Maitiro maviri ekutanga muna Ndira 2007 ehurumende itsva yeSandinista yeMutungamiri Daniel Ortega aifanira kupedza mari yechikoro, iyo yakadzoreredza dzidzo yemahara kekutanga kubva Nicaragua yawira pasi pesimba reInternational Monetary Fund neWorld Bank's savage capitalism prescriptions muna 1990. , uye kusaina senhengo yechina yeBolivarian Alternatives for Our Americas (ALBA) imwe nzira yekutengeserana.
Zvikoro zvakabva zvawandirwa. Pakanga pasina dzimba dzekudzidzira dzakakwana uye pakanga pasina vadzidzisi vakakwana kuti vakwanise kubata vana vose vaiva nevabereki vakanga vasina kukwanisa kuvaendesa kuchikoro pasi pehurumende yehurumende yakanga yatonga hurumende kubva pakakundwa sarudzo yeSandinista muna 1990. Chokwadi. vamwe vevabereki ivavo vainge vaona dzidzo yavo ichidimburirwa pakazonzi neIMF imise hurumende yekutsigira zvinodiwa nevanhu. Hurumende itsva yeOrtega yakashoropodzwa, kunyangwe nevapikisi veSandinista, nekuti hurongwa hwechikoro hahuna kukwanisa kutora avo vaimbove vasina dzidzo zvachose.
Kusaina kuALBA, iyo inovamba kutengeserana pakubatana kwete kukwikwidza, yakavhura musuwo wekutengeserana uye rubatsiro neVenezuela, Cuba, neBolivia, izvo zvakaguma nemhinduro kuNicaragua kushomeka kwemagetsi kusingagumi, kushanda kwemaziso mahara uye kuwedzera kuwaniswa kwehutano hwevashanu. miriyoni yeNicaragua, uye yakadzoreredza chikamu chekurima chevarimi, chinogara chiri chikamu cheNicaragua, kuburikidza nezvikwereti uye zvimwe zvekushandisa kuvarimi vadiki nevepakati izvo zvakabviswa pasi pehurumende nhatu dzapfuura. Kutsoropodzwa kubva kune vanopokana maSandinistas nekuda kwekuvimba kwehurumende yeOrtega parubatsiro rweVenezuelan kwakakurumidza uye kwakaenderera.
Tinofanira kufunga nezvenhoroondo ichangoburwa kuti tinzwisise kurwa kunorwadza, uye kuwedzera kwechisimba, mukati me "Sandinismo," izwi rinoshandiswa kuzivisa mapoka ese ane mavambo akadzika muhondo yerusununguko rwenyika kubva muhudzvanyiriri hweSomoza hwaitungamirwa neSandinista Front. yeRusununguko rweNyika (FSLN). [Vanhu vekuNicaragua vaizotanga iyi account muna 1492 kana zvisati zvaitika, asi isu muUS tajaira kutora mawonero mapfupi enhoroondo!]
Kutanga muna 1994, Sandinista Front for National Liberation (FSLN), iyo yakatungamira kurwira kupidigura hudzvanyiriri hweSomoza hwaitsigirwa neUS, yakatanga kupatsanuka zvichienderana nenyaya dzekirasi uye nemaitiro ehutungamiriri aOrtega. MaSocial Democrats akasiya bato gore iroro ndokuumba Sandinista Renovation Movement achitungamirwa neaimbove Mutevedzeri weMutungamiriri weFSLN Sergio Ramirez uye murwi wenhoroondo uye aimbova Gurukota rezvehutano Dora Maria Tellez.
Rimwe bato, reMovement to Rescue Sandinismo, iro rinodaidzwa kuvhiringa kuti MRS, rakabuda muFSLN pakutanga kwemwaka wesarudzo wa2006 mushure memakore ekuedza kwavo kuita kuti bato rive nehutongi hwejekerere rakakundikana zvachose nekudzingwa kwevaimbove meya weManagua, Herty Lewites. uye nhengo yeNational Directorate Victor Hugo Tinoco. Mhosva yaLewites yaive yekupikisa Ortega musarudzo yemutungamiri weFSLN uye Tinoco ndiye aive mushandirapamwe wake. "Rescue" MRS inoumbwa nevanonzi ortodoxos, vesocialist revolutionary vaivewo bato rebato rakazvipira kuita demokrasi. Hutungamiri hwayo hunosanganisira Henry Ruiz, ane mukurumbira "Modesto" akatungamira magandanga mumakomo, Monica Baltodano, mumwe wevakadzi vakati wandei vakatungamira mapoka emauto muhondo, uye Tinoco, mumiriri aimiririra Nicaragua panguva yeEsquipulus hurukuro dzerunyararo. mukupera kwema1980.
