"Tsvaga, gadzirisa, pedzisa, uye uteedzere" ndiyo nzira iyo Pentagon inotsanangura basa rezvikwata zvemauto epachivande muAfghanistan izvo zvakapihwa simba rekuteedzera vanonzi inhengo dzeTaliban kana al-Qaeda kwese kwavanogona kuwanikwa. Vamwe vanodana izvi "manhunting" mashandiro uye zvikamu zvakapihwa kwavari "kutora / kuuraya" zvikwata.
Chero chirevo chaunosarudza, ruzivo rwezvakawanda zvezviito zvavo - uye kuti vaigara vachitadza sei - zvakaratidzwa kekutanga muhuwandu hwezvakavanzika zvemauto eUS uye zvinyorwa zvehungwaru zvakaburitswa newebhusaiti Wikileaks. muna Chikunguru kune dutu rekuburitswa kwenhau uye kuratidzira kwepamutemo. Kumiririra imwe nzira yehondo yeUS yakavanzika ikozvino iri kusimuka, zvikwata izvi zvinogara zvichigadzira vavengi vakawanda kupfuura shamwari uye kukanganisa chero kunaka kwakagadzirwa nemapurojekiti eU.S.
Danny Hall naGordon Phillips, vatungamiriri vevanhu nemauto veboka rekuvaka patsva reUS mudunhu reNangarhar, Afghanistan, pavakasvika kumusangano naGul Agha Sherzai, gavhuna weko, pakati paChikumi 2007, vakaziva kuti vaive nezvakawanda. yekukumbira ruregerero kuita. Philips aifanira kutsanangura chikonzero nei mauto eUS akavanzika "kutora / kuuraya" timu inonzi Task Force 373, hunting kuna Qari Ur-Rahman, anonzi mukuru weTaliban akapihwa zita rekuti "Carbon," akadana pfuti yeAC-130 Specter uye nekusaziva akauraya mapurisa manomwe eAfghan pakati pehusiku.
Chiitiko ichi chakaratidza kupesana kwakavapo pakati pedzidziso mbiri muhondo yeUS muAfghanistan - counterinsurgency ("kudzivirira vanhu") uye kurwisa hugandanga (kuuraya magandanga). Kunyange hazvo hutongi hwaObama hwakapa basa remuromo kune vekare, vekupedzisira vanga vari, uye vanoramba vari, simba rekufambisa muhondo yavo muAfghanistan.
Kuna Hall, mumwe mukuru mukuru weBasa Rokune dzimwe nyika akanga asara nemwedzi isingasviki miviri kuti aite basa rakanaka muLondon, achishanda nemauto akanga atoratidza kuti zvakaoma kupfuura zvaaitarisira. Mune chinyorwa che Foreign Service Journal akabudisa mwedzi mishoma musangano usati waitwa, iye akanyora, “Ndainzwa sokuti ndakanga ndisingambozivi chaizvo zvakanga zvichiitika, kwandaifanira kunge ndiri, basa rangu raiva rei, kana kuti kana ndaiva nerimwe. Kunyanya, ndaisataura chero mutauro wandaida: Pashtu kana wemauto.
Zvakanga zvave kunetsa kuna Phillips. Kwangove mwedzi wapfuura, iye pachake akapa "solatia" mubhadharo - mari yenyaradzo yerufu rwevanhu zvisiri pamutemo rwakakonzerwa nemauto eUS - pamberi paGavhuna Sherzai, achishora chiito cheTaliban akazviuraya bhomba akauraya vanhu gumi nevapfumbamwe, achitanga chiitiko ichi. mubvunzo. “Tinouya pano sevaenzi vako,” iye Akaudzwa hama dzeavo vakaurayiwa, "vakakokwa kuzobatsira mukuvakazve uye nekuvandudza chengetedzo uye hutongi hweNangarhar, kukuunzira hupenyu huri nani uye ramangwana rakajeka iwe nevana vako. Nhasi, sezvandinotarisa kune vakaurayiwa nemhuri dzavo, ndinobatana nemi mukuchema vadiwa venyu.”
