Mumiriri weUS anoona blogger Yoani Sánchez imwe nzira inovimbika kune yekupokana kwechinyakare uye vanovimba naye, izvo zvinotsanangura mukurumbira wake wepasirese iye asingazivikanwe zvachose muCuba. "Tinotenda kuti chizvarwa chechidiki che" vasiri vetsika vanopokana" vakadai saYoani Sanchez vangangove nemhedzisiro yenguva refu pane post-Castro Cuba". Farrar nokudaro akayambira Dhipatimendi reHurumende kuti ritarise kuedza kwaro pane kupokana uku uye kumutsigira zvakanyanya. 36
Zvechokwadi, nyaya isina kujairika yaYoani Sanchez inomutsa mimwe mibvunzo. Mushure mekutamira kuSwitzerland muna 2002, vakadzokera kuCuba makore maviri gare gare, muna 2004. Muna 2007, vakasarudza kupinda munyika yevanopikisa muCuba kuti vagadzire blog yavo, Generation Y, uye vakave mushoropodzi mukuru wehurumende yeHavana. . 37
Zvaanotsoropodza zvinovava uye hazvina kunyanyoita kanyama. Anopa maonero eapocalyptic eCuba uye anopomera zviremera pamatambudziko ese. Akataura kuti Cuba “jeri hombe rine madziro epfungwa”38, “Ngarava inokwira mvura yoda kunyura”39, apo "Zvisikwa zvemimvuri, semavampire zvinodya mufaro wedu wevanhu, zvinotiisa isu nekutya kurohwa, kutyisidzira, kutuka."40 Yoani Sánchez's blog inotsanangura Cuba nenzira inotyisa uye hapana chakanaka chenharaunda yeCuba chinooneka. Saizvozvo, anonyatso dzivirira yakasarudzika mamiriro ezvematongerwo enyika, ayo Cuba anga ari kubvira 1959.
Sanchez ane hurukuro chaiyo iyo inowanzoenderana nechinzvimbo cheU.S. Nekudaro, anodzikisa kukanganisa kwezvirango zvehupfumi achiti ndizvo “chikonzero” yehurumende yeCuba, iyo "Iyo inokonzera 80% yedambudziko rehupfumi uye 20% zvirango zvehupfumi."41 Nharaunda yepasi rose, kure nekugovana pfungwa iyi, yakashora kukomba kwehupfumi, mu2010 kwegumi nepfumbamwe nguva yakatevedzana kuUnited Nations (187 nyika kusvika mbiri), ichifunga kuti ndicho chipingamupinyi chikuru pakukura kwechitsuwa. Anoruramisa kuvharirwa pamwe nekumisikidzwa kwenyika kwakaitika muna 1960 uye dambudziko remissile.42 Maererano naYoani, "Embargo yanga iri gakava rakakwana rehurumende yeCuba kuchengetedza kusashivirira, kutonga uye kudzvanyirira mukati. Kana mangwana zvirango zvikabviswa, ndinokahadzika kuti pane zvingazoonekwa. "43
Nezve nyaya yevashanu vekuCuba vakabatwa nemhosva muna 1998 kusvika mujeri kwehupenyu hwavo hwose muUnited States nekuda kwekupinda mumapoka madiki ane mhosva yekurwiswa kwehugandanga neCuba, blogger anotorawo maonero eUS ekuti. “vashanu vacho vaiita zveusori” uye kuti ivo "akapa ruzivo rwakakonzera kufa kwevanhu vakati wandei", chimwe chinhu icho dare reMiami harina kukwanisa kuratidza.44
Uyezve, Atlanta Court of Appeals yakabvuma kuti iyi yakanga isiri nyaya yousori, kana kuti denho yechengeteko yenyika. Vasingasviki gumi vakagamuchira Mubairo weNobel vakaisa Amicus Curiae chikumbiro kuDare Repamusorosoro reUnited States richida kutongwa kwakanaka uye kusunungurwa kwevashanu vekuCuba. Mary Robinson, aimbova Mutungamiriri weIrish uye High Commissioner weHuman Rights kuUnited Nations pakati pe1997 ne2002; dare reSenate reMexico richibvumirana, nemapato ese ezvematongerwo enyika aripo; National Association of Criminal Defense Lawyers; the Cuban-America Scholars; Ibero-American Federation of Ombudsmen, National Jury Project, William C. Velazquez Institute uye Mexican American Political Association; National Lawyers Guild neNational Conference of Black Lawyers; Civil Right Clinic paHoward University School of Law, International Association of Democratic Lawyers, Florida Association of Criminal Defense Lawyers-Miami Chapter, Centre for International Policy uye Council on Hemispheric Affairs vakadaidzira kuti vashanu vekuCubans vasunungurwe.45
