Pamwe pamusangano wekupedzisira wakarongwa zviri pamutemo weruzhinji muGeneva (Chikumi 16-18) pamberi peGurukota reWTO riri kuuya kuCancun kutanga kwaGunyana, kunyora kuri pachena pamadziro: zvekurima zvakasiiwa munhaurirano dzemarudzi akawanda dziri kuitika.
Uye neichi chinjo chinodzorwa noungwaru, chinogumisa tariro yokupedzisira nokuda kwamabhiriyoni evarimi vaduku navanoganhurirwa munyika dzichiri kubudirira avo pakuvamba vavimbiswa nyeredzi apo WTO yakatangwa pamutemo pana January 1, 1995. Makore masere gare gare, zviroto zvavo zvakaputswa chose chose. . Zvichiputirwa nekuwanda kwekutengwa kwechikafu kunze kwenyika, uye nehurumende dzadzo dzichibvuma kudzikisa mitero, ingori nyaya yenguva kudonha kwekurima munyika dzichiri kusimukira kukonzeresa vanhu vakawanda kubva kumaruwa.
Vakomana vakuru vazviita futi. Mushure meDoha, uko United States, European Union neCairns Boka renyika dzinotengesa zviyo, vakakwanisa kuita mhirizhonga nekuita chimwe chinhu nenzira yekuderedza mari yavo yerubatsiro rwekurima, chinangwa chenhaurirano dzirikuitika chave nyore. kuchinjirwa kukuwana musika uye maitiro ayo. Kunze kwekungoita zvekunyomba รขโฌหtit-for-tatรขโฌโข pamusoro perubatsiro uye kuchengetedzwa kwemumba kunorongwa zvine mutsindo neEU neboka reCairns, chikuru chinoramba chiri pakumanikidza kuvhura nyika dzichiri kusimukira kuti dziwedzere musika. access.
KuGeneva zvakare, Mark Vaile, Gurukota rezvekutengeserana kuAustralia (chikamu cheCairns Group), uye Ambassador Luzius Wasescha wekuSwitzerland (vaida kuchengetedza rubatsiro) vakakakavadzana nevateereri nemhosva dzinotyisa uye mhosva. Kutengeserana mari mumaforamu akavhurika zvechokwadi kunoitirwa magaraji eruzhinji, iyo yakavanzika ajenda kune ese ari maviri mabhuraki kuchengetedza kurima kwavo kwakanyanya (uye kuchengetedzwa). Mamiriro everuzhinji zvisinei, iyo US / EU ine nhoroondo yekusvika pakubvumirana kuchengetedza zvido zvavo zvehupfumi, uye dzimwe nyika dzese dzinobva dzaitwa kuti dziwire mumutsara. Asi chakanyanya kukosha panguva yeDoha kubatanidzwa kwenyika dzichiri kusimukira pamwe nevemasangano akazvimirira muhurongwa hwekupamba รขโฌหAgreement on Agricultureรขโฌโข (AoA).
Iyo AoA yakatsamira zvine hungwaru pakubvisa rubatsiro rwekurima sedanho rekutanga mukuita kuti imba yemari ifambe. Dzichiziva zvakanaka kuti kuderedzwa kupi nokupi kwerubatsiro kwaizova kuzviuraya mune zvematongerwe enyika, nyika dzakabudirira dzakakwanisa kwete bedzi kuchengeta mwero webetsero asi chaizvoizvo dzakabudirira mukuwedzera kuwanda. Panguva imwecheteyo, vanoenderera mberi nekugadzirisa nyika dzichiri kusimukira kuti dzideredze mitero uye kuvhura misika yezvinhu zvekurima kubva kunyika dzakabudirira. Kuchinjisa tarisiro yekuwedzera kuwanikwa kwemusika kana izvo zvinodaidzwa nevamwe vanotaurirana se "kupfuura-chishuwo" pakusununguka kwemusika kwakava nzvimbo yekusangana. Rubatsiro rwekurima rwakangodzoserwa kumashure.
