“Kutambura kwechitendero, panguva imwe chete, chiratidzo chokutambura chaiko uye kupikisa kutambura chaiko. Chitendero kugomera kwechisikwa chakadzvinyirirwa, mwoyo wenyika isina mwoyo, uye mweya wemamiriro asina mweya. Iopium yevanhu. Kubviswa kwechitendero se kunyepedzera mufaro wavanhu ndiko kudiwa kwavo zvechokwadi mufaro. Kuvadaidzira kuti vasiye fungidziro yavo pamusoro pemamiriro avo ndeyekudaidzira kuti vasiye mamiriro anoda manyepo. Naizvozvo, kushoropodzwa kworudzidziso, mumwana ari mudumbu, kutsoropodzwa kwomupata iwoyo wemisodzi uyo rudzidziso rwuri halo.”
Karl Marx, 1843
Kuti Karl Marx aive asingatendi kuti kuna Mwari zvinonyatsozivikanwa neshamwari dzake uye Vavengi. Kunyangwe vakapusa seni vasingapedzi mazuva avo vachifemereka nekusashivirira kuri kuuya kwaDavid Harvey bhuku pa Grundrisse inogona kudzokorora rondedzero yaMarx yakakurumbira yechitendero se“opium yevanhu.” Uye mukuita, vakawanda Marxist nhamba uye kufamba, kubva Vladimir Lenin kuFrench magariro, vaiva nemaonero asina kunaka etsika dzekutenda. Kazhinji neruramiso huru, vaMarx vaiona masangano akaita seChechi yeKaturike senzvimbo dzokudavidza dzakanga dzazvigamuchira dzimene kupfungwa dzazvino uno dzokuenzana norusununguko.
Asi ukama hwenhau hweMarxism nechitendero hwakaoma zvikuru. VekuLatin-America vari kuruboshwe vakapinza Chechi yeKaturike rusununguko dzidziso, uye mufundisi wechiKristu Paul Tillich akakurudzira vanhu kuti vave neushingi hwekushandira kune socialism. MuUnited States, vatungamiriri vekuruboshwe vechitema, kubva kuMartin Luther King Jr kusvika kuCornel West, vakatora nhaka yezvose zviri zviviri socialism neBhaibheri. Uye vemazuva ano leftist vakangwara vakaita Terry Eagleton naReverend Angela Cowser endererai mutsika iyi yenhaurirano nekutsoropodza.
MacIntyre uye Marx
Alasdair MacIntyre, muzivi ane mukurumbira wekuScotland wekuAmerica, munhu anonakidza muMarxism-Christianity nexus. Hugely zvakakosha Kurudyi rweAnglo-America, MacIntyre yakapesvedzera vasingaverengeki "vakasununguka" uye vakangwara vanochengetedza magariro vakakweverwa kune yake yakasuruvarisa uye kunyange apocalyptic kushoropodzwa kwerusununguko rwemazuva ano (kunyangwe vazhinji vachishaya hunyanzvi hwavo uye kutsungirira kushorwa kwecapitalism. kusaruramisira) Kuna MacIntyre, nzanga yemazuva ano yashandura chakanaka nechakaipa kuita nyaya dzekuravira munhu, ichisiya vanhu vachirembera, vasingafungiri, uye vasina chero pfungwa yezvipimo zvakafanira kutsvaga muhupenyu. Pasina pfungwa yeteleological yezvipimo zvakakodzera kutsvakwa, vazhinji vanozopedzisira vazvipira kune atomistic yekutenga kana kuzviwana vakwezvwa nemhando dzinoparadza dzeNietzschean "kuda kusimba. "
Asi nguva refu asati agovera zvombo zvehungwaru zvemagazini yechitendero inochengetedza Zvinhu Zvokutanga's crusade against the zviripo njodzi dzeungochani, MacIntyre yaive yekutanga uye inonakidza Marxist mufungi. Marxism uye Chikristu, Yakanyorwa apo MacIntyre aingove nemakore makumi maviri nematatu ekuberekwa, ndicho chinhu chisingawanzoitiki: bhuku rekutanga-rero rakakodzera kuve diki diki asi iro rakafukidzwa neshanduko yemunyori akazotevera mune zvematongerwo enyika rinoramba richiverengerwa zvinosiririsa.
