Chekupedzisira, dare repasi rose richapihwa basa rekuferefeta nekupomera mhosva yekuponda uye mhirizhonga munyika yeArab. Kune vanorwira kodzero dzevanhu vakapopotera kuramba vasingarangwe mhosva dzakakura muMiddle East, ingave yakaitwa nemaIsrael kana maArabu, angave akarongwa nenyika kana vasiri vehurumende, iyi inofanirwa kuve chiitiko chemhemberero dzisina kuvharwa, kana kumbozorora. Mushure mezvose, mhondi dzakakura dzakaita saAriel Sharon naSaddam Hussein vakapukunyuka kutongwa kwepasirese nekuda kwemhosva dzavo, dzekutanga nepadiki. kunzvenga kupomerwa muBelgium pasi pemutemo wenyika wakabviswa izvozvi, wekupedzisira ari kutongwa mudare redzimhosva risina hutongi hwepasi rose hungadai hwakaratidza kutsigira kweAmerica kwakapfuura kwaHussein mukupera kwema1980, apo aipisa vagari vekuKurdish nezvombo zvemakemikari zvaakawana kubva kuUnited States. Dare rakatonga Saddam Hussein nevamwe vagadziri vemhosva dzakaipa dzakafanana nehutongi hwake hwakamonyoroka rakanga risiri kamuri yematare sezvo yaive imba yekurovera. Kwete kuti Saddam akanga asingakodzeri chirango chikuru chemhosva dzake dzakakura uye dzehutsinye, asi kutongwa kwake kwakaseka kupomerwa mhosva yekutyorwa kwekodzero dzevanhu, uye yaive nyaya yekuisa maitikiro pane kugadzirisa zvibodzwa.
Saka ikozvino kururamisira kwepasirese kwasvika kuRebhanoni, nzvimbo yehondo yevagari vemo refu uye inoparadza, kuuraya kwakawanda, vanhu zviuru gumi nezvinomwe vakanyangarika uye vachiri kushaya, kutamiswa kwechikamu chechina chehuwandu, uye kuurayiwa kwevatungamiriri kubva munharaunda yese. Kushandiswa kweInternational Humanitarian Law (IHL) [17,000] munyika ino yakatyoka uye inotambudzwa kwagara kwenguva refu, uye kunyangwe dare redzimhosva risingazogadzirise chero mafaera ari kubuda kubva kumakore ehondo yevagari, kururamisira kusina kukwana kungava nani pane kwete. kururamisira zvachose - kunyanya munyika iyo paramende iyo, mukuita kwayo kwekutanga mushure mekupera kwehondo yevagari, yakadzika mutemo wekuregererwa unopa rusununguko rwekumhan'arirwa kuvakuru vehondo munyika. Sezvo vazhinji vemadzishe ehondo aya panguva iyoyo vanga vave maParamende nemakurukota muhurumende yapashure pehondo, mutemo wekuregererwa wakaisa muenzaniso wekupokana uye neushingi we "mapurisa ekare" mushure mehondo yeRebhanoni. Kuzvidavirira kwave "kunyangarika" muRebhanoni kwemakumi emakore. Kusarangwa kwakakunda kwenguva yakareba.
Dare reUnited Nations rakatemerwa dare reRebhanoni richagadzirisa chete mhosva dzichangobva kuitika dzakatambudza Rebhanoni: kuurayiwa kwaFebruary 2005 kweaimbove Prime Minister Rafiq Hariri nevamwe vanhu vangangosvika gumi nevaviri vakaparara zvinotyisa mukubhomba kukuru kwemotokari, chiitiko chinotyisa chakaongororwa kwekutanga. vakabatana neSiria. Pamusoro pezvo, dare iri richataurawo nezvekuuraya kwakazotevera: kweaimbova mukuru weCommunist Party Georges Hawi, munyori anoremekedzwa Samir Qassir, An-Nahar mupepeti webepanhau Jebran Tueni, uye kuyedza kuuraya uye kukanganiswa kweLebanese Broadcasting Corporation (LBC) terevhizheni anchor Mai Shidiac.