Chiratidzo chekuchinja kwehungwaru uku munhaurirano chaive chapihwa nguva nenguva neMunyori wezvekurima weAmerica, Ann Veneman: รขโฌลDzimwe nyika dzichiri kusimukira dzinopikisa kuti hadzifanirwe kuvhura misika kusvika nyika dzakabudirira dzatanga dzaderedza rutsigiro rwemumba. Iyi inzira yekukundikana.รขโฌ Vachitaura hunyengeri humwe chetehwo, mukuru weWorld Bank Economist Nicholas Stern, paaifamba achipfuura nemuIndia, akashora rubatsiro rwaibhadharwa nenyika dzakapfuma kuvarimi vadzo achiti "chivi ... pamwero mukuru" asi akayambira. India inopesana nekuedza kupi nekupi kuramba kuvhura misika yayo. รขโฌลNyika dzichiri kubudirira dzinofanira kubvisa zvimhingamipinyi zvekutengeserana zvisineyi nezviri kuitika munyika dzakabudirira.รข
Nzira chete yekunzvenga zvisungo zvekudzikisa yaive yekuisa pfungwa pakuwana musika, nzira dzekuchengetedza dzakakosha, mitero yemitengo, uye zvigadzirwa zvine hungwaru. Stuart Harbinson, sachigaro wenhaurirano dzezvekurima, akapa gwaro rake rekutanga renzira dzinogoneka dzenhaurirano dzezvekurima musi waKukadzi 12, 2003. Uku ndiko kwaive kupera kwenhaurirano dzepashure peDoha uye bepa rairatidza nzira yekubvumirana yakavakirwa pazvinzvimbo zvinopokana zve hurumende. Gwaro rechipiri rakaburitswa munaKurume 18, nguva yavakazvisarudzira yekubvuma nzira itsva pasati pasvika Kurume 31, 2003. Harbinson haana mvumo yekupa zvinyorwa zvakadaro nenzira yake รขโฌหeyegaรขโฌโข. Asi akadaro, uye hapana nyika yairamba.
Kuratidzwa kwezvinyorwa zvakadaro, uye zvakatonyanya kuipa zvirevo zvakawanda zviri kuendeswa mberi nasachigaro wemakanzuru, zvave kurerutsa nyika dzichiri kusimukira kugona kutaurirana nekumanikidza. Yakadaro ndiyo yave iri bureaucratization yehurongwa hwekutaurirana kuti simba rechokwadi rave rakachinjika kumakoridho akamanikana eCentre William Rappard (imba yeWTO) muGeneva. Nyanzvi dzezvekutengeserana, dzisina ruzivo rwakanyanya pamusoro pezviri kuitika munyika dzichiri kusimukira, kurima kwavo kwega kwega kuri kuburikidza nemifananidzo yeterevhizheni, vari mushishi kugadzira mafomula nezvisungo zvavanofunga kuti zvingabatsira varimi munyika dzakawanda.
Zvinyorwa zveHarbinson (kusanganisira yakadzokororwa รขโฌหHarbinson 2รขโฌโข) zvakangodaro zvakatambirwa zvikuru neruzhinji rwemaNGOs ekumadokero. Zvakatonyanya kuipa, boka guru renyika dziri kusimukira munhaurirano dzezvekurima dzeWTO, dzinozivikanwa seLike-Minded Group (inosanganisira India, Pakistan, Nigeria, Kenya, Uganda neZimbabwe kunze kwedzimwe), "dzakapemberera" Harbinson draft 1 se รข โฌ หkukunda kudikiรขโฌโข kumubatanidzwa wenyika dzichiri kusimukira dzakarwira zvakasimba kuramba kuvhura misika yemunyika. Muchokwadi, iyo Harbinson dhizaini haisi chimwe chinhu kunze kwechirevo bikini - inodzivirira kupfuura izvo zvinoburitsa.
