Kunobva: Jacobin
Mubhuku rake idzva Mumumvuri weIvory Shongwe: Mayunivhesiti Ari Kupamba Maguta, Davarian L. Baldwin anoongorora kuti mayunivhesiti emumaguta ari kurasika sei kubva pachinangwa chaanoti chekudzidzisa vadzidzi nekusimudzira hunyanzvi hwezvakanakira vose. Pane kudaro, mabasa avo ari kuramba achinangana nekutorwa kwemari uye kuunganidza - pamubhadharo wekupedzisira wevashandi vemudhorobha vagari.
Davarian Baldwin mudhorobha, munyori wenhoroondo, uye mutsoropodzi wetsika. Ndiye Paul E. Raether Distinguished Purofesa weAmerican Studies uye akatanga mutungamiriri weSmart Cities Lab paTrinity College. JacobinMeagan Day yakataura naBaldwin nezve hukuru uye kusaenzana kunokanganisa mayunivhesiti munzvimbo dzebasa, zvivakwa, mapurisa, uye hutano.
Mubhuku renyu Mumumvuri weIvory Tower, unofananidza maguta emayunivhesiti nemataundi emakambani. Wakatarisa kuNew Haven, Hartford, New York City, Chicago, nePhoenix kune mienzaniso yesimba iri, kunyangwe risingangogumiri kunzvimbo idzodzo. Zvikoro zvakakura zvakadii mumaguta aya nemamwe emayunivhesiti?
Columbia neNew York University (NYU) ndivo vaviri vevaridzi venzvimbo vakakura pachitsuwa cheManhattan - yakakura zvekuti, pane imwe nguva, vakatokundwa neChechi yeKatorike. Yunivhesiti yeSouthern California (USC) ndiyo yakakura yakazvimirira mushandirwi muLos Angeles County. Yunivhesiti yeChicago minda imwe yemauto makuru ekuchengetedza akazvimirira pasi rose, ane masimba anopfuura zviuru makumi mashanu vagari vasiri vadzidzi kumaodzanyemba kweguta. Yale University nechipatara chayo zvinoumba mumwe wevaridzi venzvimbo hombe veNew Haven, uye Yale inoshandisa mauto akazvimiririra ane zvombo ane masimba emapurisa pamusoro peguta rese.
Saka iyo yenyama uye yehupfumi tsoka haigone kuwedzeredzwa. Asi iniwo ndinofunga nezve tsoka maererano nekukurudzira. Chiremera chezvematongerwo enyika cheColumbia muWest Harlem, NYU muGreenwich Village, Washington University muSt. Louis, uye Arizona State University (ASU) mudhorobha rePhoenix zvinoshamisa. Ivo vanokwanisa kutyora kana kunyora zvakare mitemo yenzvimbo uye kuchengetedza mamirioni emadhora eruzhinji pamakampasi maeka. Pakupedzisira, tiri kuona dzidzo yepamusoro ichiwana kutonga kwete chete kusimukira kwehupfumi asiwo kutonga kwemadhorobha, maitiro andinodaidza kuti "UniverCities."
Kutengeserana kwerudzi irworwo rwesimba kunofungidzirwa kuti mayunivhesiti anoita kuti maguta ave nzvimbo dzekugara. Imhandoi dzekuchinja dzinouya nekuwedzera kweyunivhesiti? Ndiani anozvifarira, uye ndiani anopotsa?
Kuvandudzwa kweYunivhesiti kunowanzo sanganisira nzira dzekutengesa seYunivhesiti yeChicago's Harper Court, kana USC Village, kana Zvitoro kuYale. Tinogona kutarisira kuvakwa kutsva uye zvivakwa zvakaita seshongwe dzinopenya dzeSt. Louis's Cortex development, kana Columbia's Manhattanville kembasi, kana girazi rinopenya nesimbi zvatinoona mumubatanidzwa unofungidzirwa pakati peVirginia Tech neAmazon kuNorthern Virginia.