Kutungamira mukutsvakwa kwekururamisira mumhosva idzi kwave kushungurudza uye kunoshamisa. Nguva pfupi yadarika mushure mekupondwa kwaHariri, kuratidzira kukuru muLebanon kwakakurudzira manzwiro ekubatana kwenyika zvisina mukare akamboona, uye zvakapa pachena kushatirwa kwakakurumbira nehurongwa hwepashure pehondo uye kupindira kwakanyanya kweSyria mune zvese zvematongerwo enyika nehupfumi hweLebanon. Mukati memwedzi mumwe chete pashure pokuvigwa kwaHariri, vaSyria, vaionekwa sevagari vemo nehafu yevagari vemo uye vamwe vakawanda vaitsigirana navo, vakanga varongedza ndokutama.
Zvichakadaro, kumashure muWashington, DC, Bush manejimendi vakuru, Middle East "nyanzvi" uye dzakasiyana siyana dzekutaura kubva kurudyi, kuruboshwe uye pakati vakapemberera zviitiko izvi sehumbowo hwakasimba hwekuti mafungu matsva edemokrasi akange achitsvaira Middle East - mu. mamwe mazwi, sehumbowo hwekubudirira kwekuedza kwaGeorge W. Bush pakuchinja kwehutongi muIraq. Kuurayiwa kwaHariri kwakabvisa kupisa kwenhau kubva munjodzi iri kuwedzera muIraq, uye kwakaisa kupisa kwezvematongerwo enyika kuSyria neHizbullah. Kwevhiki kana kupfuura, zvaiita sokuti kuchinja kwehurumende kwaizoitikazve muDhamasiko.
Nekudaro, zvinoitika muBeirut, kusiyana neLas Vegas, hazvigare muBeirut. Mhirizhonga yekunetsana kwezvido, zvinotarisirwa, hurongwa, uye zvichemo, zvakasanganiswa nemanzwiro akareba epanguva yehondo, zvaireva kuti kuferefetwa kwekupondwa kwaHariri kwaizotora kukosha kwedunhu nepasirese, pamwe nemunharaunda. Vazhinji vakatora maonero ejaundiced ekuferefeta uye nekungonongedza zvigunwe kuSyria. Vakavimbika Arab Nationalists vakanyanya kududzira kuurayiwa kwese, zvakazoitika, uye kubuda kweSyria kubva kuRebhanoni sehurongwa hweUS/Israel. Hizbullah yakabatanidza chinzvimbo chayo munzvimbo yezvematongerwo enyika yeRebhanoni, ichidyidzana zvakanyanya neSyria asi zvakadaro isingazvibvumire kunyura muSyria orbit, uye ichiratidza kurongeka kwayo uye kurongeka kupfuura iyo nyika pachayo.
Avo vaiva nechido chekuona kugarwa kwemarudzi ese muLebanon - Israel kana Syrian - yakazopera uye nguva itsva yekuzvidavirira yave kubuda vakazoona kuti hurukuro dzavo dzaive dzichishandurirwa mumutauro weNeo-con weChirungu muUnited States. Kupokana neSyria uye kuedza kuratidza chokwadi chekupondwa kwaHariri kwakakurumidza kuzivikanwa, mumapepanhau makuru ekuMadokero, se "Hurumende yePro-Western Lebanese." Hizbullah nevateveri vaGeneral Michel Aoun, sevasinganzwisisike seti yevamwe vepamubhedha sezvakaonekwa neRebhanoni mumakore mazhinji, vaive nekupindirana uye kufarirana mukupikisa Kupikisa, uko vanhu vazhinji vaiona (kazhinji zvisiri izvo) sekuratidza tsigiro yavo isina tsarukano uye yega. kuvimba neSyria kana Iran.
Kuratidzira kwakawanda uye kugara-mukati mukati meBeirut, inonzi intifadat al-istiqlaal ("The Independence Uprising") zvakakurumidza kurongedzwa pasi pezita idzva rechiratidzo - "Cedar Revolution" - muWashington, DC. Kuenda kweuto reSyria nemadzishe kwakasiya nzvimbo yezvematongerwo enyika yeRebhanoni yakavhurika kune mafambiro akashongedzwa kwenguva refu uye vezvematongerwo enyika vasina hanya. Tichipihwa yakadzika midzi yeRebhanoni penchant yekusimudzira vatsigiri vekunze, zvishuwo zveAmerica, Iranian, Saudi, neFrance zvakauya mukuwedzera kusangana uye kukakavara muzvinhu zvese zvakanangana nemubvunzo wekuti "Chii chekuita nezveRebhanoni?"