Yakagadzira mabhendi matatu ekudzikisa mutero wepamusoro izvo zvaizogonesa kuwanda uye nyore kuwana musika. Kunyika dzakabudirira, mitero iri pamusoro pezvikamu makumi mapfumbamwe kubva muzana ingaderedzwa neavhareji yezvikamu makumi matanhatu kubva muzana, nekudzikiswa kwezvikamu makumi mana nezvishanu kubva muzana pamutsetse wega wega. Mitero iri pakati pegumi neshanu nemakumi mapfumbamwe kubva muzana yaizodzikiswa nezvikamu makumi mashanu kubva muzana, nekudzikiswa kwezvikamu makumi matatu nezvishanu kubva muzana. Tariffs yakadzikira pane iyoyo yaizodzikiswa nezvikamu makumi mana kubva muzana, nekudzikiswa kwezvikamu makumi maviri nezvishanu kubva muzana. Panguva imwecheteyo, yakadaidza kudzikiswa kwe90 muzana mukutsigirwa kwemba mubhokisi reamber mumakore mashanu anotevera. Gwaro iri rakakurudzira kubviswa kwerubatsiro rwemari kunze kwenyika mukati memakore gumi.
Nemamwe mashoko, Stuart Harbinson akanga ataura zvine hungwaru nzira yakanangana nekunyengedza nyika dzichiri kusimukira nevimbiso yekuwedzera kuwana misika munyika dzakapfuma dzakabudirira. Pamusoro pazvo, vakapa imwe lollipop kunyika dzichiri kusimukira รขโฌโ sarudzo yekuisa nhamba yeรขโฌหzvigadzirwa zvemhando yepamusoroรขโฌโข maererano nekuchengetedzeka kwechikafu, budiriro yekumaruwa uye/kana nezvekuchengetedza raramo. Nehurombo, nyika dzichiri kusimukira dzakabatwa nenhaurirano dzakatenderedza nzira itsva yekudzivirira iyo yaakange ataura, tisingazive kuti nzira itsva iyi yekudzivirira haitange yabvisa โzvisungo zvakasarudzikaโ pasi peChinyorwa 5 cheAoA, chinova. ropafadzo inowanikwa nenyika 21 chete dzakabudirira, kusanganisira United States.
Pfungwa ye "strategic products" ingori proxy ye รขโฌหdevelopment boxรขโฌโข, chirevo chinozopedzisira chave chinotyisa kana chikaitwa. Nyika dzakawanda munguva pfupi yapfuura dzakanzwisisa njodzi yekutsigira รขโฌหbhokisi rebudiriroรขโฌโข uye dzakawanda dzakatsigira. Iyo รขโฌหstrategic productรขโฌโข pfungwa, naizvozvo, inokuvadza zvakaenzana kunyika dziri kusimukira. Icho hachizivi kuti kugadzirwa kwezvirimwa uye kutengeswa kwayo munyika dzichiri kusimukira hakugoni kuenzaniswa nekugadzirwa kwemaindasitiri. Uku kukanganisa, kwakamboitwawo nevamwe veIndia macro-economist, pavakaverenga kutengeserana kwekurima nenzira imwe cheteyo yavaizoita kugadzira scooter kana kugadzira bhasikoro kwezvikamu zveindasitiri. Dzidziso ye "big-bang" yakambotaurwa nezvayo yakakundikana, uye haichataurwe nezvayo.
Kunyangwe Harbinson akakurudzira kudiki diki mukuumbwa kwerubatsiro mubhokisi rebhuruu nebhokisi reamber, hachisi chinhu chakakosha kufara. Manomano akadai akamboitwa, uye acharamba achiitwa kuitira kuti nyika dzichiri kubudirira dzitende kuti nyika dzakapfuma dziri kufamba negwara rakanaka. Tinoziva kuti European Union muna 1995-96, yakanga yapa US$48 bhiriyoni pasi pe โamber-boxโ rubatsiro uye imwe US$40 bhiriyoni pasi pe โblueโ uye รขโฌหgreen boxรขโฌโข. rubatsiro. Muna 2002, yakachinja uye yakabatanidza nhamba kuti ipe US $34 bhiriyoni mu "amber" bhokisi uye US $ 52 bhiriyoni se "blue" uye รขโฌหgreen boxรขโฌโข rubatsiro. Iyo net subsidy level zvisinei haina kuratidza shanduko yakakosha, uye yakaramba iri padanho rimwe chete: US $ 88 bhiriyoni ichienda kumadhora 86 bhiriyoni.
