NeChitatu mazana mashoma evaratidziri vakatsvikinyidzana mudare reSecond Circuit, kamuri inoyerera ine zvisizvo zvekuteerera uye kushomeka kwemacheya, uye Foley Square kunze kweTurgood Marshall US Courthouse muManhattan uko vazhinji vakaungana muchando. Mamiriro enyika, isu takanzwisisa, anogona kusarudzwa nevatongi vatatu vachatonga mhosva yedu yakanangana neMutungamiri Barack Obama yekusaina kuita mutemo Chikamu 1021 (b) (2) cheNational Defense Authorization Act (NDAA).
Chikamu ichi chinobvumidza mauto kusunga chero munhu, kusanganisira vagari vemuUS, "vanotsigira zvakanyanya" - izwi remutemo risingatsananguriki - al-Qaida, maTaliban kana "mauto akabatana," zvakare izwi risingatsananguriki zviri pamutemo. Avo vakasungwa vanogona kuiswa mujeri nokusingaperi nemauto uye kunyimwa nzira yakafanira kusvikira โkunopera kwokurwisana.โ Muzera rehondo yechigarire izvi zvichida upenyu hwose. Chero ani akavharirwa pasi peNDAA anogona kutumirwa, maererano neChikamu (c) (4), kune chero "nyika yekunze kana sangano." Izvi ndizvo chaizvo, shanduro inoshamisa yevagari vemuUS. Inopa hurumende simba rekuendesa vasungwa kumajeri edzimwe hurumende dzinodzvinyirira pasi rose.
Chikamu 1021(b)(2) chakanzi hachishandi muna September mushure mekutongwa kwedu kwekutanga, muSouthern District Court yeNew York. VaObama manejimendi vakakwidza mutongo weSouthern District Court. Chikumbiro ichi chakanzwikwa neChitatu mudare reSecond Circuit Court paine vatongi Raymond J. Lohier, Lewis A. Kaplan naAmalya L. Kearse. Vatongi vanogona kusaita mutongo kusvika muchirimo apo Dare Repamusorosoro richatonga muClapper v. Amnesty International USA, imwe nyaya yandiri mumhan'ari. Mhosva yeDare Repamusorosoro inopikisa kushandiswa kwehurumende kwemagetsi ekuongorora. Kana tikabudirira panyaya yeClapper, zvichasimbisa kumira kwevamhan'ari muHedges v. Obama. Dare Repamusorosoro, kana rikatonga zvinopesana nehurumende, richasimbisa kuti isu sevamhan'ari tine kutya kunonzwisisika kwekuvharirwa.
Kana tikakundwa muHedges v. Obama-uye zvinoratidzika sechokwadi kuti pasinei nemigumisiro yekukwidzwa nyaya iyi ichasvika kuDare Repamusoro-soro rezvematongerwo enyika uye kodzero dzedu sevagari vemo dzichava dzisina chinhu seyaNero's Rome. Kana tikarasikirwa, simba remauto kusunga vagari, kuvabvisa maitiro akakodzera uye kuvabata nekusingaperi mumajeri echiuto richava chokwadi chinotyisa. Democrat kana Republican. Occupy activist kana libertarian. Socialist kana tea party stalwart. Hazvina basa. Uku hakusi kurwa kwemapato. Kana hurumende ichinge yatora simba iri risina kuvharwa, richaita kuti pave nechakavanzika, nyika isina mutemo yechisimba chisingasaruri, kutya uye gulags. Ndakararama pasi peudzvanyiriri hwemauto hunoverengeka mukati memakumi maviri emakore andaiva mutori wenhau wokune imwe nyika. Ndinoziva chikara.
"Matambudziko akanyanya," akadaro gweta Carl Mayer, uyo aine gweta Bruce Afran akaunza nyaya yedu mudare, achitaura Culture Project vateereri muManhattan neChitatu mushure mekunzwa. "Zvatinosvika pazviri nyaya yedu ndeiyi: Tichave nehurongwa hwekutonga kwevanhu muUnited States kana hurongwa hwemauto? Hutongi hwejekerere chinhu chakadzikwa muBumbiro reMitemo. Yaigara yakakosha zvikuru mukurwisa hudzvinyiriri nekuvaka nzanga yegutsaruzhinji. Zviri kuyedza kuomeswa nesangano reNDAA inzira yekutonga nedemo inoita kuti mauto aite mapurisa mumigwagwa yeAmerica achisunga zvizvarwa zvemuAmerica, kuchengetedza vagari vemuAmerica mumajeri echiuto. Zvichida chinhu chinonyanya kutyisa cheNDAA ndechekuti inobvumira kuvharirwa kusvika 'kuguma kwekurwisana.' โ [Kuona mavhidhiyo aMayer, Afran, Hedges nevamwe vari kutora chikamu munhaurirano yeCulture Project, tinya pano.]