Zhizha rapfuura, US yakapa Israel "chiedza chegirini" kupwanya Hizbullah, netarisiro yekuti izvi zvaizobvisa mupikisi mukuru we "Pro-Western Lebanese Government." Sezvineiwo, kune mutungamiri wenyika aifarira zvikuru mauto achangotanga kudzoka egutsaruzhinji nevanomutsidzira muRebhanoni, George W. Bush akanga asina kutyira kupa mauto eIsrael nemauto emuchadenga nzvimbo yakakura yekubhomba nharaunda dzese dzeBeiruti pamwe nemigwagwa, mabhiriji, zvivakwa, uye. misha muRebhanoni yose kudzokera kunguva yehondo yevagari vemo. Pamusoro pekuuraya kwevanhu pamwe nekuparadza zvivakwa, mahombekombe eRebhanoni nemahombekombe egungwa zvakasvibiswa zvine njodzi nemafuta anotsvedza zvichikonzerwa nekubhomba kweIsareli kwemaindasitiri nekunatsa zvidyarwa.
Dai vatungamiriri veUS neIsrael vakarara husiku hwakasvinura, mumubhedha iwoyo wezvematongerwo enyika wavakagovana zvakanyanya kwemakumi emakore, vachigadzira chirongwa chakarongeka uye chechokwadi-moto chekusimbisa Hizbullah uye kunetesa Hurumende yeFouad Siniora naSaad Hariri, vangadai vasina kuita. basa riri nani.
Post-Syria, post-Hariri, post-Summer War of 2006 Lebanon iri kurembera neshinda. Makakatanwa emudunhu (mazhinji acho akagadzirwa) pakati pevaSunni nevaShiโis, vezvenyika nevechitendero, vava kunzwika zvinotyisa munzvimbo zhinji dzeLebanon. Mwedzi wapera mhirizhonga yakaitika kamwe kamwe uye inoita seisingatsananguriki, inotungamirwa neboka idzva reSunni Islamist rine vanhu vanobva kunyika dzakati wandei (kwete vese vechiArab) uye vanonzi vanodyidzana ne "Al-Qaida," yakaparadza chikamu chikuru cheNahr al. -Bared musasa wevapoteri padyo neTripoli uye yakatumira mafungu anovhundutsa munharaunda yevapoteri yePalestine muRebhanoni. Mapoinzi ezvematongerwo enyika - ekare uye matsva - ari kukwenenzverwa nekusundirwa nemapato akasiyana siyana nezvido, kwete ese ari eLebhanon. Runyerekupe rwehondo, kurangana, uye mhirizhonga dzakarembera mumhepo yeRebhanoni yakapeperetswa nezuva. Tichifunga nezvekusagadzikana uye mamiriro ematambudziko muIraq nePalestine, kuputika kwehondo yevagari muRebhanoni kunogona kuita chimwe chinhu chakatoipisisa kupfuura hondo ye1975-91.
Nechifungidziro, kushandiswa kwemutemo wepasi rose werubatsiro (IHL) kune chero mativi emakakatanwa akarebesa uye anouraya ayo akatambudza vagari veLebanon nePalestine kwezvizvarwa kunofanirwa kugamuchirwa. Mukuita, zvisinei, dare idzva rinogona kukonzera kunetsana kwezvematongerwo enyika, uye nokudaro, kutyorwa kwekodzero dzevanhu kwakawanda. Izvi hazvizoitike hazvo, asi vasati vavaka tariro yekuti dare rakagadzwa neUN richadzikamisa mvura yezvematongerwo enyika yeRebhanoni, kudzoreredza runyararo uye kuwirirana pakati pevashoma gumi nemasere ethno-confessional, kana kuderedza kusawirirana pakati peLebanon nePalestine kana Sunni uye. Shi'a, isu tinofanirwa kuongorora zvimwe zvinetswa zveiyi isati yamboitika yemutemo chirongwa muMiddle East.
