Kusungwa Vashoma Vana
Huwandu huri kuramba huchikura hwevechidiki veAfrica-America vari kuzviwana vari mukati mehutongi hwevadiki. Vanonyanya kuvharirwa, zvichida kuti nyaya dzavo dzikumbirwe kuenda pamberi pemutongi, zvichida kuregererwa kuhurongwa hwevanhu vakuru uye zvichida kuve nemasangano kupfuura vachena vavo. Sezvakataurwa mune dzakawanda zvidzidzo, vechidiki vechitema ndivo vanowanzovharirwa kupfuura vechidiki vechichena, pasinei nemhosva yavanopomerwa.
Hongu, maererano ne2001 data yepamutemo, zvisinei kuti mhosva yakakomba inoitika sei, vatema nevechiLatino vechidiki vane mukana wakakura wekusungwa nevachena. Kune vatema, chiyero chekuvharirwa kwemhosva dzese chinosvika kashanu chevachena uye chinopeta kaviri icho cheLatinos. Pamhosva dze index pamunhu, mwero wekuvharirwa kwevatema unongopfuura kashanu kupfuura vachena, nepo mwero weLatino ungangoita 5 nehafu nguva yakakura. Musiyano wechiyero ndiwo mukuru kune avo vanopomerwa mhosva dzezvinodhaka: pwere dzevatema dzine mukana wakapetwa kanomwe wekusungwa kupfuura pwere dzechichena. Kukosha kwokuvharirwa hakugoni kurambwa, nokuti ongororo dzakaratidza kuti vaya vanenge vakavharirwa vane mukana wakakura wokuwana chirango chekupedzisira. Iyi poindi yekupedzisira inosimbiswa zvakare nemitengo yekuzvipira kumajeri evechidiki (2 data).
Tichiongorora iyi mitengo yekuzvipira, tinoona kuti kusiyana kwemarudzi kwakafanana nereti dzekuvharirwa. Pano tinoona kuti:
Huwandu hwese hwevechidiki vechitema hwakakura zvakapetwa kana pane zvevachena; chiyero cheLatino chinenge kamwechete nehafu kupfuura vachena;
Kunyange kana tichifunga nezvemhosva, mitengo iyi inoramba iri yepamusoro-soro kune vechidiki vatema mune imwe neimwe nyaya, Latinos ari pachinzvimbo chechipiri;
ยท Panyaya yemhosva dzezvinodhaka, vechidiki vechitema vaive nemukana wekuita kanopfuura katanhatu pane vachena uye maLatinos aive nemukana wakapetwa kaviri pane wevachena kuti vaitwe.
Kusarudzwa kwezvose zviri zviviri muhusungwa nemitengo yekuzvipira รขโฌโ vanhu vatema kutanga, vaLatinos kechipiri, uye vachena kwekupedzisira kune yega yega mhosva - inotiyeuchidza nezvemutsara unonzwika kakawanda panguva yesangano rekodzero dzevanhu: รขโฌลKana uri muchena, iweรข. โฌโข zvakanaka; kana uri mushava, rambira; kana uri mutema, gara kumashure.รข
Zviri pachena kubva kune humbowo huripo hwekuti nzvimbo dzinovharirwa vechidiki uye masangano evechidiki รขโฌลekutsiuraรขโฌTM ava chikamu cheรขโฌลrusaruraganda rutsva rwemuAmerica.รขโฌ Chinofanira kucherechedzwa kunyanya kusiyana kwechiyero chemhosva dzezvinodhaka. Chikamu cheizvi chinofanira kutsanangurwa nekuongorora kuti ndiani anotarisirwa kusungwa muhondo yezvinodhaka. Sezviri pachena, kufanana nevamwe vavo vakuru, vana vatema ndivo vanonyanya kunangwa. Kutarisa kwekuenzanisa kunopupurira izvi. Nepo muna 1972 pwere dzechichena dzakanga dzine mwero wakakwirira wokusungwa nokuda kwezvinodhaka kupfuura vatema, pakazosvika ma1980 okutanga (panenge pakatanga โhondo yezvinodhakaโ) musiyano wakadzoserwa shure. Pakasvika 1995 chinjo yacho yakanga isingadaviriki: mwero wokusungwa kwepwere dzechitema wakanga wakakura zvakapetwa katatu kupfuura wavachena! Mukati menguva iri pakati pa1972 na1995 pakave nekuwedzera kunopfuura 400 muzana kwekusungwa kwevechidiki vechitema vachipomerwa zvinodhaka.