Hall naPhillips vaitungamira chikamu chemakumi matatu nenhatu anoshanda ekuvakazve mapurojekiti eUS anokosha madhora gumi nerimwe emamiriyoni muNangarhar, akatarisana nekuvaka migwagwa, zvekushandisa muchikoro, uye chirongwa chekurima chakanangana nekutengesa michero nemiriwo kubva mudunhu.
Zvakadaro basa re "boka rekuvaka patsva" rinotungamirwa nemauto (rakaumbwa nenyanzvi dzevagari vemo, vakuru vebazi reHurumende, nemasoja) rakaita sekunge raipokana neavo veboka re "kutapa / kuuraya" remauto akasarudzika (Navy Seals. , Mauto Rangers, uye Green Berets, pamwe chete nevashandi veCentral Intelligence Agency's Special Activities Division) avo vaive nebasa rekutevera maAfghans anonzi magandanga pamwe nevatungamiriri vevapanduki. Chikwata ichi chaisiya zvitunha zvevanhu vakafa uye kutsoropodza.
Ruzivo rwemamwe mamishini eTask Force 373 akatanga kuve pachena nekuda kwezviitiko zvinopfuura makumi manomwe neshanu zvezviitiko. rakabatwa kune veruzhinji neWikileaks, webhusaiti inoridza muridzo, pamwe nekuongororwa kwemagwaro aya Der Spiegel, ivo muchengeti, Uye New York Times. Kuzvidavirira kuzere kwekudzvinyirirwa kweboka rebasa kunogona kunge kuri kuuya, zvisinei, sezvo hutongi hwaObama hunoramba kutaura nezvekupondwa kwavo kuri kuitika muAfghanistan nePakistan. Nhoroondo pfupi yechikwata ichi inogona kuwanikwa kubva mukunyatsoverenga zvinyorwa zveWikileaks pamwe nemishumo ine hukama kubva kuAfghanistan uye mishumo isina kunyorwa yeSpecial Forces.
Iyo Wikileaks data inoratidza kuti vanhu vakawanda se2,058 pane yakavanzika hit list inonzi "Joint Prioritized Effects List" (JPEL) vaionekwa se "kubata / kuuraya" zvinangwa muAfghanistan. Vasungwa vanosvika mazana manomwe nemakumi mashanu nevanomwe - vangangove kubva pane iyi runyorwa - vanga vari kuBagram Theatre Internment Facility (BTIF), jeri rinotungamirwa neUS paBagram Air Base kubva mukupera kwaZvita 757.
Bata/Uuraye Mabasa
Pfungwa ye "zvakabatana" zvikwata kubva kumapazi akasiyana emauto achishanda pamwe neCIA yakatanga kunambwa muna 1980 mushure menjodzi yeOperation Eagle Claw, apo vashandi veMhepo, Mauto, neNavy vakapinda muchigaro chakashata. -mabhurugwa anoedza kununura vasungwa veUS muIran nerubatsiro kubva kuAgency. Masoja masere akafa apo chikopokopo chakadonhera mundege yeC-130 mugwenga reIran. Mushure mezvo, komisheni yepamusoro-soro, yenhengo nhanhatu inotungamirwa naAdmiral James L. Holloway, III yakakurudzirwa kusikwa kweJoint Special Forces command kuti ive nechokwadi chekuti mapazi akasiyana emauto neCIA anofanirwa kuita zvakanyanya kumberi kuronga kuronga mune ramangwana.
