Danho idzva mukushanduka kwesangano repasi rose rekururamisira rakasvikwa nekugadzwa kweWorld Social Forum (WSF) muPorto Alegre, Brazil, muna Ndira 2001. WSF ndiyo yaive pfungwa yekufamba kwevanhu zvisina tsarukano kwakabatana neBato reVashandi (Workers' Party). PT) muBrazil. Tsigiro yakasimba yeiyi pfungwa yakapihwa pakutanga nesangano reATTAC muFrance, nhamba dzakakosha dzakabatana nebepanhau Le Monde Diplomatique. KuAsia, chikumbiro cheBrazil, chakayangarara muna Chikumi 2000, chakagamuchira tsigiro yechido, pakati pezvimwe, sangano rekutsvagisa nerekumiririra Focus on the Global South riri muBangkok.
Porto Alegre yaifanirwa kuve inopikisana ne "Davos," chiitiko chegore negore mutaundi rekutandarira muSwiss Alps uko mabhizinesi ane simba pasi rose nevezvematongerwo enyika vaiungana gore negore kuti vaone uye vaongorore zviri kuitika munyika. Chokwadi, chakanyanya kukosha cheWSF yekutanga yaive gakava repaterevhizheni repakati peGeorge Soros nevamwe vanhu muDavos nevamiriri vemasangano akaungana muPorto Alegre.
Nyika yeDavos yaifananidzwa nenyika yePorto Alegre, nyika yevapfumi pasi rose pamwe nenyika yevamwe vanhu. Wakanga uri uyu musiyano wakaparira musoro unotsinhirana zvikuru wokuti โImwe nyika inobvira.โ
Pakanga paine chimwe chimiro chakakosha chekufananidzira: nepo Seattle yaive nzvimbo yekutanga kukunda kukuru kwebato rezvematongerwo enyika rinopesana nekudyidzana kwepasi rose - kupunzika pakati pekuratidzira kukuru kwemumugwagwa kwemusangano wechitatu wemakurukota eWorld Trade Organisation - Porto Alegre akamiririra kuendeswa kune Kumaodzanyemba kwepakati pesimba regiravhiti rekufamba ikoko. Yakaziviswa se "nzvimbo yakavhurika," iyo WSF yakava magineti epasi rose network yakatarisana nenyaya dzakasiyana, kubva kuhondo kuenda kukudyidzana kwepasirese kusvika kune communalism kusvika kune rusaruraganda kudzvanyirira varume kune dzimwe nzira. Shanduro dzedunhu reWSF dzakasudururwa, chakanyanya kukosha chiri European Social Forum neAfrican Social Forum; uye mumaguta akawanda pasi rose, maforamu ezvemagariro evanhu akaitwa uye akarongwa.
Mabasa eWSF
Kubva payakavambwa, WSF yakaita mabasa matatu akakosha kumasangano epasi rose:
Chekutanga, inomiririra nzvimbo - yese yenyama neyenguva - yekufamba uku kwakasiyana kusangana, network, uye, zviri nyore, kunzwa nekuzvisimbisa.
Chechipiri, iko kudzoka panguva iyo sangano rinounganidza simba raro uye rinoronga mafambiro ekuenderera mberi kwayo kutarisana nekudzosera kumashure maitiro, masangano, uye zvimiro zvepasi rose capitalism. Naomi Klein, munyori weNo Logo, akasimbisa chiitiko ichi paakaudza vateereri vePorto Alegre muna Ndira 2002 kuti kudiwa kwenguva iyi "kwaive kushoma veruzhinji uye kusateerera kwevanhu."
Chechitatu, WSF inopa saiti uye nzvimbo yekuti sangano ritsanangure, rikurukure, uye nekukakavadzana pamusoro pechiratidzo, hunhu, uye masangano eimwe nzira yenyika yakavakirwa panharaunda chaiyo yezvido. Iyo WSF, chokwadi, macrocosm emamwe mabhizinesi madiki asi akakosha akaitwa pasi rese nemamiriyoni akaudza vanochinja, vatsoropodzi, uye "vechokwadi" kuti vaende parutivi nekuti, chokwadi, imwe nyika inogonekaโฆ uye zvakakodzera.