Sekuratidzwa kwakaitwa tsvakiridzo yakaitwa naJerome Miller (kubva mubhuku rake รขโฌลSearch and Destroyรขโฌ ), varume vechidiki vatema vakagamuchira hutsinye hwekuyedza "kubvisa zvinodhaka." Anotaura kuti muBaltimore, semuenzaniso, vanhu vekuAfrica-America vaisungwa nekatanhatu kupfuura yevachena uye vanopfuura 90% vakasungwa.
Muchidzidzo chaMiller cheBaltimore, akawana kuti mukati ma 1981 pwere dzechichena 15 bedzi dzakasungwa nemhosva dzezvinodhaka, zvichienzaniswa nevatema 86; muna 1991, zvisinei, nhamba yevachena vakasungwa yakaderera kusvika ku13 chete, nepo nhamba yevatema yakakwira kusvika kune zvinoshamisa 1,304 1,416, kana kuti kuwedzera kwe6 1%! Huyero hwevechidiki vatema kuvachena hwakabva pa100:1 kuenda paXNUMX:XNUMX.
Imwe nzvero yakawana kuti โpwere dzechitema dzinowanzopomerwa mhaka apo [mhaka] yacho ingarangarirwa kuva mhakaโฆโ Uyewo, mhaka idzodzo dzinoendeswa kudare โdzinotongwa sedzinoda kugadziridzwa nenzira yapamutemo kazhinji kazhinji apo pwere duku duku dzinobatanidzwa. โ Apo vechidiki vechichena vakaiswa, โkuiswaโ kwakadaro kunowanzova รขโฌลkuronga mhuri dzeboka kana kurapwa nezvinodhaka nepo kuiswa kwevashoma kunowanzova nzvimbo dzinogara veruzhinji, kusanganisira idzo dziri mudunhu dzinopa vanhu vanovharirwa zvakanyanya. humbowo hwekuwedzera kukuru kwevechidiki vashoma vari kuendeswa kumatare evadiki, nokudaro zvichiwedzera mukana wekuvharirwa. Asi, nyaya dzekuvharirwa, zvichemo nekuiswa kwevashoma zvakapfuura izvo zvaitarisirwa zvichipihwa kuwedzera kwekuendeswa. Pakave nekuwedzera kwekubata zviri pamutemo nyaya dzezvinodhaka, izvo zvave kukanganisa kune vashoma. Ongororo iyi yakagumisa kuti: รขโฌลNekuda kwekusimba kwekushandiswa kwezvinodhaka, zvakawanikwa izvi zvinomutsa mibvunzo yakakosha pamusoro pezvinangwa zvekuferefeta uye kutya pasi pehondo ichangobva kuitika yezvinodhaka. mwero mukuru wokusungwa kwevatema wakanzi wakakonzerwa nechimwe chinhu: โzviri nyore kuita kuti vanhu vabatane nezvinodhaka munharaunda dzine mari shoma. Vazhinji vanosungwa zvinodhaka muGeorgia ndevevatengesi nevatengi vepasi uye vanoitika munzvimbo dzine mari shoma. Kutengeswa kwezvinodhaka munzvimbo idzi kunowanzoitika mumigwagwa uye pakati pevatengesi nevatengi vasingazivane. Vazhinji vevatengesi ava vatema. Kusiyana neizvi, vatengesi vezvinodhaka vachena vanowanzotengesa mumba, mumabhawa nemakirabhu uye mudzimba dzevanhu, uye kune vanotenga vakapfuma, kunyanya vachena.
Rimwe bhuku richangoburwa neHofisi yeJuvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention rinonzi Juveniles in Corrections rakataura kuti muna 1999 vanhu vashoma vaiva nechikamu che65 muzana cheavo vakaiswa munzvimbo dzevana dzakazvimirira uye 55 muzana vakaiswa mumasangano ehurumende munyika yose. Nekutengesa zvinodhaka, vechidiki vatema vaiverengera makumi matanhatu neshanu muzana mumasangano evadiki, zvichienzaniswa negumi nemasere muzana Latinos uye 65 muzana yevachena. Mari yekuchengeta yakapihwa kune imwe neimwe nyika uye kwakave nekusiyana kwakakura. KuUnited States yose, chiyero chekuchengetwa kwevechidiki vechitema chaive chiuru nemazana mana zvichienzaniswa nechiyero che18 chete chevachena uye 16 cheLatinos. Mune mamwe mazwi, vechidiki vechitema vanoiswa muchitokisi (nzvimbo dzekuvharirwa uye masangano ekururamisa) pamwero ungangoita kashanu kune vachena uye kanopfuura kaviri pane yeLatinos. Mitengo yekuchengetwa kwevatema inotangira pa1,004 muSouth Dakota kusvika yakaderera ye212 muHawaii.