Tsanangudzo ine gakava yaMacIntyre ndeyokuti Marxism, iri kure nekuvenga chiKristu, "yakachinja dzidziso dzechiKristu dzepakati nenzira yekupa mutongo wechiKristu wepasirese, pane kuchinjika kwechiKristu kune, nyika iripo." Panyaya iyi, MacIntyre anotora zvakakomba mupikisi wake mukuru Friedrich Nietzsche chirevo chakafanana chekuti socialism ine midzi yayo muChristu. egalitarianism uye humanism. Asi MacIntyre inoenderera mberi nekutsvaga pfungwa dzechiKristu dzepanyika zvakananga mubasa raMarx.
Marx akatanga basa rake seHegelian - mutsigiri wemuzivi mukuru weGerman Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel - uye, sekusimbisa kwaMacIntyre, kurudziro yaMarx yaifarira zvakanyanya chiKristu. Hegel akaona Bhaibheri richitaura nenzira yokufananidzira pfungwa huru dzakawanda dzouzivi hwake. Semuenzaniso, kunzwisisa vanhu kudya muchero wemuti weruzivo sechiito chekutadza chaiko kunopotsa pfungwa. Panzvimbo pokupa mhaka Adhama naEvha nomwoto nesarufa, Mwari anocherekedza zvishoma nezvishoma kuti munhu akanga afanana naye mukuziva zvakanaka nezvakaipa uye nokudaro akanga asingachagoni kugarazve mukufara kwokusaziva muEdheni. Hunhu zvino hwaifanira kuita basa rinoshanda mumutambo wenyika.
Izvi zvakaunza mukana wekusununguka kwedu uye kubudirira asiwo njodzi yekuparadzaniswa kwedu uye kuparadzaniswa kubva kune zvakasikwa uye nekudikanwa. Vanhu vorudzidziso vakadai saJesu, Mwari-munhu akayananisa rusununguko nokudikanwa mumunhu wake, nenzira yokufananidzira akaratidzira bviro yokugadzirisa uku kuparadzaniswa. Asi zviratidzo zvechitendero nenhamba zvinogona kukurumidza uye zvisina mufungo kuva zvidhori zvainamatwa nokuda kwavo vamene panzvimbo pokuva zvinoratidzira zvezvokwadi yakadzama.
MacIntyre anotsanangura kuti Marx akatora akawanda emazano aHegel asi akaashandura mune yekuda zvinhu, yakanyanyisa kutungamira. Mu Uzivi hweKurudyi, Hegel akanga arondedzera hurumende yePrussia yeumambo semhando yepamusoro yemagariro evanhu ichiri kuwanikwa, uye vakasiyana-siyana "vakarurama veHegelians" vakadzivirira basa rechiKristu mukuyananisa vanhu vazhinji kumamiriro ezvinhu. Kuna Marx, kuverenga kwekuchengetedza uku kwakaregerera kusarongeka kwehutongi hwehurumende yePrussia: kushandiswa kukuru kwemhirizhonga yekurwisana, kuongororwa kwese kwese, kushandiswa kwakapararira uye hurombo hwemapoka ekushanda.
Asi Marx haana kumboita utsinye zvekuti angoshora chitendero. Chitendero chakapa vanhu pfungwa yechinangwa pakati pekushayiwa kwezvinhu uye kunyimwa kwezvematongerwo enyika, uye chaizoenderera mberi kusvikira zvinodikanwa zvevanhu zvazadzikiswa. Imwe nzira yaive yekubvuma kuti vanhu vazhinji vaizorarama uye kufa nedikita uye nekushanda uye vasingazive mubairo kana kukoshesa kwazviri.
