Mangwana, zvichida, ramangwana.
โ WH Auden
Svondo rinouya, vamiriri vanobva kunyika zana negumi nesere dzepasirese 118 vachaungana muTehran kumusangano wechigumi nenhanhatu weMovement.
Yakagadzirwa muna 1961, iyo NAM yaive puratifomu yakakosha yeTatu World Project (iyo nhoroondo yandinotsanangura muRima Nations). Yakagadzirwa kuti ibvise ruzhinji rwepasi kubva muchepfu yeCold War uye kubva mukukanganisa kwakasundidzirwa neWorld Bank. Mushure memakumi maviri emakore ekuvaka masangano anobatsira, iyo NAM yakazadzwa nedambudziko rechikwereti rema1980s. Yakabva yafemera pamusoro.
Mumakona emisangano yeNAM, nhumwa dzinogunun'una pamusoro pekuzvikudza kweMaodzanyemba, kunyanya iyo US, iyo nhoroondo yayo mumakumi mashoma emakore apfuura yave yakashata. Kurasa kwaRonald Reagan matambudziko ekuMaodzanyemba pa1981 Cancun Summit kuNorth-South Dialogue kuchiri kusimudza tsiye, uye hunhu hwaGeorge W Bush hwemombe huchiri kuwana tuckles. Asi kunze kwezvinonakidza izvi zvakachipa, zvishoma zvekukosha zvinobuda muNAM. Kusvikira makore gumi apfuura kwave nekuedza kushoma kwekugadzira imwe yemafungiro uye masangano kune neoliberalism kana kune unipolar imperialism.
Nekuuya kweBRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China neSouth Africa) mumakore mashoma apfuura, mafungiro akasimuka. Kuvepo kwakasimba kweBRICS mukati meNAM uye kuUnited Nations kwasimudza tariro yekuti US neEuropean intransigence haichatarise mafambiro epasi. Pamusangano wechigumi nemana weNAM muCuba (14), nyika yakaita seyakareruka. Majee aHugo Chavez akadzikama zvakanaka; Fidel Castro akakwaziswa setitan. Izvi zvaiita semazuva ekare, kana kuti Delhi muna 2006.
Misangano yeNAM inowanzopfuura pasina fanfare. The Atlantic media kashoma kuona kuvepo kwekufamba. Asi gore rino, nekuti musangano uchaitirwa muTehran, tsiye dzakasimudzwa.
Victoria Nuland weDhipatimendi reHurumende yeUS akakurumidza kushora nzvimbo iyi se "nzvimbo isinganzwisisike uye isina kufanira kumusangano uyu ... Pfungwa yedu ndeyekuti Tehran, yakapihwa huwandu hwayo hwekutyorwa kwakanyanya kwemutemo wepasirese uye zvisungo zveUN, inoita kunge isiri iyo. nzvimbo yakakodzera" yemusangano weNAM.
Hurumende yeUS iri kunyanya kusvotwa kuti Munyori Mukuru weUN, VaBan Ki-moon, vari kuenda kuNAM (akapinda musangano wese weNAM kubva muna 1961, apo Dag Hammarskjold akabva kuBelgrade kurufu rwake pamusoro pedenga reAfrica). Nuland anocherekedza kuti US yakaratidza "kunetsekana" kwayo kuBan. Mutungamiriri weIsrael Benjamin Netanyahu akajeka: "Mr Secretary General, nzvimbo yako haisi muTehran."
Mabhomba pamusoro peTehran
Israel yanga ichitamba mutambo wakasarudzika mwedzi mishoma yapfuura. Netanyahu necoterie yake mufananidzo wechionioni wehunhu hwekunyomba hweMutungamiriri weIran Mahmoud Ahmadinejad: Vese vane pfungwa dzakakwana zvavo, vachinamira pamberi pemakamera ane bluster. Mashoko anonakidza anobva mumiromo yavo.