Nekune rimwe divi, boka reCairns rakaita mushandirapamwe wekubvisa rubatsiro rwechikafu uye kuwedzera kuwaniswa kwemusika. Vanoti havapi rubatsiro rwezvekurima uye vachiri kutengeserana nemitengo inokwikwidzana nekuda kwekushanda nesimba. Panguva imwecheteyo, vatsigiri vakuru vaviri veboka reCairns vanoti รขโฌโ Australia neNew Zealand รขโฌโ havataure nezverubatsiro rwuri kupihwa nenzira yekusimudzira musika uye zvakatoipisisa nerubatsiro rwukuru rwunoenda kukutakura zvinhu nekufambisa. Kupfuurirazve, nyika idzi dzakatovhara nyika dzichiri kusimukira kunze kwenyika pasi pezvimiro zvakaomesesa zvehutsanana uye phytosanitary nhanho (kazhinji dzakaomarara kupfuura zvinorairwa neCodex Alimentarius).
Muchokwadi, nhaurwa yemhando yepamusoro yezvigadzirwa zvepapurazi ndeyezvinangwa zvedzidzo chete uye nhaurirano dzekutengeserana. Chokwadi chinoramba chiripo chekuti Australia neNew Zealand dzakarasa zvirimwa zvekurima munyika dzichiri kusimukira, kusanganisira India. Australia yakanga yatumira kunze kwenyika miriyoni imwe chete yetani yegorosi kuIndia muna 1996, iyo yakanga isiri chinhu kunze kwekudya kwemombe. New Zealand inoramba ichitengesa mafuta ebhota asina kunaka kuIndia. Hunhu hwemaapuro (nemimwe michero) inouya kubva kuNew Zealand neAustralia zvakare yakadzikira. Gorosi uye soya kubva kuArgentina yakaedzwa kuti ive sub-standard kakawanda. Imhaka yekuti nyika dzichiri kusimukira hadzina nzvimbo dzekutarisa dzakakwana dzekutarisa kuti chikafu chiri kutengwa kunze kwenyika zviri kuita kuti zviri kutaurwa nenyika idzi zvisapikiswe.
Zvisinei nezvisungo zvirikusvikwa panhaurirano dzeWTO, US inoenderera mberi ichizvidza izvi nechikonzero chimwe kana chimwe. Nyika inotarisirwa kuita seOstrich kana zvasvika pakutyorwa kweWTO kubva kumupurisa mukuru wepasi rose. Kunyangwe kuri kutsigirwa kwemubatanidzwa kweUS $ 180 bhiriyoni kwemakore gumi anotevera kwakavimbiswa varimi vekuAmerica, kana kupihwa kweUS $ 10 miriyoni yekusimudzira kunze kwenyika ichangobva kuziviswa, WTO inoita seisina simba. รขโฌลNdiani angaudza United States?รข ndizvo zvakapindura mumwe mukuru weWTO kuGeneva paakatarisana nekusaenzana kuri kuitika muhurongwa hwekutengeserana huri kuramba huchienderera mberi.
Zvinonyatsojeka kuti US neEuropean Union (pamwe chete neJapan, Switzerland neSouth Korea) havasi kuzoenda-kunze, zvekutaura nezvekubvisa, rubatsiro rwekurima. Harbinson's chirevo chekubvisa rubatsiro rwekunze kunze kwenyika (kwete all subsidies) mumakore gumi anotevera saka hapana chishoma kunyika dziri kusimukira. Chisiri kunzwisiswa ndechekuti haisiriyo chete rubatsiro rwekunze rwunokanganisa kutengeserana, marudzi ese erutsigiro rwemumba kungave kuri kubatanidzwa mari yekutsigira kana kiredhiti yeinishuwarenzi uye rutsigiro rwekusimudzira kunze kwenyika zvinokuvadza zvakaenzana. Rubatsiro urwu runodzivirira varimi venyika dzakapfuma kubva mukusagadzikana kwemisika yepasi rose nokudaro vachikanda mhete yakasimba yekudzivirira.
