Kunobva: Red Pepper
'Ndiyo hupfumi, fuza.' Iri raive sirogani yaBill Clinton yekukakavara, inotyisa, muna 1992. Sirogani iyi yairatidza muchidimbu zvaiitika. Maonero Enyika yehurongwa hutsva, vhezheni yakashata ye'kujekeswa kuzvida' kwakagara nhaka kubva kuupfumi hwezvematongerwo enyika. Inopfuura chikamu chechina chezana ramakore gare gare, pakati pekupunzika kweneoliberal, hapana chingave chakaderera. Kuvhenekerwa kuzvida, kubva kuLondon kuenda kuMumbai, hakuchatonga. Haisi hupfumi, benzi.
Boris Johnson's Conservatives vakasarudzwa zvakare nehuwandu hukuru mushure memakore gumi ekuomesesa uye kusamira kwemari, sekunge Johnson anga asiri iye. Chivimbiso chake chaive chekuti 'Brexit iitwe', chinangwa icho 60 muzana yevavhoti veKusiya vanoti vangafara kuona hupfumi hwaparara. Zvikamu makumi mana kubva muzana zvinototi vangazvipira kurasikirwa nemabasa avo.
Aya madiki, asi madiki emamiriyoni, akakwana kuita hwaro hwevhoti yeConservative. Tory activists vashoma vashoma, asi vane simba. Pavakabvunzwa kuti chii chavaizobayira kuti 'Brexit iitwe', vakapindura zvakajeka: hupfumi, mubatanidzwa, kunyange party yavo.
Zvakawanda zvakaitwa nevavhoti veBrexit 'kunyengedzwa' nezvipikirwa zvekushandisa kwakawanda kweNHS, asi kupunzika kwechipo ichi hakuna kukanganisa Brexit. Uye chero zvazvingava, izvi handizvo zvakatungamirwa nemushandirapamwe weKubva payaikunda. Vote Siyai yakataura nezve kutyisidzira kwekutama kubva kuTurkey uye, zvisingaite, Iraq neSyria. Leave.EU yakafananidza kutama ne'kupinda nechisimba. Iyo ine mukurumbira yakaipa yeUKIP poster yakavhurwa naNigel Farage, uyo akambopokana kuti angave murombo kana zvichireva vashoma vanotama, aimiririra ruzhinji rwevanhu kutyaira Britain kuenda ku'Breaking Point'.
Uye izvi hazvisi zvemuno kuBritain. Narendra Modi, mutungamiri wechiHindu wenyika yeIndia, akasarudzwa zvakare nehuwandu hukuru mushure mehupfumi hwakashata, pavimbiso yekupinda muKashmir uye kudzvinyirira vaMuslim. Rodrigo Duterte, 'hug life' mutungamiri wePhilippines, akasarudzwa munyika ine kukura kweanopfuura matanhatu muzana. Chipikirwa chake chikuru chaiva chokurwisa 'hondo yezvinodhaka' nokusunungura mapoka anouraya vanhu. Pane imwe nguva, akatovimbisa kuti aizouraya kusvika mamiriyoni matatu, achizvienzanisa naHitler. Mushure memakore maviri emhirizhonga yechikwata cherufu, akakunda matemu epakati. Benjamin Netanyahu, kusvika pamutsipa wake muhuori uye mhosva dzehondo, dzinopikiswa kunyange neIsrael matare ane rusaruraganda nemauto, anoramba achidzvova achidaidza vadzivisi vake 'vadi veArab', achibatana nekurudyi uye achivimbisa kutorwa kwenzvimbo dzekugara dzeWest Bank. 'Isu kana ivo,' maposta aLikud anodaro.
Hupenyu hunopfuura mubhadharo wepacket. Kufungidzira kune simba rakawanda, kunyengedza, kupfuura kukwezva zviri nyore kugarikano. Kugutsikana kwe 'kuvaka rusvingo', 'kuvabudisa kunze', kusarudza 'isu' pane 'ivo', kana 'kuita Brexit', kunonyanya kukosha kupfuura kudzikira kwekuchengetedzwa kwezvinhu. Upfumi hwezvematongerwo enyika hunoita kuti tisvike pakunzwisisa kuti izvi zvinoitika sei. Kuti tizvinzwisise zvizere, isu tinodawo kuita psychoanalysis, uye kuongorora kwayo kwezviratidzo, fungidziro uye kusaziva.
Reactionary collective
Kubwinya kwe reactionary nationalism zviri, pamusoro pazvo, zvinokatyamadza. Chii chingave chiri chisinganzwisisiki uye chiri kure kubva kune zvinonetsa zvemazuva ose kupfuura nyika? Chii chinonakidza pamusoro pepfungwa yekuvaka madziro uye kusimbisa miganhu? Uye nei ichigara ichiita seinokwevera kune rusaruraganda, dzidziso yekurangana, misogyny uye kukwezva kune vanotyora mitemo yehutongi?