Kutya ndekwekuti Netanyahu ari kutamba huku neUS. Anoda kubira Mutungamiri Barack Obama kuti vagadzirise zvirango uye kupfura chombo chimwe chete kana zviviri, kana kuti kuregedza mhashu dzake, dzichibhururuka zvakapetwa kaviri chinhambwe chavakabhururuka kuenda kuOsirak muna 1982 kunobhomba Bushehr izvozvi. Kudzvinyirirwa kwaNetanyahu kwakashamisa mutungamiri wake, Shimon Peres, uyo akakurumidza kutaura kuti, "Zviripachena kuti hatingaite izvi tega uye kuti tinofanira kudyidzana neAmerica." Zvese izvi mutambo wekuzevezera kweChinese, nekujeka kushoma pamusoro pezviri kutaurwa nemunhu, uye kunetseka kukuru pamusoro pekuwedzeredza kwakakurira chero kugona kwekukurukurirana kwevakuru.
US inoita kunge irikuda nguva yekuti hutongi hutsva hwezvirango hutange kushanda. Muna Kurume, mabhanga eIran akabviswa kubva kune SWIFT network inogonesa kushandiswa kwemari yemagetsi. Dzvinyiriro panyika dzinopinza mafuta eIran yakawedzerwa, sezvo US neveEurope vakatyisidzira kutora matanho kune avo vasina kutevedzera yavo yezvirango (izvo zvakaomesesa kupfuura zvakasiyana siyana sarudzo dzeUN dzinotanga kubva 1696, kubva 2006, kusvika 1929. 2010, kubva muna XNUMX).
Bhanga repakati reIran rakaratidza kudzikira kwakadzama kwemugove weIranian kunze kwenyika - uye panguva imwe chete, chinzvimbo chine njodzi kune vagari vayo. Chinoratidzika kunge chisiri paradar yeavo vanogadzira hurumende dzezvirango izvi ndezvekuti havawanzo shandura vanhu kuti vape hurumende yavo. MuIran, zvinogona kunge zvichikanganisa musangano wekuchinja. Washington inozadza nezve hutongi hwejekerere muIran uye bhomba, asi haizive kuti kune vazhinji veIrani (44% avo vanogara mumataundi), dambudziko guru nderekurarama uye kugara zvakanaka.
Mutungamiri weIndia, Manmohan Singh, achange ari muTehran. Achasangana naAhmadinejad, otaura naye nezve kuyedza kweIndia kunzvenga hutongi hwezvirango. Pakati pe10% ne12% yemafuta ekuIndia anopihwa neIran. Pave nekuyedza kuchinjika kune iyo Saudi supply, asi izvi zviri nyore kutaura nezvazvo pane kuita. Dambudziko reIndia neIran rave pamusoro pekubhadhara, sezvo India isingakwanise kubhadhara Iran mafuta. Naizvozvo Iran yakabvuma kugamuchira zvikamu makumi mana nezvishanu kubva muzana zvemaresiti ayo emafuta mumarupees, mukati meIndia, uye kushandisa mari iyi kutenga zvinhu zveIndia zvekupinza muIran. Nhume kubva kubazi rebhizinesi dzakaenda nekudzoka kunotsvaga zvinhu zvekutengesa maIrani. Asi matambudziko anoramba aripo: Hutongi hwezvirango hwaita kuti zvisaite kuti matangi eIndia awane inishuwarenzi yerwendo rwavo rwekuenda kuIran. Zvakadaro, bhizinesi reIndia rinofungidzira kuti kutengeserana pakati penyika mbiri idzi kuchakwira kubva paUS$45 bhiriyoni kusvika pamadhora mabhiriyoni makumi matatu panosvika 13.5.
Tete-a-tete pakati paManmohan Singh naAhmadinejad ichabatawo nezvekudyara kweIndia pachiteshi cheChabahar kumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumabvazuva kweIran, iyo yakashandiswa kuunza zvinhu zveIndia muIran uye kuunza zviuru zana zvegorosi matani kuAfghanistan. India neIran dzakaisa mari yakawanda muAfghanistan, uye vese vane chido chakafanana mukuona kuti maTaliban haadzoke kusimba muKabul.
Pano mumwe angafungidzira kuti US inogona kuona ziso-ne-ziso nevadyidzani ava vekare, asi kupenya kweWashington kunoita kuti zvisaite kuti vakuru vayo vave vamiriri vakakodzera. Chave chiri chinangwa chenguva refu cheUS kutyora chinongedzo pakati peIndia neIran, mbiri mbiri muNAM.
Svondo rinouya, New Delhi neTehran vachasimbisa hukama hwavo husina kusimba. Manmohan Singh haazoiti chero chinhu chikuru. Uhu hausi humiro hwake. Zvakadaro, chokwadi chehupfumi uye tsaona dzejogirafi dzinoita kuti hukama huve hwakakosha. Izvi hazvigoneke kuWashington.