1. Kushandisa nekumanikidza kupomerwa kwemutemo wenyika dzepasi rose kubva kumusoro nekunze, kunyangwe zvichidikanwa nemamiriro ezvinhu ezvematongerwo enyika akashata muRebhanoni, zvinogona chete kunetesa zvematongerwo enyika eLebhanon uye kukanganisa mushandirapamwe wepasi rose wekurwisa kusava nemhosva kune zviuru zvedzimwe mhosva dzakapfuura makumi matatu neshanu. makore. Rebhanoni iri kuda zvikuru kuvandudza chido chezvematongerwo enyika, kuzvipira kwetsika, uye masangano ekugadzirisa zvakapfuura. Kusakwana kwakawanda kwedare reLebanon hakuzogadziriswe nekugadzwa kwedare idzva - zvirinani kwete munguva pfupi. Kuedza kwakasimba uye kwakasimba pakuvaka masangano, kutora chikamu kweveruzhinji, uye kuburitswa kwehurongwa hwezvematongerwo enyika hweLebanon zvichave zvakaoma uye zvinotora nguva, asi hapana mapfupi ekuvaka hutongi hwechokwadi, hunoshanda, hutongi hwegutsaruzhinji hunoenderana nekuenzana uye mutemo. yemutemo mushure mekuparadzwa kwehondo yevagari vemo uye kutorwa kwevatorwa. Democracy i "basa remukati" (iro munhu angafunga kuti International Community ingadai yakafunga pari zvino, yakapihwa debacle muIraq). Ruramisiro uye kupera kwekusarangwa kwemhosva dzevanhu, kune rumwe rutivi, mabasa anoda zvose zviri zviviri kumusoro pasi kudzvinyirirwa kubva kuUN uye pasi rose mutemo wezvemitemo, pamwe nekudzika-kumusoro kuedza uye kutora chikamu kwese Lebanese. Dare redzimhosva haringagone kukurudzira kuedza kwepasi-kumusoro kwakadaro, uye rinogona kugonesa Lebanon kuti irambe isina kubatanidzwa mumutemo wepasi rose wezvemitemo. Sezvinongoita Lebanon inopa basa rayo remaoko uye remuviri kune veSyria, Sri Lankis, uye maPhilippines, inogona kunge iri kuendesa kunze basa rayo repamutemo, kureva, basa rayo rekuongorora kuzvidavirira uye kupedza kusarangwa, kuSecurity Council (kana, kana takatendeseka nezvazvo. izvi, kuUS, UK, neFrance). Rebhanoni, sevavakidzani vayo vese kunze kweJoridhani, haisi kusaina kuRome Statute yakagadzira International Criminal Court. Dai Rebhanoni yainge yakasaina, yaisazoda dare rayo chairo, iro, mukurongeka kwayo uye dhizaini yekunze, iri panjodzi yekupomerwa kupindira, kupindira, uye zvematongerwo enyika. Uye pane, maiwe, zvikonzero zvakawanda zvekupomera kwakadaro.