Zviuru zvishanu zvemakore zvebudiriro yavanhu zvakasiya matongo asingaverengeki kutiyeuchidza kuti zvimiro zvikuru uye nzanga dzakaoma dzatinovaka, uye noupenzi tinonamata sedzisingafi, dzinoputsika kuita guruva. Kudzika ndiko kunokosha zvino. Kana nyika yemubatanidzwa ikapihwa maturusi, sepasi peChikamu 1021 (b) (2) cheNDAA, kushandisa simba rinouraya uye simba remauto kupa mhosva vanopokana, ipapo kudzikira kwedu kuchave kwehudzvanyiriri, ropa uye kutambura. Hapana anotenda kuti zvinhu zvedu zvichavandudzika nekuparara kuri kuuya kwekudyidzana kwenyika dzepasi rose, kuderera kwehupfumi hwenyika, kudzikira kwezviwanikwa uye njodzi dziri kuuya dzekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze.
Asi makambani epasi rose - avo vakagadzira rudzi rutsva rwehudzvanyiriri - vanoda, panguva yekuora kwedu, simba rakazara kuti vatore zvisaririra zvepurofiti kubva kune yakasvibiswa ecosystem uye vagari vasina simba. Dystopia irikuuya inoonekwa mumatenga emaguta akaparara epashure pemaindasitiri akadai seFlint, Mich., uko madrones anotenderera semagora. Uye munguva iyo bazi repamusoro rinogona kugadzira mazita ekuuraya zvakavanzika anosanganisira vagari vemuUS, zvingave zvisina musoro kutenda kuti idzi drones dzepamba dzicharamba dzisina pfuti.
Robert M. Loeb, gweta rinotungamirira rehurumende mukutonga kweChitatu, akatora tack yakasiyana zvikuru neiyo yehurumende muSouthern District Court yeNew York pamberi poMutongi Katherine B. Forrest. Forrest akaramba achibvunza magweta ehurumende kana vaigona kuvimbisa kuti ini nevamwe vamhan'ari hatizosungwa pasi peChikamu 1021 (b) (2). Magweta ehurumende mukutongwa kwekutanga haana kupa kudzivirirwa kwakadaro. Hurumende yakataurawo mukutongwa kwekutanga kuti pasi pemutemo we 2001 Authorization to Use Military Force Act (AUMF), yaitove nesimba rekusunga zvizvarwa zveAmerica. Section 1021 (b) (2), magweta akati, haaite shanduko yakakosha musimba rehurumende. Mutongi Forrest munaGunyana akaramba zvakataurwa nehurumende akati Section 1021(b)(2) haisi kushanda.
Hurumende, zvisinei, yakapokana neChitatu kuti "sevatapi venhau vakazvimiririra" isu takasunungurwa kubva kumutemo uye hatina chikonzero chekunetseka. Loeb akataura kuti kana vatori venhau vakashandisa utori venhau sevhavha yekubatsira muvengi, vaizobatwa vobatwa sevarwi vevavengi. Asi akavimbisa dare kuti ndaisazobatwa nemutemo mutsva chero bedzi โMr. MaHedges haana kutanga kudhiraivha mavan matema evanhu vatisingade.โ
Loeb haana kutsanangurira dare uyo anotsanangura "mutori wenhau akazvimirira." Ndakabvunzurudza nhengo dze al-Qaida pamwe nevamwe vanhu gumi nevatanhatu kana nhengo dzemapoka ari muDhipatimendi reHurumende runyorwa rwehugandanga. Pandinotaura maonero aya, anovenga United States zvikuru, ndinoonekwa nehurumende seโndakazvimiriraโ? Ndingaonekwe nechengetedzo uye yekutarisa mamiriro, nekuti ndinopokana nerondedzero yepamutemo, semubatsiri nemuvengi? Uye kunyange ndisingatyairi mavhani matema kuvanhu vasingadiwi naLoeb, ndapedza mazuva, chikamu chenguva ndiri mumotokari, nemauto ane zvombo anovenga United States. Izvi zvinosanganisira Hamas muGaza uye Kurdistan Workers Party (PKK) kumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumabvazuva kweTurkey.
Ndaiwanzofamba nenhengo dzine zvombo dzeFarabundo Marti National Liberation Front muEl Salvador neuto reSandinista muNicaragua mukati memakore mashanu andakapedza ndiri muCentral America. Vakuru vakuru muutongi hweReagan vaigara vachituka vazhinji vedu mumapepanhau sevanyori vechikamu chechishanu uye kushandira pamwe nemagandanga. Vakuru vakuru ava vakanga vasingatione seโvanhu vakazvimirira.โ Vaitiona sevanhu vaiparadzira mashoko evavengi. Chikamu 1021(b)(2) chinoshandura kushora kwemitauro uku kuita kushora zviri pamutemo.