Varimi venyika vari kusimukira naizvozvo vari kutungamirirwa zviri nyore kuenda kuimba yekuurayira. Chero bedzi rubatsiro rwemapurazi munyika dzakapfuma ruchiripo, hapana huwandu hwedziviriro hunogona kudzivirira nyika dzichiri kusimukira kubva kune dzakapihwa rubatsiro rwakanyanya kubva kunze uye mhedzisiro inokonzeresa kuchengetedzeka kwehupenyu hwevarimi ingave ine njodzi. Kunyika dzichiri kusimukira, nguva iripo haifaniri kunyengedzwa nemaitiro akatsaukana ayo vapfumi nevemaindasitiri vane mazvikokota. Chinangwa chinofanirwa kudzoserwa pakubviswa kwerubatsiro rwekurima sechinodiwa kuti nhaurirano dzienderere mberi. Maitiro ayo nyika dzichiri kusimukira dzinofanirwa kuona ndeaya:
- Zero rubatsiro: Nyika dzichiri kusimukira dzinofanirwa kuyedza kubviswa kwerubatsiro rwezvekurima. Rubatsiro pasi pemabhokisi ese รขโฌโ bhokisi regirini, bhokisi reamber nebhokisi rebhuruu รขโฌโ rinoda kutanga rabviswa pasati paitwa zvimwe zvisungo. Nhaurirano dzezvekurima dzinofanirwa kuganhurwa chete panguva iyo rubatsiro urwu runogona kubviswa. รขโฌหPeace Clauseรขโฌโข inobvumira European Union ropafadzo yekuwedzera rubatsiro, inoda kupedzwa painopera muna Zvita 2003. Pamwe chete nerubatsiro rwemapurazi, mari yerubatsiro inopiwa kukutakura zvinhu inodawo kudzorwa.
- Musika Kuwanikwa: Hapana imwe mvumo pakuwana musika kusvika nyaya yerubatsiro yagadziriswa. Nzira itsva dzekuchengetedza dzakakosha, kusanganisira dhinominesheni ye โstrategic productsโ, dzinoda kubviswa. Zvigadzirwa zve Strategic hazvidzivirire zvido zvemagariro nehupfumi hwenyika dzichiri kusimukira. Peas, semuenzaniso, haisi chigadzirwa chehunyanzvi chekuchengetedza chikafu cheIndia. Asi kunze kwenyika kwakawedzera zvakapetwa kana mumakore mana apfuura. Kutaura zvazviri, kutengwa kwezvibereko kune miriwo munyika, iyo inobereka zvikuru michero nemiriwo pasi rose, yakawedzera zvakapetwa kaviri mugore rapfuura. Kunyange zvazvo zvingave zvakaoma kutara chimwe nechimwe chezvirimwa izvi seรขโฌหstrategicรขโฌโข, kuwandirika kwezvinotengeswa kunze kwenyika kuri kukonzera dambudziko guru.
- Quantitative Restrictions (QRs): Nyika dzichiri kusimukira dzinoda kubvumidzwa gadziriro dzakafanana dzechigadzirwa chekuchengetedza icho chinodzivirira kurima munyika 21 dzakapfuma kubva pakukwira kwemitengo kubva kunze. Pamusoro pezvo, nyika dzichiri kusimukira dzinofanirwa kuve nekodzero yekuisazve zvirambidzo zvehuwandu izvo chaizvo ndizvo chete matanho anochengetedza kuchengetedzwa kwechikafu uye mararamiro emamiriyoni evarimi vadiki.
- Multilateral Agreement Against Nzara: Pakati pezvinhu zvitsva zvichaunzwa kuCancun, nyika dzichiri kusimukira dzinofanirwa kuyedza kubatanidzwa kweMultilateral Agreement Against Hunger. Izvi zvinofanira kuvakirwa panheyo inotungamira yekodzero yezvokudya uye inofanira kuumba hwaro hwenhaurirano dzose dzomunguva yemberi. Chibvumirano chenyika dzakawanda chakadaro chaizoita kuti nyika dzive nekodzero yekutora matanho ekuchengetedza akakwana kana kuzvipira kwadzo pazvisungo zveWTO kuchikonzera nzara nehurombo.
ZNetwork inopihwa mari chete kuburikidza nerupo rwevaverengi vayo.
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