Socialist revolutionary MRS neSocial democratic MRS vakabatana musarudzo dzemuna 2006 vari kumashure kwaLewites, muzvinabhizinesi akange amhanyira pfuti kumabhunu uye akashanda seGurukota reKushanya muhurumende yechimurenga. Chibvumirano chavo chaive chekupikisa hutungamiriri hwaOrtega "caudillo" (murume akasimba) uye chavakadaidza kuti "chibvumirano" pakati pake neaimbova mutungamiri wenyika Arnoldo Aleman, muvambi anonyadzisa weConservative, populist Constitutional Liberal Party (PLC). Chibvumirano chavo chaive chekugovana masimba ehurumende uye kusimudzira FSLN nePLC semapato ega ane hwaro hwakasimba hwekukunda musarudzo. Vaipikisa chibvumirano mukati meSandinismo vaidavira kuti chaive chounzenza uye chaive chisina gutsaruzhinji uye vatsigiri vacho vakazviona senzira chete yekuti bato reSandinista rakabuda musimba raigona kuchengetedza zvimwe zvezvakawanwa nechimurenga.
Iyo Nicaragua Network, iyo yega boka remubatanidzwa reUS rakashanda chete kuburikidza nehurongwa hwehurumende yeFSLN munguva yehurumende yechimurenga ye1980s, yakaramba kuita sarudzo pakati pemapato eSandinismo uye panzvimbo pacho yakatanga chirongwa chehasha chekufumura nekupikisa kupindira kwehurumende yeUS musarudzo yemutungamiri wenyika ya2006. sarudzo, sezvataiita munguva dzesarudzo dzakapfuura. Mumiriri weUS, Paul Trivelli, akabvuma kune vamiriri vandakatungamira muna Chikumi 2006 kuti aive nemadhora gumi nemaviri ekushandisa musarudzo. Mumiriri aifarirwa neUS aive mubhangi Eduardo Montealegre. MRS yakapinda muzvidzidzo zvevacherechedzi vakabhadharwa nehurumende yeUnited States yeNational Endowment for Democracy (NED) neUS Agency for International Development (USAID), masangano ekutanga eUS kuedza kusarudza vanhu vanodiwa neWashington musarudzo dzedzimwe nyika.
MRS mutakuri, Herty Lewites, akafira pakati pemushandirapamwe uye akatsiviwa naEdmundo Jarquin uyo akange apedza makore apo FSLN yainge yapera simba muWashington semukuru mukuru weNeoliberal Inter-American Development Bank (IDB). Kukwikwidza kwake kwakanetesa chikumbiro cheMRS kuti ive imwe nzira yekuzvipira kweuranda kwebato reLiberal ku "Washington Consensus" yemitemo yezvematongerwo enyika uye nehutongi hweFSLN.
Pazuva resarudzo, nzvimbo chete iyo MRS yakahwina chero chikamu chakakosha chevhoti yaive muguta guru reManagua kwayakahwina mazana maviri ezviuru mavhoti. Amai MRS vakahwina zvigaro zvishanu mudare reNational Assembly makumi mapfumbamwe. Vaviri vevakasarudzwa musarudzo vakabva vabuda muFSLN vachisiya nhengo nhatu chete dzedare reMRS mudare reparamende - vaviri kubva muboka resocialist revolutionary, Monica Baltodano naVictor Hugo Tinoco, uye mumwe muzvinabhizinesi Enrique Saenz.
Pakave nekupatsanurwa kwakati wandei nekubatanidzwa pakati pemabhenji ekurudyi muNational Assembly, asi izvo hazvina kukanganisa chiyero chesimba chinoda mavhoti erudyi kuti hurumende yeOrtega ipasise chero mutemo. Nhengo nhatu dzeMRS bhenji haigone kupa mukana wekukunda kune chero mapato makuru.
Mafungiro epamusoro akaitwa mukati meSandinismo nemushandirapamwe wesarudzo haana kupera nesarudzo yaOrtega semutungamiri ne38% yemavhoti. Kana MRS nevabatsiri vayo mumasangano asiri ehurumende, kana Ortega's FSLN yakasvika bazi remuorivhi kune rimwe mushure mekunge mavhoti averengwa. Chokwadi, sashi yemutungamiri wenyika yakanga isati yagadzikana pamapfudzi aOrtega pamberi peCivil Coordinator, network yeanosvika mazana matatu NGOs, achimupomera mhosva yekuunganidza masimba ehudzvanyiriri uye kuramba basa rine simba semutauriri wehurumende iro raakapa mudzimai wake, Rosario Murillo. Ortega, kune divi rake, aiita seanofunga kuti maoko enguva akange adzokera kumashure achidzima makore gumi nemanomwe apfuura uye achimupa mukana wekutungamira kuenderera mberi kwehurumende yechimurenga yeSandinista, rwendo rwuno pasinawo kurwa hondo inotsigirwa neUS.