Kuita uku kwakakura zvikuru mushure meGunyana 11, 2001. Mwedzi iwoyo, chikwata cheCIA chakadaidza. Jawbreaker vakananga kuAfghanistan kunoronga kurwisa nyika inotungamirwa neUS. Nguva pfupi yapfuura, Hondo yeGreen Beret timu yakamisa Task Force Dagger kuti iite basa rimwechete. Pasinei nekukakavadzana kwekutanga pakati pevakuru vemapoka maviri, vakazobatana.
wokutanga chakavanda "joint" timu zvinosanganisira CIA nemauto akasiyana siyana emauto ekushanda pamwe chete muAfghanistan yaive Task Force 5, yakapihwa basa rekubata kana kuuraya "yakanyanya kukosha zvinangwa" saOsama bin Laden, vatungamiriri vakuru veal-Qaeda, naMullah Mohammed Omar, mukuru weTaliban. Rimwe sangano rehanzvadzi rakatangwa muIraq rainzi Task Force 20. Vaviri ava vakazobatanidzwa muTask Force 121 naGeneral John Abizaid, mukuru weU.S. Central Command.
Mubhuku idzva richaburitswa mwedzi uno, Operation Darkheart, Lieutenant Colonel Anthony Shaffer anotsanangura basa reTask Force 121 muna 2003, paaishanda sechikamu cheboka rainzi Jedi Knights. Achishanda pasi pezita raMajor Christopher Stryker, akamhanyisa mashandiro eDefence Intelligence Agency (mauto akaenzana neCIA) kunze kweBagram Air Base.
Humwe husiku hwaGumiguru, Shaffer akakandwa mumusha uri padyo neAsadabad mudunhu reKunar neherikoputa yeMH-47 Chinook kuti atungamirire timu "yakabatana", kusanganisira Army Rangers (chikamu cheSpecial Forces) uye mauto gumi eMakomo Division. Vaive parwendo rwekutora lieutenant we Gulbuddin Hekmatyar, mukuru wehondo ane mukurumbira wakashata akabatana neTaliban, zvichibva paruzivo rwakapihwa neCIA.
Zvakanga zvisiri nyore. "Vakabudirira kurova pakati peTaliban nenzvimbo dzavo dzakachengeteka mhiri kwemuganhu muPakistan. Kwechinguva Shaffer akationa tichikunda muhondo,” inoverenga mashoko ekushambadza ebhuku racho. “Ipapo mhangura yehondo yakapindira. Mitemo yaivimba nevakuru vakuru yakanga isina tariro. Shaffer nechikwata chake vakamanikidzwa kugara vachiona hupanduki huchikura - mhiri kwemuganhu muPakistan. "
Anenge zana rechina mushure meOp Operation Eagle Claw, Shaffer, aive chikamu chechikwata cheAble Danger chakange chatevera Al Qaeda muma1990s, anotsanangura hondo dzinotyisa pakati peCIA neSpecial Forces zvikwata pamusoro pekuti nyika ine mumvuri yekuponda kwakavanzika muAfghanistan. uye Pakistan inofanira kutungamirirwa.
373 Task Force
Nekukurumidza kusvika ku2007, kekutanga Task Force 373 inotaurwa mumagwaro eWikileaks. Hatizive kana nhamba yayo ichireva chero chinhu, asi zvakangoitika kana kwete, chitsauko 373 cheUS Code 10, chiitiko cheCongress chinoburitsa izvo mauto eUS anotenderwa zviri pamutemo kuita, mvumo Munyori weDziviriro kupa simba chero "mushandi wehurumende" wemauto "kuita waranti uye kusunga pasina waranti" munyaya dzemhosva. Ingave kana kwete iyi ndiyo hwaro hweiyo "373" inoramba iri nyaya yakasarudzika - sezvazviri, kusvika pakuraswa kwegwaro reWikileaks kwaitika, ndiko kwaive kuvepo kweboka.