Nyaya iyi yedare yakashumwa kakawanda. Amnesty International inotora vashanu vekuCuba sevasungwa vezvematongerwo enyika. Nekuda kwake, Coronel Lawrence Wilkerson, aimbova mukuru wevashandi veaimbova Secretary of State Colin Powell akataura achipokana nekutongwa: "Asi iyi nyaya inotora keke: kuranga nekugara mujeri kweupenyu hwese varume vakauya pano kuzoona kuti nyika yavo yaizorwiswa sei uye rini nevanhu vanotyora mutemo weUS." Akazvidaidza kuti miscarriage of justice achitsanangura, "Varume ava vakanga vasina pfuti, vasina chinangwa chekukuvadza chero kupi zvako kuUnited States, uye vakakurudzirwa kuchengetedza vamwe vavo kubva pakurwiswa uye kurwiswa kakawanda neveCuba-America vanogara muFlorida." Akawedzera, “Tinofanira kubvunzawo, ko zvaita sei kuti tive nzvimbo yakachengetedzeka kune vanonzi magandanga? Ko isu—United States of America—tingagona sei kuwana nzvimbo padungwe redu renyika dzinotsigira hugandanga?”46
Saizvozvo, Yoani Sánchez anoderedza hupfumi hwemagariro eCuban system uye anoti “vakatovapo”47 muCuba mumakore akatangira Revolution. Maererano naye, pasi peudzvanyiriri hweBatista, ipapo "Rwaive rusununguko rwekuvhura uye kuzhinji, zvirongwa zveredhiyo zveese maitiro ezvematongerwo enyika".48 Pamusoro pezvo, anodzivirira Cuban Adjustment Act- yakasarudzika pasi rose- yakabvumidzwa neUS Congress muna 1966, iyo inotaura kuti chero munhu weCuba anotamira kuUS zviri pamutemo kana zvisiri pamutemo mushure meNdira 1, 1959 anobva awana chinzvimbo chekugara zvachose mushure megore rimwe. pamwe nerubatsiro rwakasiyana rwemagariro nehupfumi.49 Zvakatonyanya kusajairika, anofunga kuti munyori wekuColombia Gabriel Garcia Marquez haakodzeri Mubairo weNobel weMabhuku nekuda kwehushamwari hwake naFidel Castro: “Vanyori vakawanda vokuLatin America vaikodzera Mubayiro weNobel wemabhuku kupfuura Gabriel García Márquez”.50 Achiziva kuti chinangwa chehurumende yeUnited States ndechekupidigura hurumende yeCuba, anobvuma pachena kuti ane chinangwa chimwe chete: "US inoda shanduko yehurumende muCuba, asi ini ndinoidawo".51 Sánchez anosimbisawo kuda kwake kumanikidza "a sui generis capitalism" muCuba.52
Nekudaro, mugore rimwe chete rekurarama, nepo paine akawanda emabhurogi akarebeswa asingafadze kupfuura ake, Sanchez akahwina Mubairo weJournalism Ortega & Gasset, unokosha zviuru gumi nezvishanu zveEuro, musi wa15,000 Kubvumbi 4 wakapihwa nebepanhau reSpanish. Nyika. Kazhinji, uyu mubairo une mukurumbira unopihwa vatori venhau kana vanyori vane basa refu rekunyora. Aka ndekekutanga munhu ane nhoroondo yeSanchez kuigamuchira. 53 Saizvozvowo, akasarudzwa pakati pevanhu vane 100 vane simba zvikuru nemagazini yeTime (2008), pamwe chete naGeorge W. Bush, Hu Jintao uye Dalai Lama.54 Blog rake rakaverengerwa murunyorwa rwemablog epamusoro makumi maviri neshanu munyika neCNN uye Time magazine (25) uye akahwinawo Spanish Bitacoras.com uye The Bob's mibairo (2008).55 Musi waNovember 30, 2008, bepanhau reSpanish Nyika yakamusanganisira murunyorwa rwayo rwevane zana vane mukurumbira vevaSpanish vegore (rondedzero isina Fidel Castro kana Raul Castro).56 Magazini yeForeign Policy kunze yakaita izvozvo nekumubatanidza pakati pevazivi gumi vanotungamira pagore muna Zvita 10.57 Magazini yeMexico Gato Pardo yakateverawo muna 2008.58 Iyo ine mukurumbira American University yeColumbia yakamupa mubairo weMaria Moors Cabot.59 Uye rondedzero inoenderera.60