Kunyange iyo FSLN yakakwanisa kuyananiswa neKatorike Kadhinari Miguel Obando y Bravo uye zvikamu zvakakura zvehutungamiriri hwekupokana, haina kukwanisa kuyananiswa nemaSandinistas anopokana, uye havaratidzike kunge vakavhurika kuti vawirirane kunyangwe ikapihwa. Izvi zvakaisa bato remubatanidzwa wenyika dzese, kusanganisira Nicaragua Network, munzvimbo iri kuramba isingaite. Hukama hwedu hwenhoroondo hwave hwakawanda nevesocialist revolutionaries pane vezvematongerwo enyika pragmatists mumusasa weOrtega, vanonzi Danielistas.
Zvakadaro, isu takawana zvakawanda zvekurumbidza muhurongwa hwehurumende yeOrtega yakanangana nekuderedza urombo uye kubatanidzwa kweLatin America. Zvakadaro, isu hatisi Danielistae zvakakwana kuFSLN uye kurumbidza kwedu hurongwa hwehurumende hwatinoona sehukanaka kwaita kuti tisavimbe neshamwari dzedu dzekare. Kune mashoma uye manzwi akasurukirwa muNicaragua achidana kuyananiswa mukati meSandinismo. Nechikonzero ichi tinotarisisa zvakanyanya, sezvatinogara tichiita, pakupa ruzivo nezveNicaragua kuUS solidarity movement uye nekushanda kushandura mitemo yehurumende yeUS inobata Nicaragua.
Isu tave kunyanya kunetseka uye kusuwa ne "hondo" iri kuwedzera mukati meSandinismo. Hapana divi risina mhosva. Takashora kuparadzana kuchangobva kuitika kwakaitwa nemauto eSandinista ekufora kwevanopikisa kwaisanganisira MRS nemamwe aimbove maSandinista NGOs muguta reLeon. Isu takashorawo banner reMRS uye poster inoita kunge inodaidzira kuurayiwa kwaOrtega.
Ini pachangu ndinogona kunzwisisa kukurudzira kweiyo Leon's Sandinista chinzvimbo-uye-faira akasangana nevaifora netsvimbo nematombo. Vakarasikirwa nehurumende yavo muna 1990 nekuda kwekupindira kwakananga uye kwakakura muhurongwa hwesarudzo neUnited States uye nehuremu hwakaunganidzwa hwehondo inotungamirwa neUS. Vakatamba nebhuku rekutonga kwedemocracy vakasiya simba. Ikoku kwakateverwa namakore 17 enhamo yezvemari iyo munzira dzakawanda dzakanga dzakaoma zvikuru kutsungirira kupfuura hondo yokupfura yakanga yave iri. Vanhu vakawanda kwazvo vokuNicaragua vakapa upenyu hwavo, utano hwavo, uye huduku hwavo kuti vabvise joko roudzvinyiriri uye hurumende yeUnited States, vachingoona budiriro yavo ichitorerwa. Vakatsunga kusazvirega zvichiitika zvakare.
Rimwe remapoka akaronga kufora kwaLeon, Movement yeNicaragua, rakagadzirwa uye rakatsigirwa neInternational Republican Institute (IRI), rimwe remapoka makuru eNED. Munguva yenhumwa dzangu dzaJune 2006, mumiriri weIRI watakasangana naye akazvikudza, "Takagadzira Movement yeNicaragua." Kunyange hazvo mhirizhonga yezvematongerwo enyika inotsigirwa nehurumende isingambotarisirwi nekuti munyika zhinji imasimba anofambira mberi anotambura, hazvigoneke kunzwisisa zvinokurudzira zveSandinista rank-and-file.
Kune avo vedu vane hanya zvikuru neNicaragua uye vanonzwa vaine mhosva nekuda kwenhamo nekuzvidzwa kwakashanyirwa pamusoro penyika ine urombo nehurumende yeUS kwezvizvarwa, chimwe chedambudziko nderekuti vanopikisa hurumende yeOrtega kubva mukati meSandinismo inopa chirongwa chezvematongerwo enyika chinozivikanwa. kunze kweruvengo rwayo rwekuvenga Ortega. Panguva imwecheteyo, maNGOs akaumbwa neSandinistas mushure mekukundwa kwesarudzo muna 1990 kuti ashande kuchengetedza zvakawanikwa zvechimurenga cheSandinista kubva pasi, zvinoita sekunge vakanganwa kuti vakaumba pakutanga kuchengetedza zvirongwa izvo zvanga zviri basa re. hurumende.