Vanoongorora vanoti Task Force 373 inozadzisa Task Force 121 nekushandisa "mauto machena" seRanger neGreen Berets, kusiyana neDelta Force yakavanzika. Task Force 373 inofungidzirwa manya kubva muzvigaro zvitatu zvemauto - muKabul, guta guru reAfghan; Kandahar, guta rechipiri guru renyika; uye Khost City pedyo nenyika dzemaPakistani. Zvinogoneka kuti mamwe maoperation ayo anobudawo Camp Marmal, nzvimbo yeGermany iri muguta rekuchamhembe reMazar-e-Sharif. Vanoziva nezvechirongwa ichi vanoti boka rebasa rine zvikopokopo uye ndege, kunyanya AC-130 Specter pfuti, yakatsaurirwa kushandiswa kwayo chete.
Mukuru waro anoita seaive akadaro Brigadier General Raymond Palumbo, yakabva kunze kweSpecial Operations Command kuFort Bragg, North Carolina. Palumbo, zvisinei, ruboshwe Fort Bragg pakati paChikunguru, nguva pfupi mushure mekunge General Stanley McChrystal azorodzwa semukuru wehondo yeAfghan neMutungamiri Obama. Zita remukuru mutsva weboka rebasa harizivikanwi.
Muzviitiko zvinopfuura zana zvezviitiko mumafaira eWikileaks, Task Force 100 inotsanangurwa sekutungamira kwakawanda "kutora / kuuraya" kuedza, kunyanya mumatunhu eKhost, Paktika, neNangarhar, ese ari kumuganhu neFederally Administered Tribal Areas yekuchamhembe kwePakistan. Zvimwe zvinonzi zvakakonzera kubatwa kwakabudirira, ukuwo zvimwe zvakakonzera kufa kwemapurisa emunharaunda kana kunyange vana vadiki, zvichikonzera kuti vagari vemumusha vakatsamwa varatidzire uye kurwisa mauto anotungamirwa neU.S.
Muna Kubvumbi 2007, David Adams, mukuru weboka rekuvaka redunhu reKhost, aive akadaidzwa kuti tisangane nevakuru vemumusha weGurbuz mudunhu reKhost, vaive vakatsamwa nemashandiro eTask Force 373 munharaunda yavo. Chirevo chechiitiko cheWikileaks hachingoratidzi zvakaitwa neTask Force 373 kutsamwisa vakuru veGurbuz, asi gavhuna weKhost, Arsala Jamal, anga achinyunyuta pachena nezve mashandiro eSpecial Forces uye kufa kwevanhu mudunhu rake kubvira Zvita 2006, apo vanhu vashanu vaivepo. akaurayiwa mukupambwa kwemusha weDarnami.
“Iyi ndiyo nyika yedu,” akadaro akati zvino. “Ndanga ndichikumbira nesimba guru: Ngatigarei pamwe chete, tinoziva hama dzedu dzeAfghan, tinoziva tsika dzedu zviri nani. Nemabasa aya hatifanire kugadzira vavengi vakawanda. Isu tiri pachinzvimbo chekudzikisa kukanganisa. "
Sezvaizoita Adams gare gare yeuka mune imwe op-ed yaakanyorera iyo Wall Street Journal, "Kuwedzera kwekupambwa kwemisha yeAfghan kwakabvisa vazhinji vevakuru vedzinza reKhost."
Musi waChikumi 12, 2007, Danny Hall naGordon Philips, vachishanda mudunhu reNangarhar kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumabvazuva kweKhost, vakadaidzwa kumusangano uyu naGavhuna Sherzai kuti vatsanangure kuti Task Force 373 yakauraya sei mapurisa manomwe emuAfghan. SaJamal, Sherzai akataura pfungwa kuna Hall naPhilips kuti "anokurudzira zvikuru kubatana ... uye akasimbisazve kuti haadi kuona izvi zvichiitika zvakare."