Uyezve, the Generation Y saiti yaYoani Sánchez inogamuchira mamirioni gumi nemana yakarova pamwedzi uye ndiyo yega inowanikwa muinenge mitauro gumi nemasere (Chirungu, French, Spanish, Italian, Germany, Portuguese, Russian, Slovenian, Polish, Chinese, Japanese, Lithuanian, Czech, Bulgarian, Dutch, Finnish, Hungarian, Korean, Greek). Hapana imwe saiti pasi rose, kusanganisira idzo dzemasangano makuru epasi rese seUN, World Bank, IMF, OECD neEuropean Union, ine shanduro dzemitauro yakawanda. Kwete kunyange nzvimbo dzeDhipatimendi reUnited States reUnited States kana CIA dzine zvakasiyana-siyana.61 Chimwe chinhu chakasiyana, Mutungamiri weAmerica, Barack Obama, akapa Yoani Sánchez hurukuro.62
Haana kumbove nekupokana muCuba, pamwe pasi rose, akawana mibairo yakawanda yepasirese munguva pfupi yakadai, izvo zvakapa Yoani Sánchez mari yakakwana yekugara zvakanaka muCuba kwehupenyu hwake hwese. Kutaura zvazviri, blogger yakabhadharwa kusvika ku250,000 Euros yose - mari yakaenzana nemakore anopfuura makumi maviri emuhoro wepasi munyika yakaita seFrance, simba rechishanu pasi rose. Muhoro wepamwedzi weCuba wepasi pasi imazana mana nemakumi maviri emadhora, kana madhora gumi nemasere kana gumi nemana maEuro, saka Yoani Sanchez akawana zvakaenzana nemakore 420 emuhoro wepasi weCuba wemabasa ake ekupikisa.63
Yoani Sanchez ane hukama hwepedyo nevamiriri veUS muCuba, sezvakataurwa netambo inobuda kubva kuUSIS yakanzi "chakavanzika" nekuda kwemukati memukati. Obama Administration inokoshesa zvikuru blogger yeCuba sezvakaratidzwa nemusangano wepachivande wakaitwa muimba yake neMunyori weUnited States weHurumende Bisa Williams panguva yekushanya kwake kuCuba munaSeptember 2010. Pamusangano wake naWilliam, Sanchez akazivisa chido chake chekubatsirwa nemari. kutamisa masevhisi ekambani yeUS Paypal, iyo maCubans asingakwanise kushandisa nekuda kwezvirango zvehupfumi, kuitira kuti anyatso kurwira shanduko yehutongi muCuba: "Unoziva here zvataigona kuita dai taigona kushandisa Paypal?" Iyi sevhisi inobvumidza iwe kugamuchira mari kubva pasirese. The dissident yakanzwika uye ikozvino nzvimbo chete muCuba inogona kushandisa Paypal masevhisi ndeyeGeneration Y. Kunyange zvazvo achigara achirondedzera nezvehupenyu hwake hwezuva nezuva, hapana mutsara wekutaura pa blog yake maererano nemusangano uyu naWilliam, nokudaro kuratidza hunhu hwayo hwepachivande. . Asi chinyorwa chezvematongerwo enyika chakaratidza kubatana pakati peCuba blogger nevakuru veUS muHavana uye kukosha kwaanopihwa naWashington.64
Imwe memorandamu inorangarirawo kukosha kwebvunzurudzo neMutungamiri Barack Obama kuna Sanchez, izvo zvakaita kuti abudise nhau dzepasi rose.65
Kushaikwa kwetarisiro kune vanopikisa Cuba
Nekudaro, Farrar ndeyechokwadi: “Zvisinei, semaonero edu, kune vashoma kana paine vanopikisa vane muono wezvamatongerwe enyika unogona kushandiswa pahutongi hwemangwana. Kunyange vanopikisa vasingazvibvumi, havazivikanwi zvakanyanya muCuba kunze kwevamiriri vedzimwe nyika nevatori venhau […].66