Alexa O'Brien, mumwe mumhan'ari uye mubatsiri we Zuva reUS reHasha, vakaziva mushure mekunge WikiLeaks yaburitsa maemail emamiriyoni mashanu kubva kuStratfor, kambani yakazvimirira yekuchengetedza iyo inoshandira Dhipatimendi reUnited States reHomeland Security, Marine Corps neDefence Intelligence Agency, kuti vashandi veStratfor vaiyedza kumubatanidza iye nesangano rake kune radicals yechiIslam, kusanganisira al-Qaida, uye mawebhusaiti anonzwira tsitsi pamwe neyejihadist ideology. Kudai chinongedzo ichocho chakaitwa, iye nevaya vari musangano rake vaisazodzivirirwa pakuvharirwa.
Afran akataura panhaurirano yeCulture Project kuti akambopa mupiro pakudya kwekudya kwemanheru kuAncient Order yeHibernians, sangano reIrish Catholic. Mwedzi mishomanana gare gare, kukushamiswa kwake, akagamuchira tsamba yokuonga kubva Sinn Fein. "Ndanga ndisingatarisiri kupa mari kuboka rinochengetedza sangano remagandanga, sezvinotaurwa nevamwe vanhu," Afran akadaro. โNjodzi ndiyo iyi. Iwe unogona kuzviwana zviri nyore munzvimbo iyo hurumende inoona yakakodzera kusungwa. Ndosaka vanhu vachirega kutaura.โ
Hurumende yakaedza kumatare edzimhosva svondo rapfuura Sami Al-Hajj, mutori wenhau weAl-Jazeera news network akatorwa neuto reUnited States ndokuiswa mujeri kwemakore anoda kusvika manomwe muGuantanamo. Iyi, kwandiri, yaive imwe yenguva dzainyanya kutyisa mukunzwa.
"Kungozviti mutori wenhau hakuite kuti uve mutori wenhau, saAl-Hajj," Loeb akaudza dare. โAkashandisa utori venhau sebutiro. Aive nhengo yeAl-Qaida uye akapa Stinger makombora kuAl-Qaida. "
Al-Hajj, zvisinei nekutaura kwaLoeb, haana kumbopomerwa mhosva. Uye kunyomba kwakaitwa naLoeb kwakangoratidza mukana wekushandisa zvisizvo gadziriro iyi yeNDAA kana ikasarohwa.
Nharo yechipiri yepakati nehurumende yakanga yakatonyanya kufungidzira. Loeb akati Chikamu 1021 (e) cheNDAA chinosunungura vagari kubva muhusungwa. Chikamu 1021 (e) chinoti: "Hapana chinhu chiri muchikamu chino chichatorwa sechinokanganisa mutemo uripo kana zviremera zvine chekuita nekuvharirwa kwevagari vemuUnited States, vatorwa vari pamutemo vanogara muUnited States, kana chero vamwe vanhu vakatapwa kana kusungwa muUnited States. States.โ
Afran akapokana naLoeb achiti Chikamu 1021(e) chakaratidza kuti NDAA yaifunga kuti vagari vemuUS vaizosungwa nemauto, vachipidigura mazana maviri emutemo wepamba unorambidza mauto kuita chipurisa chemumba. Uye kuvharirwa nemauto kwevagari, Afran akadaro, hakubvumidzwe pasi peBumbiro reMitemo.
Afran akataura mutsigiri mukuru we NDAA bill, Sen. Lindsey Graham, RS.C., avo vakati pasi peSeneti: โPanyaya yekuti mumwe munhu arikutyira kutorwa nebazi rinotyisa nekuti vaenda zvisirizvo. musangano wezvematongerwo enyika, havafanirwe kunetseka kwenguva yakareba, nekuti matare edu emubatanidzwa ane kodzero uye chisungo chekuona kuti hurumende inoratidza nyaya yavo kuti uri nhengo yeAl-Qaida uye hauna kungoenda musangano wezvematongerwo enyika."
Afran akaudza dare kuti zvakataurwa naGraham zvakabvuma pachena kuti vagari vemuUS vanogona kuvharirwa nemauto pasi pe1021(b)(2). "Hapana chikonzero chekuti mubatsiri ataure izvozvo kana asingazive kuti mutemo unokonzera kutya kunotyisa," Afran akaudza vatongi.
Pashure pedare Afran akatsanangura kuti: โKana seneta aitsigira uye aitarisira bhiri racho akatenda kuti vanhu vaizotya mutemo, saka vamhanโari sezviri pachena vane chikonzero chine mufungo chokutya mutemo wacho.โ
Mukutaura kudare Afran akati nezve1021(e): โInoti inoshandiswa kuvanhu vari muUnited States. Inofungidzira kuti vachavharirwa pasi pemumwe mutemo. Mutemo watinoziva chete ndiwo mutemo uyu. Ndeipi mimwe mitemo, pamberi peuyu, yakabvumira mauto kuchengetedza vanhu munyika ino?
Uyu waive mubvunzo Mutongi Lohier, pakukurudzira kwaAfran, akabvunza Loeb panguva yekukakavadzana. Loeb akabvuma kuti NDAA ndiwo mutemo wega waaiziva waibvumidza mauto kusunga nekubata vagari vemuUS.
ZNetwork inopihwa mari chete kuburikidza nerupo rwevaverengi vayo.
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