Chinowanzo furatirwa munhaurirano yemaitiro achangoburwa aya mabatiro akaitwa aya "kuoma" mitemo uye "hondo yezvinodhaka" pavakadzi. Chikamu chinotevera chichaongorora mamwe maitiro anokanganisa mukusungwa kwevapari vemhosva dzevakadzi.
Kukura Kwekusungwa kweVakadzi Vatema
Chinhu chimwe chisingagoni kufuratirwa mukuongorora kupi nokupi kwevakadzi, kuparwa kwemhosva uye kururamisira kwemhosva kudyidzana pakati peboka nedzinza. Chokwadi, ruzhinji rwevapari vemhosva vechikadzi, kunyanya vaya vanopedzisira vaiswa mujeri, vanotorwa kubva muboka repasi uye ndevedzinza duku.
Mumwe muenzaniso chaiwo webasa rekirasi uye rudzi unoratidzwa muongororo yakadzama yemuenzaniso wevapari vemhosva mumatare edzimhosva muNew Haven, Connecticut. Kubva pamuenzaniso muhombe wemhosva mazana matatu nemakumi mapfumbamwe nenomwe, chidzidzo ichi chakanangana nedzakadzika pamuenzaniso mudiki wevarume makumi mana nevakadzi makumi mana vakatongerwa kugara mujeri (kureva kuti, vakapfuura nematanho ese ehutongi hwemhosva). Pavakadzi makumi mana, makumi maviri nevana (397%) vaive vatema, vashanu (40%) vaive vekuPuerto Rican uye vasara (40%) vaive vachena. Hafu yavakadzi vakarererwa mumhuri dzine mubereki mumwe, uye vaviri bedzi vavakadzi vakarondedzerwa savakakurira muโmhuri dzeboka rapakati.โ Vazhinjisa vaava vakadzi vakarondedzerwa naDaly savakakurira mumhuri โdzine migariro yezvemari yakanga isina kusimba,โ nepo muchinenge zvikamu zviviri muzvitatu zvezviitiko izvo vanababa vavo vokubereka vakanga โvasipoโ pavaikura. Chikamu chimwe chete muzvitatu chakapedza chikoro chesekondari kana yakaenzana neGED (General Education Diploma). Zvikamu zviviri muzvitatu "zvaiva nerekodhi yebasa rinobhadharwa nguva nenguva kana kuti isina" uye vanopfuura 60 muzana vakanga vasina mabasa panguva yekusungwa kwavo.
Mienzaniso inoshamisa yekushaikwa kwechivalry kune vatema uye vamwe vakadzi vashoma inobva mukuongororwa kuti ndiani anotongerwa kugara mujeri. Uye izvi zvave zviri, mumakore achangopfuura, mugumisiro wakananga weโhondo yezvinodhaka. Sezvatocherechedzwa, pane hukama hushoma pakati perudzi uye kushandisa zvinodhaka zvisiri pamutemo, zvakadaro vatema neLatinos ndivo vanogona kusungwa nekuendeswa kujeri. Kumadzimai, varombo vose uye vatema kunyanya vakasarudzwa.
Kunyange zvazvo vakadzi vachiumba zvikamu makumi maviri kubva muzana zveavo vose vakasungwa uye vangangosvika zvitanhatu kubva muzana zvevari mujeri, nhamba yavo uye mwero wekuvharirwa kwavo kwanga kuchiwedzera zvikuru mumakore makumi maviri apfuura. Kubva musi wa20 Zvita 31, kwaiva nevakadzi 2002 97,491 mumajeri ehurumende neehurumende (zvichienzaniswa ne8,850 1976 chete muna 6.8), vachiumba 3.6 muzana yevasungwa vose, zvichienzaniswa ne1976 muzana muna 800. Idzi nhamba dzichangoburwa dzinomiririra kuwedzera kunoshamisa kwenhamba dzinopfuura 75. % uye chikamu chavo pakati pevasungwa vese chakawedzera neinopfuura 8% mukati mekota remakore rapfuura. Uyezve, huwandu hwekusungwa kwevakadzi hwakabva pa100,000 pa1975 muna 60 kuenda pa100,000 pa2002 muna 650, nekuwedzera kweXNUMX%.