2. Kutsoropodza nekusavimbika kweUnited States neUnited Kingdom pakutaura kukosha kwekutsigira IHL uye kushanda kweUN Charter Chitsauko 7 sechikonzero chakasimba chekugadzwa kwedare iri, uye nekudaro kusanganisira sarudzo yekushandisa mauto kuti iite. , inoshamisa - iyo tsanangudzo chaiyo ye "chutzpah". Idzi ndidzo nhengo dzeSecurity Council dzakatsveyamisa Chitsauko 7 nekupinda muIraq zvisiri pamutemo, vachigadzira hutongi hwekugara husina chokwadi uye hupenzi huri pachena, vanobatana vakasimba-vane zvombo kuti vatsigire hupenzi uhwu, uyezve vachidzinga magungano eGeneva neChibvumirano chekudzivirira. Kurwadziswa - mbiru mbiri dzakakosha dzepashure peHondo Yenyika II yezvemitemo yezvemitemo - mu Abu Ghraib neGuantanamo. Zviito zveUS neUK muIraq, tisingatauri nezveUS, EU, UK nekuregeredza kwevamwe mamiriro ari kuramba achiwedzera muPalestine uye kuramba kwakasindimara kwenharaunda dzepasirese kushandisa zvisungo zveUN, mutemo wepasi rose, kana zvibvumirano zvekodzero dzevanhu kune matsotsi ehondo eIsrael. zvakangofanana nekuputika kwemidziyo ine simba inopfuta zvinoputika (IEDs), zvichikanganisa zvematongerwo enyika, zvepfungwa, uye zvekutonga nyika dzeArab. Ruramisiro yakarerekera, yakarerekera, kana diki inogona kufadza vamwe muLebanon, France, neWashington, DC, asi kururamisira kwezvematongerwo enyika kwakadaro kungangove nemhedzisiro yakaipa paRebhanoni nePalestine, avo vane kodzero yekushora miitiro miviri kana tasvika kune dzimwe nyika. kushushikana kwenharaunda kuIHL kuMiddle East. Semuenzaniso, maitiro eUS kune iyo Chikunguru 2004 International Court of Justice (ICJ) yakatonga kuti Rusvingo rwerusaruraganda rweIsrael rwakatyora zvakanyanya chibvumirano cheGeneva. kwaiva kusekwa. MuICJ's 9 Chikunguru 2004 mutongo wekupa zano pamusoro peIsrael's Separation Barrier, mutongi ega anopokana kune chimwe nechimwe chezvikamu zvemutongo wekupa zano aive US Mutongi Buergenthal. [2]
3. Sezvineiwo, Siria, nyika ine nhoroondo yakashata yekodzero dzevanhu, pamwe nenhoroondo refu yekushandisa kukakavara kweRebhanoni (nezviwanikwa) kuzvinakire, inosvika pakuzvimiririra (kana kugadzwa nevamwe mudunhu nekuMadokero. ) semunhu akarwadziswa wekupindira kwekuMadokero uye imperialism. Kurova chinzvimbo chemudziviriri wechikonzero cheArab ndiyo yaifarirwa yapfuura-nguva muSyria. Nehurombo, nhoroondo yenhoroondo inoratidza kuti Siria yagara ichida uye yakagara yakagadzirira kurwisa Israeri - paivhu reLebhanon uye neLebhanon nePalestinian cannon fodder uye hupenyu hweveruzhinji nezviuru.
4. Nharo dzekuti dare iri kutyora uchangamire hweLebanon zvingave zvinogutsa dai Lebanon iine hutongi hwese senyika yepakati pemazuva ano kutanga. Rebhanoni haisi nyika kana nyika parizvino, uye haina kuve kwenguva yakareba. Nyaya chaiyo muLebanon haisi yekuti โNdiani akauraya Hariri?โ asi kuti, โNdiani anotonga Rebhanoni?โ Izvo hazvigone kuve - hazvifanirwe kupindurwa nevekunze kana kusarudzwa nenzira dzakatemerwa dzezvematongerwo enyika, dzemutemo, kana dzechiuto. Lebanon haina kukwanisa kutsungirira izvozvi, uye njodzi dzekunetsana patsva dziri pachena.
Kubatanidza chiono chetsika uye kuda kwezvematongerwo enyika kutsvaga mhondi dzeHariri nevamwe vakaurayiwa uye vakaedza kuuraya mumakore maviri apfuura, pamwe nekugumisa kusarangwa kweavo vakaronga kuuraya kwaSabra naShatila muna 1982, Hondo ye Gomo ra1983-84, kuuraya kuzhinji kwakawanda, kubata chibharo, uye kupamba; kutsakatika kwevanhu 17,000 (ikozvino vose vanofungidzirwa kuti vakafa), uye kuparara kwehupfumi hweLebhanoni yaizova nzira inoshanda zvikuru yekuvaka patsva hurongwa hweRebhanoni hwemutemo, kurongeka, kururamisira uye kuenzana kudarika dare rinotsigirwa neUnited Nations rinotsigirwa nemamwe akawanda. vakatyora zvakanyanya IHL.