Sezvakataurwa naMacintyre:
Chiono chechitendero nekushandurwa kwayo muuzivi hweGermany zvinobuda munzanga: kuitira kuti zvizadziswe uye zvizadziswe mukuzadzikiswa kwenharaunda yakanaka yavanofungidzira, ivo pachavo vachafanirwa kugadzira nzira yehuzivi hwakanyanya, huzivi hwe. social practice. Asi nzanga yakakamukana: ichi zvirokwazvo chiratidzo chezvakaipa zvinoibata. Ndiani zvino achazvishandura? Chinongedzo chemhinduro yapashure yaMarx chakatopiwa murondedzero yake yavashandi vaakasangana navo muParis muna 1844: “Pakati pavanhu ivavo uhama hwavanhu hausati huri mutsara, asi zvokwadi noruremekedzo zvinopenya mukushanda kwavo kwakaoma.”
ChiKristu uye Marxism
MacIntyre inobvumirana zvikuru netsoropodzo yaMarx, inotaura kuti nhoroondo yechiKristu yekusimbisa mitemo isina kururama yenzanga “yechokwadi kune chitendero chikuru, uye kunyanya kuchitendero chikuru chezana remakore rechigumi nemapfumbamwe.” Zvinosuruvarisa, zvinoshandawo kune chiKristu chikuru nhasi.
Zvitendero zvakawanda uye vanhu vanoita sevanogutsikana kutakura mvura kune vapfumi nevane simba panzvimbo pevanyoro nevarombo vanofanira kugara nhaka yenyika. Kunyangwe maKristu ekutaura anotsoropodza mamiriro ezvinhu, senge Zvinhu Zvokutanga mupepeti R. R. Reno, havana zvishoma zvekutaura pamusoro pekushandiswa kweupfumi uye kuparara kwemhoteredzo uko kwatambudza nyika yedu. Reno, zvakadaro, anotenda kuti kune “hondo yeboka, hondo yevasina simba . . . inoratidzirwa nenhimbe yeroorano yengochani,” iyo inofanira kurwiwa zino nembambo. Nokuti dambudziko guru rinotarisana ne "varombo" hakusi kuva murombo asi tarisiro yevarume vaviri vacharoorana.
Asi MacIntyre inosimbisawo kuti chinamato hachina kungoita basa rekupindura kana rekuyananisa. Kupfurikidza nokugadza chitarisiko chinopfuura cheruramisiro norunako icho nyika inooneka yairamba ichienzaniswa nayo, rudzidziso rwakaita “rutivi rwakati rutivi rutivi runofambira mberi mukuti rwaka[pa] vanhuwo zvavo pfungwa yakati yeiyi nhevedzano iri nani yaizova.”
Anotsiura vatsigiri vechitendero vanoomerera, vanokurumidza kuburitsa mashoko aSt. Augustine kuti aroverere pamusoro pevanoshandiswa kusakwana kusingadzivisiki kwenyika. Ava vanochengeta tsika vanopedza nguva yakawandisa vachiedza “kusunungura chiKristu panhaka yacho kubva muchiGnostic” uye kuzvipira kururamisiro munyika ino uye zvino “asi kunetseka kushoma zvikuru pamusoro pezvakagara nhaka chiKristu kuna Pondiyo Pirato naKayafasi.” Vanokundikana kuyeuka kuti muvambi wechiKristu akarayira vapfumi kuti vape varombo zvose zvavaiva nazvo; aipedza mazuva ake achifambidzana nevatadzi, zvifeve nemakororo; uye akarayira kuti, sezvakaitwa kuda kwaMwari kudenga, ndizvo zvaifanira kuitikawo panyika. Akaramba achirwisa zvidhori chitendero ichocho chaifungidzira, kunyanya kana yakabatanidzwa pakudzivirira simba.
Mumativi ose iwaya, MacIntyre inotaura kuti Marxism yakamutswa nomudzimu wokutsoropodza wechiKristu, uchiunza “tariro” yenguva yemberi muchimiro chenyika. Tariro yakasimba kudaro ndiyo inorambwa ne“capitalist realism, " izvo zvinosimbirira kuti kurongeka kwazvino kwoupfumi nezvematongerwe enyika kunofanira kupfuurira nokusingaperi. Asi inogona kumutsidzirwazve apo, mumashoko eEvhangeri yaMateo, “vanotambudzika vapasi vakaziva kuti Mwari ari kurutivi rwavo.”
ZNetwork inopihwa mari chete kuburikidza nerupo rwevaverengi vayo.
dhoneta