Pasati papera vhiki gare gare, Task Force 373 timu akadzingwa maroketi mashanu pakomboni muNangar Khel mudunhu rePaktika kumaodzanyemba kweKhost, mukuyedza kuuraya Abu Laith al-Libi, anofungidzirwa kuti inhengo yeAl-Qaeda kubva kuLibya. Mauto eUS paakasvika kumusha, akawana kuti Task Force 373 yakanga yaparadza a madrassa (kana kuti chikoro cheIslam), kuuraya vana vatanhatu uye kukuvadza zvinosiririsa mumwe wechinomwe uyo, pasinei zvapo nenhamburiko dzeboka rezvokurapa reU.S., aizokurumidza kufa. (Mukupera kwaNdira 2008, al-Libi aive anonzi akaurayiwa nechikasha cheGehena remoto kubva kuPredator drone mumusha uri pedyo neMir Ali kuNorth Waziristan kuPakistan.)
Gavhuna wePaktika Akram Khapalwak akasangana nemauto eUS zuva rakatevera kupambwa. Kusiyana nevamwe vake muKhost neNangarhar, Khapalwak akabvuma kutsigira "nzvimbo dzekutaura" dzakagadzirirwa Task Force 373 kutsanangura chiitiko kune vezvenhau. Maererano nemushumo wechiitiko cheWikileaks, gavhuna akabva "akataura nezvedambudziko rekuurayiwa kwevana, asi akasimbisa kuti izvi zvingadai zvakadziviswa dai vanhu vafumura kuvapo kwevapanduki munzvimbo iyi."
Nekudaro, hapana mauto ekutaura, zvisinei kuti mumuromo maani, anogona kumisa kufa kwevanhu chero bedzi Task Force 373's kurwiswa kuchienderera mberi.
Musi waOctober 4, 2007, nhengo dzayo akadana mukurova kwemhepo - mazana mashanu emadhora Paveway mabhomba - pamba mumusha weLaswanday, mamaira matanhatu chete kubva kuNangar Khel mudunhu rePaktika (uko vana vanomwe vakanga vatofa). Panguva ino, paizouraiwa varume vana, mukadzi mumwe, nemusikana — vose vasiri varwi — pamwe chete nedhongi, imbwa, nehuku dzakawanda. Mauto gumi nemaviri eU.S. akakuvadzwa, asi masoja akashuma kuti hapana “muvengi” mumwe akasungwa kana kuurayiwa.
Iyo Isipo Afghan Nyaya
Hakusati kuri kuvhozhokera kwose kwakaguma nenzufu dzavanhuwo zvavo. Mishumo yechiitiko chemauto eUnited States yakabudiswa neWikileaks inoratidza kuti Task Force 373 yakanga ine rombo rakanaka mukubata "zvinangwa" zvipenyu uye kudzivisa kufa kwevanhu vasiri vanhu musi waDecember 14, 2007. The 503rd Infantry Regiment (Airborne) yakakumbirwa zuva iroro kuti itsigire Task Force 373 mune imwe nguva. tsvaga mudunhu rePaktika yeBitonai naNadr, vaviri vanonzi vatungamiriri veAl-Qaeda vakanyorwa paJPEL. Oparesheni iyi yakaitika kunze kweguta reOrgun, padyo neUS Forward Operating Base (FOB) Harriman. Inowanikwa 7,000 tsoka pamusoro pegungwa uye yakakomberedzwa nemakomo, inogara mauto anosvika mazana matatu pamwe nediki CIA komboni, uye inowanzoshanyirwa neanotaurisa maherikoputa emauto pamwe neakarara mombe dzengamera dzePashtun dzeko.
Chikwata chinorwisa mhepo chine mazita "Operation Spartan" akadzika pamakomboni painzi paigara Bitonai naNadr, asi akatadza kuvawana. Mumwe mutauriri wemuAfghan paakaudza mauto eSpecial Forces kuti vasungwa vacho vaive panzvimbo ingangoita mamaira maviri kubva ipapo, Task Force 373 yakabata varume vese pamwe nevamwe makumi matatu nevatatu vakavharirwa kuFOB Harriman kuti vabvunzurudzwe uye vakwanise kuendeswa kujeri kuBagram.