Kupikisa chaiko muRebhanoni ndiko kusati kwabuda: Kupikisa kusarangwa kwemarudzi ese. Kana dare idzva rikazova nyamukuta kusvika pakuzvarwa kwevapikisi ava vagara kwenguva refu, murwiri wekodzero dzevanhu uyu uye mugari wemuLebanon achave wekutanga kupemberera. Asi kana zvikasadaro, hapana munhu akambopinda padhuze nekushaikwa kunoshamisa kwemutemo wepasi rose wekubatsira vanhu kuMiddle East, uye kutambura kwakatevera kwevagari veLebanon, Palestinian, Syria neIsrael, vanofanirwa kushamisika. Ruramisiro isina rusaruro mumamiriro eRebhanoni ine njodzi. Ngativimbei kuti maRebhanoni ashandise vhiki pakati pezvino naChikumi 10 kuti vasarudze mapurisa avo ekare, zvizere uye nekutendeseka, pane kuita basa iri rakakosha uye rapfuura kuUS, UK, neFrance, vachiratidzira vachinyomba sevaratidziri vehutongi hwepasirese. .
Endnotes
[1] Mutemo wepasi rose werubatsiro (IHL) unoreva boka remitemo uye zvibvumirano zvepasi rose zvinotarisirwa kupa maitiro akajeka ekuzvibata munguva dzehondo. IHL inopara mhosva dzakaipisisa dzinozivikanwa kune ruzivo rwevanhu. Mitemo inotsanangura uye kuyedza kudzivirira mhosva dzehondo, mhosva dzinopesana nevanhu, uye kuuraya rudzi. Pakati peIHL ndiyo Mitemo yeHague paHondo yeNyika ye1907, inovhara nzira uye nzira dzehondo; chibvumirano cheGenocide cha1948 neGeneva Conventions cha1949 nemamwe maprotocol maviri a1977. Pamwe chete, zviridzwa izvi zvinoburitsa mutsauko uripo pakati pemaitiro emutemo neasiri pamutemo munguva dzehondo nekugara muchiuto. Genocide Convention ya1948 inorondedzera kuuraya rudzi sezvimwe zviito โzvakaitwa nechinangwa chokuparadza, rose kana kuti chikamu, boka rerudzi, dzinza, dzinza, kana kuti chitendero chakadaro. Mitemo yeRome yeInternational Criminal Court, yakagamuchirwa muna 1998, inomiririra kumwe kunatswa nekujekeswa kweIHL. Zvekuwedzera kukosha iNuremberg jurisprudence, inova analogue yepedyo kune zvibvumirano pamusoro pemhosva dzehondo uye kuuraya rudzi, uye iyo yakanyanya kusimbisa mutemo wekuparwa kwevanhu. Pamwoyo weIHL pane chirevo chekuti vagari vemo uye zvivakwa zvevanhu havafanirwe kukuvadzwa zvakananga uye nemaune munguva dzehondo kana panguva dzehondo.
[2] Ona "Palestinians Push for UN Resolution," mukati NGUVA (Australia) (5 Gumiguru 2004), inowanika pawww.theage.com.au/articles/2004/10/05/1096949487274.html, iyo yakataura kuti "VaPalestine vakakurudzira kugamuchirwa nekukurumidza kwechisungo cheUnited Nations Security Council chinoda kuguma kwekukanda kukuru kweIsrael muGaza Strip. Kurwiswa uku kwakauraya vanosvika makumi manomwe nevatatu vePalestine uye vatatu veIsrael mumazuva matanhatu ekurwa. Asi mukupikisa kwakasimba, Mumiriri weUnited States kuUN, John Danforth, akatsiura kanzuru, iyo yaakati 'inoita semhandu yeIsrael uye cheerleader kune maPalestine' uye akati imwe sarudzo yakanga isiri mhinduro". Zvakawanda kune yakanakira "Imwe yadhi yekodzero dzevanhu" kuMiddle East.
Laurie King-Irani mubatanidzwa weElectronic Lebanon. Anodzidzisa social anthropology uye Middle East Zvidzidzo muWashington, DC. Blog rake iri Zinjabheera.
ZNetwork inopihwa mari chete kuburikidza nerupo rwevaverengi vayo.
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