Direct Democracy in Action
Iyo WSF nevana vayo vazhinji yakakosha kwete chete senzvimbo dzekusimbisa uye nharo asiwo sedemocracy yakananga mukuita. Agenda nemisangano zvakarongwa nekunyatsotarisisa maitiro edemokrasi. Kuburikidza nemusanganiswa wemisangano yenguva nenguva yechiso nechiso uye yakanyanya email neInternet kuonana pakati, network yeWSF yakakwanisa kubvisa zviitiko uye kusvika pazvisarudzo zvekubvumirana. Dzimwe nguva, izvi zvinogona kutora nguva zvakanyanya uye zvakare zvichishungurudza, uye pawakanga uri chikamu chehurongwa hwekuronga hunosanganisira mazana emasangano, sezvo isu veFocus on the Global South taive panguva yekuronga 2004 WSF muMumbai, zvinogona zvinoshungurudza chaizvo.
Asi iyi yaive demokrasi yakananga, uye demokrasi yakananga yaive payakanakisa paWSF. Mumwe anogona kutaura, nevabereki, kuti zvakanangana demokrasi zviitiko zveSeattle, Prague, Genoa, uye kumwe kuunganidzwa kukuru kwemakore gumi kwakaiswa muWSF kana Porto Alegre maitiro.
Nheyo yepakati yenzira yekuronga yebato idzva ndeyekuti kusvika pachinangwa chaunoda hakuna kukosha kana nzira dzacho dzikatyora hurongwa hwegutsaruzhinji, kana zvinangwa zvegutsaruzhinji zvikazadzikiswa nenzira dzehudzvanyiriri. Zvichida Subcomandante Marcos weZapatistas akanyatsoratidza kusarura kwekuronga kwemasangano matsva: "Bato racho harina ramangwana kana ramangwana raro riri rechiuto. Kana EZLN [Zapatistas] ikaramba ichienderera mberi segadziriro yemauto ane zvombo, yakananga kukundika. Kukundikana seimwe seti yemazano, imwe nzira yemafungiro kune nyika. Chakaipisisa chingangoitika kwairi kunze kweizvozvo, chingave chekuti itange kutonga uye kuzvimisa ipapo seuto rechimurenga. " WSF inogovera maonero aya.
Chinonakidza ndechekuti hapana kumboedza nechero boka kana network "kutora" maitiro eWSF. Mapoka akati wandei e "boka rekare" anotora chikamu muWSF, kusanganisira mapato echinyakare e "democratic centralist" pamwe nemapato echinyakare egutsaruzhinji akabatana neSocialist International. Zvakadaro hapana chimwe cheizvi chakaisa simba rakawanda mukutungamira WSF yakanangana nepakati pepakati kana hierarchical modes yekuronga. Panguva imwecheteyo, zvisinei nekufungira kwavo mapato ezvematongerwo enyika, "mapato matsva" haana kumbobvira atsvaga kusabvisa mapato neavo vanobatana nawo kuita basa rakakosha muForamu. Chokwadi, iyo 2004 WSF muMumbai yakarongwa pamwe chete nemubatanidzwa usingafungidzike wemafambisirwo emagariro uye mapato eMarxist Leninist, seti yevatambi vasingazivikanwe nehukama hwakabatana kumberi kwemba.
Zvichida chikonzero chinomanikidzira che modus vivendi yekufamba kwekare uye kutsva kwaiva kuziva kuti ivo vaidana mukurwisana nehupfumi hwepasi rose uye kuti simba rekufamba kwepasi rose kwepasi rose kwakarara muhutano hwekubatanidza networking iyo isingatsamiri padzidziso. Kutenda kuti boka rimwe chete raifanira kutungamira kurwira asi pachokwadi chekusarudzika kwakafanana kweanenge ese ari pasi pemapoka, matara, nemapoka pasi pekutonga kweguta guru renyika.
Chii chinonzi "Open Space"
Iyo WSF, zvisinei, haina kusunungurwa kubva mukutsoropodza, kunyangwe kubva padanho rayo. Imwe chete inoratidzika kunge iine hunhu. Iyi ndiyo mhosva yekuti WSF sesangano haina kumira mushe mukunetsana kwezvematongerwo enyika kwepasi rose, uye izvi zviri kuita kuti uve mutambo wepagore usina magariro mashoma.
Pane, mukuona kwangu, chokwadi chisingakoshi kune izvi. Vazhinji vevatangi veWSF vakadudzira pfungwa ye "nzvimbo yakavhurika" nenzira yakasununguka, kureva kuti, kuti WSF isaburitse pachena chero chinzvimbo chezvematongerwo enyika kana kurwa, kunyangwe mapoka ayo akasununguka kuzviita.