Tiri kuona dzidzo yepamusoro ichive nesimba kwete chete kusimudzira upfumi hwenyika asiwo utongi hwemaguta.
Imwe shanduko yakakosha kupembererwa, sekunge iyo yakagara yakamira yePittsburgh Technology Center yakanyatso chenesa nzvimbo yebrown yakanga yasvibiswa neyaimbova kambani yesimbi. Uye hapana mubvunzo kuti mayunivhesiti anounza vanhu nepfungwa pamwechete uye anosimudzira hunyanzvi.
Asi kune zvakare mutengo kune avo vanogara mumimvuri yeiyi nyanga dzenzou kuvandudzwa. Kuwedzerwa uku kunokwidza mitengo yedzimba uye kudzinga vagari munzvimbo dzakazadzwa nevanhu vanoshanda-vane ruvara. Mapurisa ekambasi anotarisisa uye anoratidza vagari vakafanana uye haawanzo kuchengetedzwa kuruzhinji. Dzidzo yepamusoro inewo kutonga kwakakura pamusoro pevashandi veguta, iyo yavanoshandisa kuderedza mihoro yepasi uye kudzvanyirira pamwe chete kuedza kwevashandi vanotambira mari shoma.
"Economic impact" mutsara unodiwa nemayunivhesiti kushandisa mukuburitswa kwenhau. Vanotaura nezvekuwedzera budiriro nekusimudzira hupfumi hwenyika, kusimudza hunhu hwedzimba, uye kugadzira makambani echipiri. Asi tinofanira kubvunza: kubudirira kunaani? Iwo emitengo yekutengesa anonangwa kune huwandu hwevanhu hunosimudzira tariro huchakweverwa kunzvimbo idzi, kwete vagari varipo. Kugadzirwa kwemabasa kunowanzo kuwedzererwa, kubhururuka pamusoro pekugona kwevagari varipo. Uye dzimba dzinokurumidza kutadza kutengwa nevanhu vanogara munzvimbo iyi.
Semuenzaniso, mumakore ekuma2000, Johns Hopkins University yakadzinga mhuri 742 dzevatema kuti dzigadzirire nzvimbo yayo yakasanganiswa-kushandisa biotech park. Chikoro ichi chinozvirova dundundu nemadhora makumi matatu nematanhatu emubhadharo wemba chavanopa izvo zvinobvumidza vashandi vavo kudzoka kuzotenga dzimba panzvimbo iyi, vachidaidza izvi "kuita nharaunda." Asi mari yerubatsiro yedzimba inonyatso kurongedzerwa kunoitwa kuJohns Hopkins, nekuti inonyora pasi mitengo yedzimba yakakwira, iyo isingagoneki kune vagari vekare vasingashandiswe neyunivhesiti.
Iyo subsidy zvakare haiwanikwe kune yakaderera-muhoro vashandi, avo vari subcontract uye nekudaro kwete vashandi vakananga. Muchiitiko ichi uye nevamwe, "kubatanidzwa kwenharaunda" kana "kusimudzira nharaunda" ishoko risiri iro, nekuti nzvimbo yacho kazhinji haidzoserwe ku "nharaunda" yaigara ipapo budiriro yekambasi isati yasukwa pamusoro penzvimbo.
Unocherekedza kuti mayunivhesiti ave, mumaguta akawanda, “akava vashandirwi vane simba, vane zvivako, vatarisiri vezvoutano, uye kunyange vamiriri vemapurisa mumaguta makuru munyika yose.” Unogona here kutipa pfupiso yematambudziko nemashandisirwo emayunivhesiti mune chimwe nechimwe chezvina izvi?
Kana zvasvika kune ivhu, nhanho yedzidzo yepamusoro haibhadharwe mutero. Zvichakadaro, rakawanda rebasa rinoitwa pamakampasi, maererano nekutsvaga nekusimudzira uye kunyangwe manejimendi ezvivakwa, rave kuita purofiti. Mari inowanikwa kubva mukutsvagisa kumakambani akazvimirira uye mari inogona kudzoka kuzvikoro kubva kuIP (intellectual property) zvakawanikwa zvese zvakavharwa nekuderedzwa kwemutero, nekuti basa rinoitwa pakambasi. Saka, makampasi ave mafekitori eruzivo akapfuma, uye chikamu chehupfumi ihwohwo chinobva pamamiriro epasi ekusabhadhara mutero.