Mumiriri weAmerica anoti chinangwa ndeche "kutsigira basa rakanaka rebato rinopikisa" mumushandirapamwe wake wekurwisa hurumende muHavana, achitarisa basa padingindira re "kodzero Dzevanhu" uye "Vasungwa vezvematongerwo enyika"- zvombo zviviri zvinoshandiswa neWashington kuchengetedza zvirango zvehupfumi kurwisa Cuba. Mushandirapamwe uyu unonyanya kunanga maonero eruzhinji rwepasirese nekuti, sekureva kwaFarrar, iwo "Haigadzirise zvido zvevaCuba avo vanonyanya kunetseka nezvekuva nemikana mikuru yekufamba vakasununguka uye kugara zvakanaka."67
Mune imwe tambo, USIS inobvumawo kuparadzaniswa panyaya yekodzero dzevanhu muCuba: "Cuba yakawanda zvikuru yevatumwa vekunze zana muHavana havatarise dambudziko rekodzero dzevanhu mukubata kwavo nemaCuba. Nyika idzi hadzina kusimudza nyaya zvakadaro. Vamwe vose, boka rinosanganisira ruzhinji rweEurope, Canada, Australia, Japan neUnited States, vanoti vanoshandisa nzira dzakasiyana kugadzirisa nyaya dzekodzero dzevanhu muCuba - asi chokwadi ndechekuti nyika zhinji idzi hadzisi kumanikidzira nyaya iyi. zvese muCuba.”68
USIS inocherekedzawo kuti vamwe vanobatana neUS, kusanganisira Canada, havagoverane maonero akafanana panyaya ye "Vasungwa vezvematongerwo enyika", uye anoyeuka hurukuro nevamwe vavo vokuCanada: "vamwe vedu vekuCanada vakati, kana munhu akatora mari kubva kuUS, zvinoita kuti ave musungwa wezvematongerwo enyika?" Mumiriri weCanada nokudaro akaziva kuti nyika dzese dzekuMadokero dzinorangira vanhu vanopihwa mari nenyika yekunze nechinangwa chekubvisa hurongwa hwakagadzwa.69
Chibvumirano cheAmerica hachina fungidziro pamusoro pekushanda kwezvirango zvehupfumi zveAmerica zvakatemerwa Cuba, izvo zvaunza dambudziko guru rehupfumi munyika. Maererano neUSIS, "Vanhu veCuba vakajairana nenguva dzakaoma uye vachapindura kune ramangwana rehurumende bhandi rekusimbisa nekutsungirira kwakafanana"70 Iyo USIS inodzinga mukana wedambudziko rakakura uye inotaura izvozvo "Cuba nemaCuba havasi panjodzi sezvavaive muna 1989 kusati kwapera rubatsiro rweSoviet." Uyezve, "Hupenyu hwevaCuba, husati hwakwira semakore makumi maviri apfuura kusati kwapera rubatsiro rweSoviet, hunoramba huri nani kupfuura mazuva akasviba zvakanyanya enguva ya1990 kusvika 1993 apo GDP yakadonha kupfuura makumi matatu neshanu muzana". Uyezve, “Nhasi hupfumi hweCuba huri munjodzi […] 71
Zvakadaro, zvisinei nezvirango zvehupfumi zvakatemerwa neWashington, US diplomacy inoti vanhu vekuCuba havanzwe ruvengo kuvagari vayo, nekuti veCuba havaoni veruzhinji vane mhosva pagwara rehurumende. IUSIS inosimbisa maCuba "Manzwiro akanaka kune vanhu veAmerica." 72
mhedziso
Inoda kusvika hafu yezana ramakore mushure mekutsanangurwa kwayo, mutemo weUS, unosanganisira kugadzira nekutsigira hupikisi hwemukati muCuba, unoramba uripo. Urongwa uhwu, hwepachivande kwemakore anoda kusvika makumi matatu, hwave kutaurwa pachena, kunyange hazvo zvisiri pamutemo wepasi rose. Nekudaro, iyo US inoshandisa mamirioni akati wandei emadhora pagore pakupokana kweCuba. Takatarisana nekuparara kwechinyakare vanopikisa vanomiririrwa naOswaldo Payá, Elizardo Sánchez, Vladimiro Roca, Marta Beatriz Roque, Guillermo Fariñas neLadies in White, Washington yave kutsvaga chizvarwa chitsva chevanopikisa vane mufananidzo weCuba blogger Yoani Sánchez.