Asi apo Task Force 373 yakanga iri kufamba, vanhuwo zvavo vakanga, zvinoratidzika, nguva dzose vari pangozi, uye nepo Wikileaks magwaro anoratidza izvo mauto eU. Semuenzaniso, nemusi weMuvhuro manheru pakati paMbudzi 2009, Task Force 373 yakaita hurongwa hwekutora kana kuuraya munhu aifungidzirwa kuti ane mauto-akanyorwa zita. "Ballentine" mudunhu reGhazni. Chirevo chechiitiko chinotyisa chakazivisa kuti mumwe mukadzi weAfghan uye "vapanduki" vana vakaurayiwa. Mangwanani akatevera, Task Force White Eagle, chikwata chePolish chiri pasi peU.S. 82nd Airborne Division, yakashuma kuti vanhu makumi masere vakaungana kupikisa kuurayiwa. Fafitera remotokari ine zvombo rakakuvadzwa nevagari vemo vakashatirwa, asi magwaro haatipe mufananidzo wavo wechiitiko chacho.
Muchidimbu chinokatyamadza, chimwe chekupedzisira Task Force 373 chiitiko chakanyorwa mumagwaro eWikileaks chaitoda kudzokororwa kwenjodzi yepakutanga yeOperation Eagle Claw iyo yakatungamira pakusikwa kwe "joint" kubata / kuuraya zvikwata. Zuva richangobuda muna Gumiguru 26, 2009, helicopter mbiri dzeU.S., UH-1 Huey uye AH-1 Cobra, yakabatana pedyo neguta reGarmsir muruwa rwekumaodzanyemba kweHelmand, kuuraya vana Marines.
Yakanyatsobatanidzwa neTask Force 373 inhengo yeBritish, 42 Task Force, inoumbwa neSpecial Air Service, Special Boat Service, uye Special Reconnaissance Regiment commandos anoshanda mudunhu reHelmand uye anotaurwa mune akati wandei Wikileaks mishumo yezviitiko.
Manhunting
"Kutora / kuuraya" chikamu chakakosha che "dzidziso" yehondo itsva yakagadzirwa neSpecial Forces Command yakagadzwa mushure mekutadza kweOperation Eagle Claw. Pasi pehutungamiriri hwaGeneral Bryan D. Brown, uyo akatora Special Forces Command munaGunyana 2003, dzidziso iyi yakasvika pakuzivikanwa seF4, iyo akamirira "tsvaga, gadzirisa, pedzisa, uye uteedzere" - kutaura kwekunyepedzera asi kusiri kunetsa kunzwisisa meseji yekuti vanofungidzirwa kuti magandanga nevapanduki vaifanira kubatwa sei.
Pasi peMunyori weDziviriro, VaDonald Rumsfeld, mumakore eBush, Brown akatanga kumisa zvikwata zve "Joint Special Forces" kuti vaite F4 misheni kunze kwenzvimbo dzehondo. Ivava vakapihwa zita reanodyne "Military Liaison Elements." Inenge kuuraya kumwechete nechikwata chakadaro muParaguay (yegororo rine pfuti risiri pane chero runyorwa rwekunongedza) yaive yakanyorwa kumusoro by New York Times vatori venhau Scott Shane naThom Shanker. Chikwata ichi, icho chaive chisati chaziviswa kumumiriri weU.S. ikoko, chakanzi chibude munyika.