Makampasi ave mafekitori eruzivo akapfuma, uye chikamu cheupfumi ihwohwo chinobva mukusabhadhara mutero wenzvimbo.
Mabhizinesi akazvimirira anoziva izvi. Eli Lilly kuPrinceton, State Farm Inishuwarenzi kuASU - vanoita bhizinesi ravo pamakampasi nekuti inovapa kudzikiswa kwemutero uye inovapa mukana wemari mumisika yavo yemakwikwi. Nyaya chaiyo apa ndeyekuti budiriro yakasungirirwa kumayunivhesiti inotorwa zvakananga kubva mumitero yaiwanzoenda kumabasa eruzhinji kumaguta, sezvikoro zvesekondari nemabasa everuzhinji. Uye ipapo vagari vanodya mutoro wezvemari kuburikidza nemitero yezvivakwa yakakwira uye yakawedzera mitengo yekurenda.
Yunivhesiti yePennsylvania muenzaniso wakakwana weizvi. Iyo ine $ 15 bhiriyoni endowment iyo isingabhadharwe mutero, uye ine pfuma isingabhadharwe mutero. Zvichakadaro, muzvikoro zveveruzhinji zvePhiladelphia, madziro akazadzwa neasbestos. Pane kuwirirana kwakananga pakati pekuchengetedza kunoitwa nezvikoro zveveruzhinji uye mutero wezvivakwa usingabvi kuyunivhesiti. Uye ipapo yunivhesiti inozvirova dundundu nezvehupfumi hwayo, inounza budiriro kunharaunda.
Kana zviri zvebasa, isu tinofanirwa kutaura nezvese ari maviri ebasa rakapedza kudzidza uye yepasi-muhoro webasa. Kudivi rekupedza kudzidza, une zvibvumirano izvi zveveruzhinji-zvakavanzika nemakambani akaita seGeneral Motors kana Bombardier kana Google kana Western Digital. Iyo kambani inopa mari, iyo inonyora zvakachipa tsvakiridzo uye kusimudzira kwavari nepfungwa dzakajeka kwazvo munyika. Makambani aizofanira kubhadhara yakawanda nokuda kwayo kana vakashandisa zvakananga vatsvakurudzi, asi sezvazvakamira, basa racho rinonyorwa semari yekudzidzisa. Zvichakadaro, kana tsvakiridzo ikaburitsa chiwanikwa chine mubairo, zvikoro zvinochengeta makumi mashanu kana dzimwe nguva makumi matanhatu muzana emari yehumambo nekuda kwekuti basa rakaitwa pakambasi.
Basa rine muhoro wakaderera ndiro nzira huru yebasa kumayunivhesiti. Tiri kutaura nezvevachengeti vepasi, basa rekudya, vashandi vekutsigira. Muzviitiko zvakawanda, havawani muripo wekurarama uye vanoshandirwa kwemwedzi mipfumbamwe, izvo zvinosiya mhuri dzavo dzisina rubatsiro rwegore rose. Kuwedzera, vashandi ava vari kutanga kubatana, uye vari kuhwina zvibvumirano zviri nani pane izvo zvinopihwa nevashandi vasiri vehurumende. Asi nekufamba kwenguva, mayunivhesiti ari kushandura nzira dzebasa kubva pakushandisa vashandi zvakananga kuenda kuhaya macontractors, uko vashandi vasingabatsirike kubva kumakondirakiti emubatanidzwa. Subcontracting inzira ine simba yekunzvenga mabhenefiti uye mibairo.