Kushamwaridzana kweanopikisa uyu kunomubvumira kupinda kuWhite House uye nemisangano yenguva dzose nevakuru vakuru veUS vakaita saBisa Williams. Kudzivirira kushoropodzwa, United States yakasiya nzira yayo yekutsigira vanopikisa Cuba. Mukuwedzera kune rubatsiro rwemari yakananga, nzira ye "mutemo" yekubhadhara mari yakagadziriswa kubhadhara vanopikisa hurumende yeHavana kuburikidza nemibairo mumakumi ezviuru zvemadhora sezvinoratidzwa nekuwanda kwekuremekedzwa kwakapiwa Sanchez, ninfa Egeria mutsva. Washington, mukati memwedzi mishoma.
Chinangwa cheWashington hachisi chekudyira vanhu veCuba kune avo vanotsigira shanduko yehurongwa muCuba, sezvo tichiziva kuti kutaura kwavo hakunzwike kuvagari vechitsuwa ichi, vazhinji vavo vanoramba vakavimbika kuhurongwa hwekuchinja kunyangwe kuoma uye kushanduka kwehupenyu hwezuva nezuva. Kupikisa kwakabatana neUS, mune yakanakisa kesi, kunopisa kusava nehanya pakati peCuba, uye kazhinji kurambwa. Iyo yakawanda yehondo yenhau. Kuchengetedza kuvepo kwekupikisa kwemukati, kunyangwe pasina hwaro hwakakurumbira, kunobatsira US kururamisa mutemo wayo wekuzviparadzanisa nevamwe uye zvirango zvinopesana nehurumende yeHavana muzita rekurwira "kodzero dzevanhu uye democracy."
Yakaturikirwa naDawn Gable
Chikamu Chekutanga: https://znetwork.org/u-s-diplomacy-and-cuban-dissidence-by-salim-lamrani
Notes
36 Jonathan D. Farrar, " Iyo US uye Basa revanopikisa muCuba », United States Interests Chikamu, Kubvumbi 9, 2009, tambo 09HAVANA221. http://213.251.145.96/cable/2009/04/09HAVANA221.html (webhusaiti yakabvunzwa muna Zvita 18, 2010).
37 Yoaní Sánchez, "Mi perfil", Generación Y.
38 France 24, « Ce pays est une immense prison avec des murs idéologiques », Gumiguru 22, 2009.
39 Yoaní Sánchez, "Siete preguntas", Generación Y, Mbudzi 18, 2009.
40 Yoaní Sánchez, "Seres de la sombra", Generación Y, Mbudzi 12, 2009.
41 Salim Lamrani, « Conversaciones con la bloguera cubana Yoani Sánchez », Kubvumbi 15, 2010, Kupandukira,
http://www.rebelion.org/noticia.php?id=104205 (webhusaiti yakabvunzwa muna Zvita 18, 2010).
42 Ibid.
43 Ibid.
44 Ibid.
45 Dare Repamusorosoro reUnited States, « Muchidimbu chaAmici Curiae waJosé Ramos-Horta, Wole Soyinka, Adolfo Pérez Esquivel, Nadine Gordimer, Rigoberta Menchú, José Saramago, Zhores Alferov, Dario Fo, Gunter Grass, naMáeread Corrigan Maguire vachitsigira writicer. », N° 08-987, http://www.freethefive.org/legalFront/amicusnobel.pdf (webhusaiti yakabvunzwa muna Zvita 18, 2010). Onawo http://www.freethefive.org/resourceslegal.htm (webhusaiti yakabvunzwa muna Zvita 18, 2010)
46 Granma, « Ex ayudante de Colin Powell denuncia arbitrariedades contra los Cinco », Mbudzi 24, 2007. http://www.granma.cubaweb.cu/miami5/enjuiciamiento/justicia/0093.html (webhusaiti yakabvunzwa muna Zvita 18, 2010).