“Chinodiwa chekutanga kudzivirira nyika. Uye saka dzimwe nguva zvinoda kuti uwane uye ubate kana kuuraya zvinangwa zvehugandanga pasi rese zviri kuyedza kukuvadza nyika ino, "Brown. Akaudzwa Dare reHouse of Armed Services muna Kurume 2006. “Vashandiri vedu vekunze… vanoda asi vasingakwanisi asi nyika dzinoda rubatsiro mukuvaka kugona kwavo kudzivirira miganhu yavo uye kubvisa hugandanga munyika dzavo kana mumatunhu avo.” Muna Kubvumbi 2007, Mutungamiri Bush akapa mubairo kuronga kwaBrown kusika hofisi yakakosha yepamusoro-soro paPentagon yemutevedzeri wemunyori wezvekudzivirira kune akakosha mashandiro / kuderera-kunyanya kunetsana uye kugona kudyidzana.
Michael G. Vickers, akaita mukurumbira mubhuku nemufirimu Charlie Wilson Hondo semugadziri weiyo yakavanzika yemaoko-ne-mari yekugovera cheni kune mujaheedin muCIA's anti-Soviet Afghan campaign of the 1980s, akasarudzwa kuti azadze chigaro. Pasi pehutungamiriri hwake, a new directive yakapihwa muna Zvita 2008 "kukudziridza kugona kwekuwedzera kusvika kweUS munzvimbo dzakarambwa uye nharaunda dzisina chokwadi nekushanda pamwe uye kuburikidza nemauto ekunze ekunze kana nekuita mabasa akaderera." Nenzira iyi, chirongwa che "kubata / kuuraya" chakaiswa muWashington.
"Hondo yehugandanga ihondo isina kunanga ... ihondo yevanodyidzana ... asi zvakare ihondo mumumvuri, kungave nekuda kwekunzwa kwezvematongerwo enyika kana dambudziko rekutsvaga magandanga," Vickers. Akaudzwa ari Washington Post sezvo 2007 yakapera. "Ndosaka Central Intelligence Agency yakakosha ... uye mauto edu eSpecial Operations anoita basa rakakura."
Kubva kwaGeorge W. Bush kubva kuWhite House hakuna kuderedza chido cheF4. Zvakatopesana: kunyangwe iyo F4 formula ichangobva kuitika tinkered with, mune yakajairika fashoni yemauto, uye yave "tsvaga, gadzirisa, pedzisa, shandisa, uye ongorora," kana F3EA, Mutungamiri Obama, nenhoroondo dzese, akawedzera kuunganidzwa kwehungwaru hwemauto uye "kubata / kuuraya" zvirongwa pasi rose pamwe chete ne kuwedzera kwe drone-strike mashandiro neCIA.
Kune vakati wandei vanotaura vatsigiri vedzidziso ye "kubata / kuuraya". Columbia University Muzvinafundo Austin Long mumwe mudzidzi ane akasvetukira mberi iyo F3EA bandwagon. Achiona kufanana kwayo nechirongwa chekuuraya chePhoenix, chakakonzera makumi ezviuru zvekufa panguva yehondo yeUS muVietnam (yaanodzivirira), akadaidzira kuti mauto eUS "tsoka" muAfghanistan aende ku13,000 Special Forces mauto aizoda. tarisa chete pakurwisa hugandanga, kunyanya kuuraya vanhu. "Phoenix inoratidza kuti kurongeka kwehungwaru uye kubatanidzwa kwehungwaru neruoko rwekuita kunogona kuve nemhedzisiro ine simba kumapoka makuru uye anokwanisa kwazvo ane zvombo," iye nemumwe wake munyori William Rosenau. akanyora muChikunguru 2009 Rand Institute monograph ine musoro unoti" "The Phoenix Programme uye Contemporary Counterinsurgency."
Vamwe vanotonyanya kuda zvehasha. Lieutenant George Crawford, akasiya chinzvimbo che "lead Strategist" weSpecial Forces Command kuti aende kunoshandira Archimedes Global, Inc., kambani yeWashington, akurudzira kuti F3EA itsive nezwi rimwe chete: "Kutsvaga." Mune a monograph rakabudiswa ne Joint Special Operations University munaGunyana 2009, "Kutsvaga: Counter-Network Organisation for Irregular Warfare," Crawford anotsanangura "maitiro ekugadzirisa zvakanyanya basa rekuvandudza kuvhima sekugona kuchengetedzeka kwenyika yeAmerica."