Ropa reSyria
Nguva yekupedzisira iyo NAM yakatambura kupatsanurana kukuru kwezvematongerwo enyika kwaive apo maSoviet akarwisa Afghanistan muna 1979. Vazhinji venhengo vaida kushora kurwisa uku, asi vashoma vevane simba (Algeria, India, Iraq) vakaramba kuendawo. Zvakakanganisa kuvimbika kweNAM. Gore rino, iSyria ndiyo iri kuunza dambudziko.
Muna Chivabvu, kuSharm el-Sheikh, Egypt, vachiona kuvharirwa muchipatara kwaHosni Mubarak, musangano wemakurukota weNAM unoona nezvemusangano wakaedza kubatanidza chisungo pamusoro peSyria. VaSaudis neQataris vaida kushorwa kwakasimba kwehutongi, asi maSyria, avo vanosara vari nhengo dzeNAM, vakasiyana negwaro. Gwaro rekupedzisira rakanga riri anodyne, richikurudzira kubudirira kweaimbova munyori mukuru weUN Kofi Annan's Six Point Plan.
Annan asiya basa. Panzvimbo yake kwauya mumiriri weAlgeria ane ruzivo uye mukuru weUN, Lakhdar Brahimi, asiri mutorwa kudunhu reNAM. Brahimi anoziva zvakawanda nezvekukonana, anga achangobva kuve murume weUN muAfghanistan neIraq, uye anga ari mutengesi kuChibvumirano cheTaif (1989) chakamisa Hondo yeVanhu veLebanon.
Basa raBrahimi richange rakaoma. Kushora kunokanganisa ramangwana reSyria. Hurukuro zhinji pamusoro peSyria inouya pairi kubva kune yayo geopolitics: Chii chichava mhedzisiro yekudonha kwehutongi hwaBashar al-Assad kusimba reUS kana Gulf Arab simba mudunhu? Izvi zvichave nemhedzisiro yakaipa paHezbollah, pamaPalestine, kune maIran? Iyi mibvunzo yakakosha, asi inovharidzira mubvunzo wekirasi wakanyanya kubvunzwa nekumukira muSyria: Chii chakanakira vanhu veSyria?
Pane kupokana kushoma kuti hutongi hwaAssad hunotonga neruoko rumwe rwakapfeka simbi yemauto uye imwe morphed mukiredhiti kadhi yekleptocratic neoliberal elite. Panewo nharo diki yekuti hutsinye hwehutongi hweAssad kune vagari vemo hune nhoroondo refu, kunyanya mukati memwedzi gumi neimwe yekutanga yekumukira kwa11 apo vanhu vaive mumakomiti avo emubatanidzwa vakaimba kuti silmiyyeh, silmiyyeh (runyararo, runyararo) sezvo matangi eAssad akadzvova. pakati pavo.
Kubata kwakaringana kwekupokana kunofanira kutungamira munhu kukutsigira kwakazara rusununguko rwevanhu veSyria, izvo zvave kureva zvinhu zviviri: kupera kwehutongi hweAssad uye kudzoreredzwa kweruoko rweUS, maArabu eGulf uye maRussia. . Asi Brahimi haakwanise kufambisa hurongwa chero bedzi zvinodiwa nevanhu veSyria zvisiri pakati pezvinhu.
Ndosaka NAM isingazokwanise kuita nemazvo neSyria. Nhumwa imwe yeNAM kuenda kuMoscow uye imwe kuRiyadh-Doha ichikumbira kumiswa kwezvombo uye kudzikamisa rhetoric kungave nekukanganisa kwakanyanya kuna Assad nedenderedzwa rake rakashata. Izvi hazvisi mumakadhi.
Hutungamiri hwawira pamutungamiri mutsva weEgypt, Mohamed Morsi. Pamusangano weOrganisation of Islamic Cooperation muMecca mwedzi uno, nyika dzayo makumi mashanu nenomwe dzakadzinga Syria. Izvi zvakatevera chisungo chakaiswa pamberi neSaudi Arabia neQatar. Gurukota rezvekunze reIran chete, Ali Akbar Salehi, akayambira boka kuti risaite zvekumhanya. Akaedza kuvanda mumashoko aAssad nezvesarudzo uye shanduko, hapana chimwe cheizvi chine musoro. Salehi nemaIrani vari kunetsekana zviri pachena nezve simba renhoroondo richienda kune mukana weGulf Arabs. Izvi zvachinja maonero avo nezvegakava reSyria.