47 Salim Lamrani, « Conversaciones con la bloguera cubana Yoani Sánchez », op.cit.
48 Ibid.
49 Ibid.
50 Ibid.
51 Ibid.
52 Mauricio Vicent, " "Los cambios llegarán a Cuba, pero no a través del guión del Gobierno" », Nyika, May 7, 2008.
53 Nyika, « EL PAÍS convoca los Premios Ortega y Gasset de periodismo 2009 », Ndira 12, 2009.
54 nguva, "The 2008 Time 100", 2008. http://www.time.com/time/specials/2007/0,28757,1733748,00.html (webhusaiti yakabvunzwa muna Zvita 18, 2010)
55 Yoani Sánchez, "Premios", Generación Y.
56 Miriam Leiva, "La 'Generación Y'cubana", Nyika, Mbudzi 30, 2008.
57 Yoani Sánchez, "Premios", op. cit.
58 Ibid.
59 Ibid.
60 Nyika, « Una de las voces críticas del régimen cubano, mejor blog del año », Mbudzi 28, 2008.
61 Yoani Sánchez, Generación Y.
62 Yoani Sánchez, " Respuestas de Barack Obama naYoani Sánchez», Generación Y, Mbudzi 20, 2009.
63 Yoani Sánchez, "Premios", op. cit.
64 Joaquín F. Monserrate, « GOC Zviratidzo ‘Kugadzirira Kufambira Mberi’ », United States Interests Chikamu, Gunyana 25, 2009, tambo 09HAVANA592, http://213.251.145.96/cable/2009/09/09HAVANA592.html (webhusaiti yakaongororwa musi waZvita 18, 2010) ; Yoani Sánchez, " Donar », Generación Y. http://www.desdecuba.com/generaciony/?page_id=2222 (webhusaiti yakabvunzwa muna Zvita 18, 2010).
65 Joaquín F. Monserrate, « U.S.-Cuba Yakanyanyisa, Asi Nzira Dzekare », United States Interests Chikamu, Ndira 10, 2010, tambo 10HAVANA9, http://213.251.145.96/cable/2010/01/10HAVANA9.html (webhusaiti yakabvunzwa muna Zvita 18, 2010).
66 Jonathan D. Farrar, " Iyo US uye Basa revanopikisa muCuba », United States Interests Chikamu, Kubvumbi 9, 2009, op. cit.
67 Ibid.
68 Joaquín F. Monserrate, « Feisty Little Missions Dent Rekodhi yeCuba Yekudheerera Vamwe Kunyarara Pakodzero Dzevanhu », United States Interests Chikamu, Mbudzi 9, 2009, tambo 09HAVANA706, http://213.251.145.96/cable/2009/11/09HAVANA706.html (webhusaiti yakabvunzwa muna Zvita 18, 2010).
69 Ibid.
70 Jonathan D. Farrar, " Vanodyidzana Vakakosha Vanoona Hapana Kuchinja Kukuru Kwehupfumi », United States Interests Chikamu, Kukadzi 9, 2010, op. cit.
71 Jonathan D. Farrar, « Cuba Ingapinda Sei Imwe Nguva Yakakosha? », United States Interests Chikamu, June 4, 2009. http://213.251.145.96/cable/2009/06/09HAVANA322.html (webhusaiti yakabvunzwa muna Zvita 18, 2010).
72 Michael E. Parmly, « Comsec Inotaura nezveRusununguko uye Democracy neVechidiki vekuCubain », United States Interests Chikamu, January 18, 2008, op. cit.
Chiremba muIberian neLatin America Zvidzidzo kubva kuYunivhesiti yeParis-Sorbonne-Paris IV, Salim Lamrani mudzidzisi paYunivhesiti yeParis-Sorbonne-Paris IV uye University of Paris-Est Marne-la-Vallée, anonyanya hukama pakati peCuba. uye United States. [email inodzivirirwa]
ZNetwork inopihwa mari chete kuburikidza nerupo rwevaverengi vayo.
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