Kuuraya Vanhu Vakashata
Shanduko inoshamisa yemafungiro aya, kusikwa kwezvikwata zvevavhimi-mhondi zvepasi rose zvine chinangwa chehupenyu kuuraya 24/7, uye vagari vemauto aya "akabatana Special Forces" zvikwata zvinogara zvichiuraya mukati mavo. raids pazvinofungidzirwa kuti “zvinovavarirwa” hazvina kugadzikana kunyange nyanzvi dzechiuto.
Semuyenzaniso, Christopher Lamb, acting director weInstitute for National Strategic Studies paNational Defense University, naMartin Cinnamond, aimbove mukuru weUN muAfghanistan, vakanyora chinyorwa cheChirimo 2010 chinyorwa. Joint Forces Quarterly mavari akanyora: "Pane chibvumirano chakakura ... kuti nzira isina kunanga yekurwisa mhirizhonga inofanirwa kutora pamberi pane kuuraya / kubata mabasa. Zvisinei, zvakapesana zvakaitika.”
Dzimwe mhando dzemauto dzinoti nzira yekuvhima-mhondi haioni uye inopesana. “Kutora kwandinoita Task Force 373 nemamwe mauto, zvine chinangwa nekuti zvinoita kuti muvengi asarambe. Asi hainzwisise chikonzero chikuru chekukonana, kuti sei vanhu vachitsigira maTaliban, "anodaro Matthew Hoh, aimbova Kondirakiti weDhipatimendi reMarine neHurumende akasiya chigaro kubva kuhurumende munaGunyana apfuura. Hoh, aigara achishanda neTask Force 373 pamwe nemamwe maSpecial Forces "kutora / kuuraya" zvirongwa muAfghanistan neIraq, anowedzera kuti: "Tiri kuuraya vanhu vasina kururama, vepakati-level Taliban vari kurwa nesu nekuti tiri mukati. mipata yavo. Dai tisipo, vangadai vasiri kurwisana neU.S.
Task Force 373 inogona kunge inotyisa kune veAfghans. Kune isu tose - ikozvino iyo Wikileaks yakaisa pachena - inofanira kuonekwa sechiratidzo chematambudziko akadzama emitemo. Mushure mezvose, zvinomutsa mubvunzo wekutanga: Nyika ino ichanyatso kuzivikanwa seManhunters, Inc.?
Pratap Chatterjee mutori wenhau anoshanda akazvimirira, TomDispatch nguva dzose, uye mupepeti mukuru weCorpWatch akashanda zvakanyanya kuMiddle East neCentral Asia, kusanganisira nzendo pfumbamwe dzekuAfghanistan, Pakistan, neIraq. Akanyora mabhuku maviri pamusoro pehondo yehugandanga: Iraki, Inc. (Seven Stories Press, 2004) uye Halliburton's Army (Nation Books, 2009). Anokurudzira kushandisa DiaryDig kuti unzwisise zviri nani iyo WikiLeaks Afghan War Diary. Iyo yakanaka glossary yemauto acronyms inogona kuwanikwa nekudzvanya pano. Unogona kumubata ne email pa [email inodzivirirwa].
[Chinyorwa ichi chakatanga kubuda Tomdispatch.com, weblog yeNational Institute, iyo inopa kuyerera kwakadzikama kwemamwe masosi, nhau, uye maonero kubva kuna Tom Engelhardt, mupepeti wenguva refu mukutsikisa, muvambi we iyo American Empire ProjectMuvambi Mugumo Wekukunda Muitiro, Se yerimwe novel, Mazuva Ekupedzisira Ekudhinda. Bhuku rake razvino ndere Iyo yeAmerica Nzira yeHondo: Sei Bush'Hondo dzakava Obama's (Mabhuku eShimarket).]
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