Zvino, ngatitaure nezvehutano hwehutano. Zvipatara zvemayunivhesiti hazvibhadharwi mutero, zvakanyanya mukutsinhana nekupa rubatsiro rwevanotambura. Asi munguva chaiyo, mayunivhesiti aya ari kuvhara makiriniki enharaunda uye kukwidza boutique yepamusoro-mbiri mayuniti anoongorora kenza nekuvhiyiwa kwepurasitiki. Zvichakadaro, zvipatara zvinoita kuti zviome kuziva nezverubatsiro rwevarombo uye masevhisi avanawo, sezvo zvisingaite.
Basa rine muhoro wakaderera ndiro nzira huru yebasa kumayunivhesiti.
Muna 2006, muChicago, Damian Turner akatambura neronda repfuti ari kure nechipatara cheU Chicago. Asi vanga vasina Level 1 trauma services. Naizvozvo aifanira kuchinjirwa kure nemakiromita masere kuchimwe chipatara, uye ari munzira, akafa. Vagari, varatidziri venharaunda, uye vadzidzi vakaratidzira kwemakore, uye iko zvino kwave neNhamba 1 yekushungurudza nzvimbo pachipatara cheU Chicago. Asi izvo zvaingove nekuda kwekuratidzira, kuita kwakananga, uye mushandirapamwe, uye nekuti maoptics aive akashata.
Vashandi vanotambira mari shoma munzvimbo idzi vanowanzowana kuti havakwanisi kuwana rubatsiro rwavanoda. Kana kuti vanozoona kuti havazvikwanisi, kunyangwe pavanenge vachishandira chikoro uye kuwana hutano hwavo kubva kuchikoro. Saka ivo vanopinda muchikwereti, uye ipapo iyo institution inoshongedza macheki uye kutoteedza marezinesi padzimba. Uye zvakare, zvipatara zviri kunyorwa pasi nerubatsiro runoenderana nekupa veruzhinji mabasa kunharaunda, izvo zvavasiri kutsigira.
Pakupedzisira, pane mapurisa. Chikamu che75 muzana chezvikoro zvine mapurisa ekambasi. Vanenge vose vanotakura pfuti. Vapfumbamwe kubva mugumi vane masimba ekusunga uye patrol kubva pamusasa mukuru. Chirevo ndechekuti uku kuratidzwa kwebasa ravo reruzhinji, kuda kwavo kupinda kuti vachengetedze veruzhinji. Asi ngatitarisei chokwadi chemapurisa ekambasi. Matambudziko makuru ari pamakampasi mhirizhonga yepabonde uye kushandisa zvinodhaka, uye mapurisa ekambasi kukundikana zvachose mukuita mapurisa mhosva idzodzo. Ndechipi chikoro chinoda kushambadza kuti vane kambasi izere nematsotsi evachena? Pane kudaro, vanochengetedza nharaunda dzakatenderedza kambasi kuti vanyaradze vabereki nevaisiri mari kunetsekana nekuve munzvimbo dzemudhorobha idzi.
Muchokwadi, kuwedzera kuchengetedzeka kwevanhu munharaunda dzakatenderedza kungareva kuchengetedzwa kwechikafu, kuchengetedzwa kwedzimba, kuchengetwa kwenjodzi, uye zvimwe zvinhu izvo mayunivhesiti ari kukanganisa chaizvo pane kuve nechokwadi. Mapurisa ekambasi haazadzise zvinodiwa nenharaunda dzakavakidzana, nekuti handicho chinangwa chavo. Chinangwa chavo ndechekuchengetedza rudzi rwechikoro nekunyarara nezve mhosva dzepacampus uye nekuona kuti vagari vanozvibata zvinoenderana nezvido zveyunivhesiti. Aya maitiro anowanzo gadzira tafura yewedzero inozopedzisira yakonzera kutamiswa kwevagari vakafanana.
Iwe une mauto emapurisa akazvimiririra asina kuzvidavirira kune veruzhinji. Mhedzisiro yacho inzira yemapurisa yezvikamu zviviri apo mudzidzi nemugari vanogona kupara mhosva imwe cheteyo, asi mudzidzi anoenda kunoona dhipatimendi uye mugari wacho achipfuura nemuhurongwa hwekutonga mhosva.