Egypt yakavaka bhiriji diki kuenda kuTehran pamusangano weOIC. Morsi akakurudzira kuumbwa kweBata Boka, raizosanganisira Egypt, Iran, Saudi Arabia neTurkey. Izvi zvakagamuchirwa nemativi ose. Mazuva mashoma gare gare pamusangano wemakurukota muJeddah, Salehi akasangana neGurukota rezvekunze reEgypt, Mohammed Amr kuti abudise zvairehwa neboka iri. Mutauriri webazi rezvekunze reIran, Rahim Mehmanparast, akati Bato reBata richave nzira "yekuongorora nekutevera nyaya [dzedunhu] kuitira kuti runyararo ruve mudunhu". Hapana kongiri yave kuwanikwa kusvika parizvino, asi zvese zvinoratidza kuti Egypt ichashandisa iyo NAM maitiro kutsvaga nzira pakati pemitsetse yakaoma kumativi ese.
Egypt neIran dzakatyora hukama hwadzo mushure mekunge Islamic Republic ya1979 yaumbwa. Asi mushure mekudzingwa kwaMubarak, zviito zvidiki zvakaunza nyika mukutaurirana. MaEgypt akabvumira frigate yeIran kuti ipinde nemuSuez Canal (yekutanga kubvira 1978). Iran yakagamuchira Chitubu cheArab muNorth Africa se "Kumuka kwechiIslam", uye yakatarisira kuwirirana nevezvematongerwo enyika veMuslim Brotherhood mudunhu iri.
MaQataris neSaudis zvakare vaive netariro yakadaro, uye izvi zvinopokana neIran. Emir Hamad bin Khalifa weQatar akasangana naMorsi svondo rapfuura, uko maQatari akavimbisa madhora mabhiriyoni maviri ekubatsira kuEgypt (runyerekupe rwakatenderera rwekuti maQatari aida kukwereta Suez Canal, pamwe kudzivirira nzira kuenda kune idzo Iranian frigates).
Morsi akanga atambira Mutevedzeri weMutungamiriri weIran, Hamed Baqai mavhiki mashoma kushanya kweQatari kusati kwasvika, achitambira kukokwa kwekuuya kuTehran kumusangano weNAM uye nekupa chigaro kubva kuEgypt kuenda kuIran ivo pachavo. Pamusangano weOIC, Morsi naAhmadinejad vakaonekwa vachitaura kwenguva yakati rebei. Zvingangoita kuti Morsi angade kuzvishongedza sezwi risingawirirane pakati peIran neGulf Arabs, uye kupa Brahimi rudzi rwenzvimbo yaanozoda.
Morsi ane hurongwa hwakaoma. Achaenda kuTehran kuburikidza neBeijing. Pakati pemusangano naHu Jintao uyezve gare gare naManmohan Singh, pakati pehurukuro neGulf Arabs nemaIrani, maitiro aMorsi anoratidza hukama nerudzi rwemitemo yekunze yakawanda yakagadziriswa nenyika dzeBRICS.
Mashizha etii akaoma kuverenga. Nyaya dzepamusoro pachirongwa cheNAM iIran neSyria. Imwe ndeyehondo iri kutsvairwa neIsrael kuti itange, uye imwe ndeyehondo iri kuitwa nehurumende yeAssad kurwisa vanhu veSyria. Icho chokwadi chekuti musangano weNAM urikuitika muTehran chinoratidza kuti pachine rutsigiro rweIran pane chero chiito chakasimba. Kana Morsi's Contact Group inogona kudzvinyirirwa mukati meNAM kuti itore yakasimba kirasi chinzvimbo paSyria uye kwete kuvanda kuseri kwekutsoropodza kwegeopolitics, zvino izvi zvinozoonekwa semusangano wenhoroondo.
Bhuku idzva raVijay Prashad, Arab Spring, Libyan Chando, rakaburitswa neAK Press.
ZNetwork inopihwa mari chete kuburikidza nerupo rwevaverengi vayo.
dhoneta