutonga kuri kukurudzira kukuru kwehondo dzazvino muIraq, Afghanistan nekupfuura. Saka tsika yekuchengetedza maMuslim neIslam.
Vanhu vane imwe mhando yerubatsiro rwekuwana nzira dzekugadzira vanozviita vasinganzwisise kuparadza kwavanokonzeresa. Kana vanhu vazhinji vari mukati meaya epamusoro denderedzwa vanotanga kuziva chokwadi chekuti vari kupa sei mukuparadza uku, pane mukana wekuchinja kwechokwadi. Mumwe muenzaniso waiva mushakabvu Matthew Simmons akafa mazuva mashoma apfuura. Akafanotaura kukanganisa kwemafuta epamusoro uye akaisundira sepfungwa kunze munharaunda yeruzhinji. Akanga ari mubhangi wechinyakare wekudyara mari uyo ainyatso tenda nenzira yaaiita uye kuita mhindu. Pakanga pasina chinhu chekuchinja nezve basa rake semubhengi wekudyara. Asi semhedzisiro yezvaakaona, akatanga kuudza vanhu kuti vagadzire magetsi ekuparadzira simba, uye kugadzira hupfumi hwakasiyana nekuti hupfumi hwedu hwakavakirwa kabhoni. Pane chinongedzo pakati pekutsamira kwedu pane kabhoni simba, uye kugona kwedu kushandisa zvakanyanya uye kushandisa zvakanyanya. Akataura zvinhu izvi asingazive kuti chaive chimurenga sei chaaitaura. Saka kune nzvimbo yakawanda yekushandura maonero. Sezvo matambudziko aya ari kuramba achiwedzera, pane divi rakanaka, pakuti zvinozonetsa kuti vanhu vataure kuti uku hakusi kukundikana kwehurongwa. Zvichava nyore kuti masangano akasiyana siyana asanganise vanhu, uye vanhu munharaunda dzakasiyana vashande pamwechete. Kunyanya patinoziva kuti takatarisana neDambudziko reKubudirira, tinoona kuti mararamiro eatomu, ega ega ari kutungamira mukutsakatika kwemarudzi. Imwe nzira haisi pachena. Tine zviwanikwa zvakakura zvebudiriro zvatiinazvo - zvitendero netsika dzakasiyana - tinoda kucherekedza hupfumi hwetsika, njere uye huzivi hwezvinamato zvepasirese, zvitendero nehuzivi uye kutanga kuita nhaurirano pamusoro pekuti tiri kuenda kupi. Zvinhu zvinotiparadzanisa zvinongopfuura; ivo vane chiratidzo cheiyi chaiyo structural conjuncture. Isu takabatana zvakanyanya pane zvatinokoshesa, zvatinotenda uye kunzwisisa kwedu.
Saka ungati kurwiswa munharaunda yeMuslim kana chero boka diki inzira yekudzivirira neoliberal capitalism?
Parizvino handifunge kuti izano rezvematongerwo enyika, asi ndinofunga rinogona kuve rimwe. Zvaunoona ndezvekuti kune aya akavigwa maitiro. Takaona zvinhu izvi zvichiitika neNazi Germany. Kwakanga kusina kumuka kamwe kamwe kwevavariro yaHitler yokuparadza vaJudha vose; yakanga iri nzira yeradicalisation. Kunyanya Germany yaipfuura nemumatambudziko, zvakanyanya kuoneka kuna Hitler kuti maJuda vaive vamiriri verangano yekurwisa Germany, uye saka vaifanira kunangwa. Kutanga kwaiva kutambudzwa nekuvadzikisira, uye pakupedzisira sezvo zvinhu zvakanyanyisa maererano nemakakatanwa uye mamiriro ehupfumi, akauya nepfungwa yeFinal Solution. Kune maitiro ekuuraya rudzi e 'kumwe' ari kusimukira izvozvi, uye njodzi ndeyekuti sezvo matambudziko epasi rose ari kuwedzera, vepamusoro vanogona kuwana zviri nyore kutarisa kune aya 'vamwe' senzira yekudzora huwandu hwevanhu. Zvakare izvi zvinodaro nekuti vari kungotarisa zviratidzo. Zvinoshungurudza zvikuru, uye panofanirwa kutorwa matanho akakomba, nekuti tiri mudambudziko risati ramboitika pasi rose. Ma1930 aive asina chinhu kana achienzaniswa neanogona kunge ari pakona.
Tichifunga nezve mabhenefiti ekusimbisa nyaya dzine chekuita nehupfumi uye kirasi mukubata neIslamophobia, sei iwe uchifunga kuti maMuslim vanga vasina kubata nazvo nekutora yakawanda yekirasi-yakavakirwa maitiro?
Kutarisana nerusarura uye kusagarisana nevamwe zvinowanzobatanidza kugadzira chitupa chakasiyana. Nharaunda dzevatema dzakaona pfungwa iyi yekusabatanidzwa muma1970, uye vakapindura nekuita kuti kuzivikanwa kwavo kuve kwakanaka. Vakabva vawana nzira dzekuyananisa kuzivikanwa ikoko neruzhinji rwevanhu. VaMuslim vari kuona zvakaoma kuita izvi. Kune kupatsanurwa kukuru mukati menharaunda yeMuslim, nemaMuslim epakati makirasi achitadza kuzivana nevazhinji vevarombo vechiMuslim. Pane kudaro, vakatenga muvatengi, tsika yekuda zvinhu iyo neoliberal capitalism inosakura. Imwe yenzira dzega nzira dzinogona kugadziriswa nadzo kuburikidza nekuve nevanhu vakadzidza zvakanyanya uye vanonzwisisa mashandiro anoita hurongwa, kuenda munharaunda dzevashandi uye kusimudzira ruzivo, uye kugadzira chiono chekuda kuziva kwatinoda kuva mumakore makumi maviri. nguva. Neimwe nzira, isu tingangoda Martin Luther King hunhu. Asi kazhinji, senharaunda tinofanira kushandura mutambo. Ngatiregei kumhanya kuti tifambirane nemamiriro ezvinhu uye titange kuita proactive uye kuva vaoni. Ngatitange kurota-kuruka nezverudzi rwenzanga yatinoda.
Samia Aziz ave kuda kutanga BA mune Zvematongerwo enyika, Psychology uye Sociology paYunivhesiti yeCambridge.
ZNetwork inopihwa mari chete kuburikidza nerupo rwevaverengi vayo.
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