Unonyora kuti, “Munguva dzemari shoma yenyika, makoreji nemayunivhesiti aifanira kutsvaga nzira itsva dzekusimudzira kugadzikana kwemari yavo. Kuvandudzwa kwemaguta inzira itsva yedzidzo yepamusoro yekusimudzira upfumi hwenyika.” Bhuku rako rinosimbisa kuti hapana chakapfuura chakanakisa apo yunivhesiti yaivepo ine mutsa. Zvakadaro, chimwe chinhu chakaitika kutumira yunivhesiti yemazuva ano inotarisisa munzira iyi. Zvii zvatisvitsa pano?
Munzira dzakawanda, izvo zvatinodaidza kuti mubatanidzwa weyunivhesiti, kana kutendeuka kweneoliberal, yaive mhinduro kumasangano ane simba emagariro kubva panguva yerusununguko ye1960s, apo vadzidzi nenharaunda vakaungana kuti vafunge zvakare yunivhesiti senzvimbo yenharaunda. Munyika yose, vadzidzi nevagari vakarwira koreji isina dzidziso, vachipesana nekusimudzira uye kutamiswa, uye nedzidzo ingave yezvematongerwo enyika uye inoshanda kune vanoshanda-kirasi vanhu veruvara. Aya mafambisirwo emagariro aiedza kuita kuti dzidzo yepamusoro yeruzhinji neyepachivande ionekwe kunharaunda dzavaive vari.
Mapurisa ekambasi haazadzise zvinodiwa nenharaunda dzakavakidzana, nekuti handicho chinangwa chavo. Chinangwa chavo ndechekuchengetedza zita rechikoro.
Kudzokera shure kwakaona kuchinja kwemadhora ehurumende kuenda kune vanopa mabasa akazvimirira. Izvi zvinosanganisira mari yevadzidzi vega sevatengi muMutemo weDzidzo Yepamusoro wa1965, iyo yakagadzira musika wechikwereti wakazvimiririra pachinzvimbo chekubhadhara zvikoro zvakananga uye zvakakonzera kukwira kwechikwereti chemunhu. Zvakakonzerawo kuti zvikoro zvikwikwidze pamusoro pevadzidzi nekuvapa makampasi semapasuru ezvekunatsiridza, pamwe nekukwidza zvibodzwa zvevadzidzi vekunze nevekunze pamutengo wepamusoro wechikoro.
Pamusoro pezvo, kwemakumi matatu emakore apfuura, uye kunyanya mushure meKuderera Kukuru, takaona dzidzo iri pasi pezviyero zvehurumende. Saka mari dzehurumende dzakadzikira kubva pakubata chikamu che60 kana makumi manomwe muzana chebhajeti repagore rechikoro kusvika zvino kusvika pamakumi maviri kana makumi matatu muzana. Uye, ngatibude pachena, zvikoro zvehurumende nezvizvimiririra zvinogashira mari yeveruzhinji, saka vese havana kuona imwe sarudzo kunze kwekusimudza tuition uye kusiyanisa mihoro yavo - kana, sezvavanotaura, kuva "mabhizinesi."
Chimwe chikamu chezviitiko izvi ndechekusangana kwechido muma1990, apo vana vepamusha wedhorobha, nyanzvi dzechidiki, uye nesters isina chinhu vakatanga kutsvaga chiitiko chemudhorobha. Vatungamiri vemaguta vakatanga kukwikwidzana kuti vakwezve mutero nemadhora evatengi eiyi nharaunda itsva yemaguta.