Ichokwadi kuti hurumende yeOrtega yaifanira uye yaigona kuratidza kunzwira uye kuonga kwemakore gumi nemanomwe ekushanda nevashandi ava, uye ingadai yakashanda zviri nani nemasangano ane ruzivo rwakareba achishanda nevarimi vadiki, asi nharaunda yeNGO yaifanira uye yaigona kuratidza kucherechedzwa kukuru. kuti mishoni dzavo, muzviitiko zvakawanda, zvakare mutoro wehurumende yakazvipira kugarikano yavarombo voruzhinji.
Maiwe, vakawandisa vavo, ndinotenda, vakura vakasununguka mumakore apfuura nekuda kwemari yavo yekuEurope uye vari kurwira turf pane misimboti. Vamwe vakanyatso kusarudzwa, kana kufungirwa ivo pachavo nekutora mari kubva kuUSAID neNED, maturusi eUS democracy manipulation strategy. Nekudaro, rwendo rwehove rwakaitwa nehurumende yeOrtega vachipokana neNGOs rwakakanda mambure ayo zvakanyanya uye yakaunganidza vatsoropodzi vari pamutemo, vane mukurumbira usingarambiki, senge Alejandro Bendaรฑa's Center for International Studies uye Nicaraguan Center for Human Rights (CENIDH) pamwe nevaya vane hukama nehurumende yeUS hunofanirwa kuongororwa.
Pamusoro pezvematongerwo enyika, ndinovhiringika nezvakaitwa naMrs muNational Assembly. Chibvumirano cheMRS nemauto ari pedyo nehurongwa hwehurumende yeUS chinosemesa sechibvumirano chaOrtega naAleman. Munyaya yaOrtega akawana simba kuburikidza nekupatsanurwa kwezvakapambwa zvezvematongerwo enyika naAleman. MRS, ine hwaro husingapfuuri vakangwara, hapana chavakawana apo ichipa kuvimbika kune dzimwe nyika kune avo vanofamba patsoka dzeWashington. Zvirokwazvo handizvo zvavakarwisa udzvinyiriri uye zvinopesana kuti vabudirire.
Daniel Ortega munhu ane hurema hwakadzama ari kutungamira hurumende iri kuita zvinhu zvinoshamisa kune ruzhinji rwevarombo zvakapihwa kuti Nicaragua ichiri yechipiri nyika ine hurombo muhemisphere uye yakarohwa nekuwedzera kwemitengo yemafuta nechikafu kubva pazuva rake rekutanga. office. Ari kutungamira here hurumende yechimurenga iri kusimuka payakasiira muna 1990? Zvakanaka, pamwe payakabva, asi kwete payakatanga apo yairatidza tariro nezvishuwo zveruzhinji rwenyika. Asi hurumende yake iri kuita dzidziso yerusununguko "inosarudza sarudzo kune varombo," uye mutemo wake wekune dzimwe nyika uri kubatsira mukubatanidzwa kweLatin America uye kugadzirwa kwepasirese. Ose ari maviri anokodzera rutsigiro rwemubatanidzwa wenyika dzese.
Kana paine mikana yekubatana kwenyika dzese kubatsira hanzvadzi nehama mukati meSandinismo kuyananisa uye kushanda pamwechete kuitira kunaka kwevanhu, isu tinofanira kudaro. Asi, tinofanirawo kuziva kuti kune mikana mishoma, kunyanya kune avo vedu vanobva pakati peHumambo, kuita basa rakadaro. Zvichakadaro, tinofanira kuramba tichibvuma uye kuita maererano nechisungo chedu chekare chekudzorera mhosva dzehurumende dzeUS dzakapfuura kuNicaragua uye kutsigira kuedza kweNicaragua kudzivirira hutongi hwayo uye kodzero yekuzvisarudzira. Zvinoshungurudza, asi ndiwo maonero andinoita basa redu munguva ino yazvino munhoroondo.
[Chuck Kaufman ndiNational Co-Coordinator weNicaragua Network uye anga ari muvashandi vayo kubva muna 1987. Mafungiro ari kutaurwa pano ndeake sezvo Nicaragua Network iri network yakasiyana-siyana yemakomiti anozvitonga emuno.]
ZNetwork inopihwa mari chete kuburikidza nerupo rwevaverengi vayo.
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