Kana izvi zvisina kushata zvakakwana, chikamu chikuru kubva muzana chevakadzi vakatongerwa kugara mujeri pamusana pekutyorwa kweparole havasati vapara mhosva itsva, asi vakadzoserwa nekusapasa bvunzo dzeweti. Zvakare, huwandu hwevakadzi vakatongerwa kujeri remubatanidzwa hwakwira kumusoro nekuda kwemhosva dzezvinodhaka. Muna 1989, 44.5 muzana yevakadzi vaiva mujeri rehurumende vakanga vakagadzirira kushandisa zvinodhaka, uye nhamba iyi yakakwira kusvika ku68 muzana mumakore maviri chete. (Vanopfuura chikamu chimwe muzvitatu chevakadzi vaipedza nguva vari mujeri vachipomerwa zvinodhaka vakanga vabatwa nemhosva yokuva nezvinodhaka.) Anenge makore makumi maviri apfuura vanenge zvikamu zviviri muzvitatu zvevakadzi vakabatwa nemhosva mudare rehurumende vakatongwa, asi muna 1991 28 muzana chete. vaiva. Kupfuurirazve, avhareji yenguva yakashandirwa kuvakadzi pamhosva dzezvinodhaka yakabva pamwedzi 27 muna 1984 kusvika kumwedzi 67 muna 1990.
Kakawanda, nhamba yevakadzi vakapara mhosva mujeri nemhaka yemhosva dzezvinodhaka yakabva pa12 muzana muna 1986 kusvika ku32.8 muzana muna 1991. Kutaura zvazviri, wedzero yeperesenti yevakadzi vakatongerwa kugara mujeri nokuda kwezvinodhaka yave yakakura zvikuru kupfuura yevarume vakatongerwa zvinodhaka. Somuenzaniso, pakati pa1987 na1989 mudunhu reNew York nhamba yevakadzi vakatongerwa zvinodhaka yakawedzera ne211 muzana, zvichienzaniswa nekuwedzera kwe82 muzana chete kwevarume. MuFlorida, mukati mema1980 kupinzwa mutorongo nokuda kwezvinodhaka kwakawedzera ne1,825 3,103 muzana; asi kuvapari vemhosva vechikadzi iyi wedzero yakanga iri XNUMX XNUMX muzana inoshamisa!
Kuwanda kwekuwedzera kwevasungwa vechikadzi kunobva mukukanganiswa kwemitemo inosungirwa yekupa mutongo, yakadzikwa muma1980s kudzvanywa kwemhosva. Pasi pemizhinji yemitemo iyi, mamiriro ekuderedza (semuenzaniso, kuva nevana, mashoma kana kusatombotadza, mhosva dzisiri dzechisimba) haawanzobvumidzwa. Imwe ongororo ichangobva kuitika yakawana kuti inopfuura hafu (51%) yevakadzi mumajeri ehurumende vaive nemhosva imwe chete kana imwe chete yapfuura, zvichienzaniswa ne39 muzana yevasungwa vechirume.
Nokudaro, nhamburiko dzenguva pfupi yapfuura dzenzanga iyi dzokuโomesaโ utsotsi dzakava netapuro yakashata zvikuru pavapari vemhosva vechikadzi, sezvo vakawanda zvikuru vari kupinda mugadziriro yetorongo yenyika. Chokwadika, zvikurukuru nemhaka yehondo yezvinodhaka, nhamba yemajeri evakadzi matsva yakawedzera zvinoshamisa mumakore achangopfuura. Nepo pakati pa1940 nekupera kwema1960 pakavakwa majeri matsva evakadzi gumi nemaviri chete, muma12 akavakwa gumi nemanomwe uye majeri matsva makumi matatu nemana akavakwa muma1970 (nhamba dzichangobva kuwanikwa).
Kuwedzera uku hakuenderane nekuwedzera kwemhosva dzevakadzi sekuyerwa nekusungwa, kunze kwekunge tafunga nezve kukonzeresa kwe "hondo yezvinodhaka" pamwe nekutarisisa zvakanyanya kumhirizhonga mudzimba. Mukati menguva iyi pave neshanduko inoshamisa mumaitiro eutongi hweutsotsi pakushandisa zvinodhaka kwevakadzi (sezvazvakaita pakushandisa zvinodhaka zvisiri pamutemo) pamwe nemhirizhonga yemudzimba. Muchiitiko chekupedzisira, kunyanya kufunga nezvemhirizhonga mudzimba kwakakonzera kuwedzera kwekusungwa kwevakadzi nekuda kwezvose zviri zviviri kurova uye โkumwe kurohwa.
Chikamu chekupedzisira cheiyi nhevedzano chichapirwa pakuongorora kukanganiswa kwehuwandu hwekusungwa kwevashoma verudzi kumhuri dzavo nenharaunda.
ZNetwork inopihwa mari chete kuburikidza nerupo rwevaverengi vayo.
dhoneta