Vagari vatsva ava vaida chimwe chiitiko chemuguta: zvitoro zvekofi; mamiziyamu; yakazara wired, urban density. Vakabatanidza chiitiko chemudhorobha nehupenyu hweyunivhesiti. Asi zvikoro zvakange zvazara munhare dzedzidzo, zvichigadzira muganhu wehupfumi pakati pavo neyainzi panguva iyoyo "dambudziko remaguta." Zvakanga zviri zviwi zvebudiriro mumakungwa eurombo. Uye saka zvikoro zvakawanda zvaitoshaya zvinowanika zvaibatanidzwa neinodiwa nharaunda yemudhorobha.
Zvinofarirwa nevatungamiriri veyunivhesiti nevemaguta zvakasangana, uye koreji yakafungidzirwazve seshanduro inonaka uye ine pundutso yechiitiko chemudhorobha chakachengeteka. Vachibva ipapo vakatanga kushandura guta kuita kambasi.
Mayunivhesiti anonzwisiswa zvakanyanya kuve aripo nechinangwa chedzidzo. Bhuku rako rine mibvunzo iyo inotangira. Dzidzo yakatsiviwa kusvikira kutambanukoi sebasa guru reyunivhesiti yazvino uno, uye chii chakaitsiva?
Chimwe chezvikonzero zvakakosha kuti vanhu vaomerwe nekuona chokwadi chedzidzo yepamusoro ingano yeimba yechikoro. Tichakabatirira papfungwa yekuti makampasi inzvimbo dzekudzidza chete, makirasi chete uye marabhoritari edzidzo. Ikozvino, kuve nechokwadi, kudzidzisa nekudzidza zvichiri kuitika, uye zvikoro zvichiri kuwana mari yakawanda kubva mukutengesa kwechikoro. Asi tuition, panguva ino, haisi nyore yekubhadhara-ye-sevhisi modhi. Pane kudaro, i$1.5 trillion yemusika wechikwereti, uyo unoisa nhapwa kwete chete vadzidzi vemazuva ano nevekare asiwo ruzhinji rwakakura rweruzhinji nekuda kwekukwira kwezvitupa uye kudonha kwemusika wemabasa une hutano nemuhoro wekurarama uye mabhenefiti.
Chinangwa chechiitiko ichi hachisi dzidzo, kutorwa kwemari.
Pamusoro peizvozvo, tuition iri kuwedzera kuve chikamu chimwe chete chemidziyo yemari. Isu tinofanirwa kutarisa kubharumu yekutonga mitengo, iyo isina chekuita nekudzidzisa uye yakatarisana zvakanyanya pakutorwa kwemari. Tiri kutaura nezvezvivakwa, hwaro hweyunivhesiti, hofisi yebudiriro, hofisi yekuendesa tekinoroji, chikamu chemitambo, bazi remapurisa - zvese izvi zvikamu zvisiri zvedzidzo zvinonyanya kutariswa nezvevashandi nekutonga kwevhu.
Kune makambani anongotarisa kuyunivhesiti-indasitiri yekusimudzira. Ivo vanoita mari yavo yese pane yavanodaidza kuti "mixed-use innovation matunhu" uye "nharaunda dzeruzivo." Zviri pasi peiyo banner kuti nharaunda dzemudhorobha dzinoshandurwa kuti dziwedzere kukosha kubatwa. Hurumende dzemunharaunda, vanogadzira, uye mayunivhesiti anokohwa mibairo nekushandura makampasi nenzvimbo dzawo kuti ive musanganiswa wedzimba dzeumbozha, matura ezvitoro, makirasi, uye marabhoritari, ese anotariswa nekudzorwa nechengetedzo yakazvimirira ine chiremera cheveruzhinji, uye yakafukidzwa nedzimba dzemitero dzechinangwa chedzidzo.
Chinangwa chechiitiko ichi hachisi dzidzo, kutorwa kwemari. Zvichakadaro, vagari venguva refu vane mhino dzakatsikirirwa kusvika pagirazi, vakatarisa vachishamisika nemakathedrasi ebudiriro, vanongoenda kumakampasi kunopa chikafu uye kuchenesa pasi. Asi imwe yunivhesiti inogoneka!
ZNetwork inopihwa mari chete kuburikidza nerupo rwevaverengi vayo.
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