Vamwe havana kubvumirana, vachiti pfungwa ye "nzvimbo yakavhurika" inofanirwa kududzirwa nenzira yebato, sekusimudzira zviri pachena mamwe maonero pamusoro pevamwe uye sekutora divi pachena mumatambudziko makuru epasirese. Mune maonero aya, WSF iri pasi pekunyepedzera kuti inogona kumira pamusoro pekukakavadzana, uye izvi zvinozotungamira kuti ive imwe yemhando yeforum isina kwayakarerekera, uko nhaurirano ichawedzera kuparadzaniswa nekuita. Simba remasangano akazvimirira oga rinobva mukupinda kwavo mune zvematongerwo enyika, vanodaro vanotsigira maonero aya. Chikonzero chekuti WSF yainakidza mumakore ayo ekutanga yaive nekuda kwekukanganisa kwayo: yakapa mukana wekugadzirazve uye kusimbisazve kubatana kurwisa kusarongeka, kurwisana nehondo, uye kune nyika yakanga isina kuzviisa pasi pehutongi hwehumambo uye capital. Iyo WSF haina kumira pahondo yeIraq, panhau yePalestine, uye paWTO inonzi iri kuita kuti isanyanya kukosha uye isinganyanyi kukurudzira kune akawanda emanetwork ayakaunza pamwechete.
reCaracas neNairobi
Ichi ndicho chikonzero WSF yechitanhatu yakaitirwa muCaracas muna Ndira 6 yaibata-bata nekusimbisazve: yakapinza vamiriri zviuru makumi mashanu munzvimbo ine dutu rekurwisa humambo, kwavakasanganidzana nevarwi veVenezuela, kunyanya varombo, vakaita hurongwa hwekurwira humambo. shanduko yemagariro, tichitarisa vamwe veVenezuela, kunyanya vepamusoro uye vepakati, vakapinda mukupikisa kunotyisa. Caracas yakanga iri cheki chechokwadi chinofadza.
Ichi ndicho zvakare chikonzero nei iyo Yechinomwe WSF yakaitirwa muNairobi yaiodza mwoyo, sezvo zvematongerwo enyika zvakanyungudika uye zvishuwo zvebhizinesi hombe zvakabatana nevakuru vekutonga veKenya zvaive zvakashinga mukuitengesa. Kunyangwe Petrobras, iyo Brazilian state corporation iyo inotungamira kushandisa hupfumi hwezviwanikwa zveLatin America, yaive mubishi kuzviridza seshamwari yeForamu. Paive nepfungwa yakasimba yekudzokera kumashure pane kumberi muNairobi.
WSF iri pamharadzano. Hugo Chavez akabata musimboti wemubatanidzwa paakayambira vamiriri muna Ndira 2006 nezve njodzi yekuti WSF ingove nhandare yemazano isina hurongwa hwekuita. Akaudza vatori vechikamu kuti vakanga vasina sarudzo kunze kwekugadzirisa mubvunzo wesimba: "Tinofanira kuva nezano re'kupikisa-simba.' Isu, masangano ezvemagariro evanhu uye masangano ezvematongerwo enyika, tinofanira kukwanisa kupinda munzvimbo dzemasimba munzvimbo, yenyika, uye dunhu. "
Kugadzira nzira yekupikisa simba kana counter-hegemony hazvireve kudzokera kumashure mune yekare hierarchical uye nechepakati maitiro ekuronga maitiro ekare kuruboshwe. Zano rakadaro rinogona, kutaura zvazviri, kufambiswa mberi zvakanyanya kuburikidza nematanho akawanda uye akachinjika network iyo mafambiro nemasangano anomiririrwa muWSF akakunda mukusimudzira kutambura kwavo. Kutsanangura kutamburira kwavo mukuita kunozoreva kugadzira zano rakafanana vachitora simba kubva uye nekuremekedza kusiyana.
Mushure mekuodzwa mwoyo kwaive kuNairobi, vatori vechikamu vazhinji venguva refu muForamu vari kuzvibvunza kuti: Iyo WSF ichiri iyo mota yakanyatsokodzera yedanho idzva mukurwira kwepasirese kururamisira uye runyararo bato? Kana kuti, yapedza basa rayo renhoroondo rekuunganidza nekubatanidza mafambiro akasiyana-siyana akakonzerwa nehupfumi hwenyika, inguva yekuti WSF ipete tende yayo uye ichipe nzira itsva dzesangano repasi rose rekuramba neshanduko?
Walden Bello ndiye director director we Tarisa paGlobal South, Bangkok-based research and advocacy Institute, uye purofesa wesociology paYunivhesiti yePhilippine.
ZNetwork inopihwa mari chete kuburikidza nerupo rwevaverengi vayo.
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