Munguva yeneoliberal, urudzi ndeimwe yemaitiro mashoma ekuti tinobvumidzwa. Tinotenderwa zvinhu zvinofadza zvenyika, kubva munhandare yenhabvu kusvika kumaOlympics. Sigmund Freud aiona kusarudzika sechimiro chekubatana, asi nekumonyorora kwaakaona narcissism sechimiro chekufungidzira. Zvatinowira murudo nazvo mufananidzo wakasarudzika wezvatingave. Isu tinoumba ego-ideal yakavakirwa pane inodiwa hunhu hunokurudzirwa nevabereki, dzidzo uye vezvenhau. In Boka Psychology uye Kuongorora kweEgo (1922), Freud akatsigira kuti mumapoka 'munhu anorega mafungiro ake uye anotsiva iyo yeboka-yakanaka' iyo inogona kuiswa mumutungamiri, mureza, kana chiratidzo. Boka rakasungwa pamwechete, libidinally, nemanzwiro erudo kune imwechete yakanaka.
Zvisinei, pane nguva dzose rima. Funga nezvekubatana kunofadza kwedivi rimwe nerimwe munhandare yenhabvu, uye kuti kakawanda sei kunoguma nechisimba. Maererano naFreud, mapoka akaita sechechi kana mauto anogona kuwana hukama hune simba hunobva pakunyepedzera kuti vose vanodiwa zvakaenzana - asi chete kana mumwe munhu achibhadhara mutengo. Izvi zvinodaro nekuti pane chimwe chinhu pamusoro pekuzivikanwa chinogara chine mukana wemhirizhonga.
Kana tikawira murudo nemufananidzo mugirazi, yakasarudzika vhezheni yedu, tinoita sei nemafungiro uye zvishuwo zvisiri izvo? Izwi raFreud rakamutsa mamiriro ekukomba: isu tinogadzira psychic 'dziviriro', 'zvipingamupinyi' zvekudzinga uye kumadziro kubva kune zvinoshungurudza pfungwa. Mienzaniso yezvidziviriro zvakadaro zvingave zvisizvo uye phobias, izvo zvinomiririra pfungwa isingabvumirwe. Mune phobias, xenophobias inosanganisirwa, isu tinoronga izvo zvisingagamuchirwe matiri pachedu pane chinhu chekunze kuitira kuti tigone kuchipikisa tisina kuzvirwisa isu.
Chokwadi, nzira dzekudzivirira dzemarudzi, dzakatarisana nekuvhiringidzwa kune ego-yakanaka yenyika, dzinogona kuwedzeredza uye dzinoshamisa kupfuura dzemunhu. Ani naani aifamba achitaura kuti haapindiki, asingagumi, haakundikani patsika, ane simba uye anokunda aizonzi akanyengerwa zvine ngozi. Asi, kutaura kwakadaro kunozivikanwa zvikuru mukutaura kwourudzi, zvikurukuru urudzi hwamambo. Zvamazvirokwazvo, pfungwa imene youchangamire hwakagarwa nhaka kubva muzana ramakore rechi 16, inoda kuti hurumende ive ine masimba ose, isingaparadzanisiki uye inobvumirana, inodokuva samwari, muumambo hwayo. Chero ani zvake aizviti anogara achityisidzirwa, aine humbowo hushoma, anganzi anopenga. Asi, tsika yeurudzi inoda mutauro wakadaro nguva dzose.
Isu tinoseka, kana kudedera nekusanzwisisa, nehunhu hunonyadzisa hwaTrump, Bolsonaro uye Duterte. Asi kwete chete ivo vanosanganisa, mukuwedzeredza chimiro, tsika yezuva nezuva yehurudzi - ivo vanotaurawo zvirevo zvayo zvisingazivi. The reactionary demagogue, Theodor Adorno akanyora mu 'Freudian Theory uye Muenzaniso weFascist Propaganda', 'anoshandura kusaziva kwake kunze' kutarisana nevateereri vake. Izvo zvinodzvinyirirwa mavari, maari zvine simba uye zvakajeka.
Vanonakidzwa nemitambo yake, kunyangwe pavanoona zvimwe zvaanoti zvinonyadzisa, uye vanoyemura kujeka kwaanoda nyika yake uye kuvenga avo vanozviita.
Kukwezva kwemadziro
Vanhu vanoda kuchengetedzwa. VaTrump vakaita iri chirevo chekutaura kwavo kwekutanga. 'Vaka rusvingo!' vateereri vake vakaimba nomufaro. Saizvozvowo, muBritain, zvakabuda musarudzo zvinoratidza kuti vanhu vanoda kudzivirirwa nemutongi ane simba anotyora mitemo. Asi kudzivirira pachii?
Nei masvingo akasimba, miganhu yakasimbiswa uye vatongi vane chiremera vachiratidzika kuva vanodiwa zvikuru sokuputsika kuri kuita marudzi, kuparadzaniswa zvikuru kupfuura nakare kose? Kubva kuWest Bank kuenda kuKashmir, sekutaura kunoita nyanzvi yezvematongerwo enyika yeUS Wendy Brown, madziro ane basa rekuita zvisingaite. Kuyerera kwevanhu, kuparwa kwemhosva, zvinodhaka, hugandanga - zvinhu zvinotyisa zvezviroto zvenyika - hazvingadziviswa nemadziro makuru, akanaka.
Nekudaro, madziro anowana zvakawanda sezviratidzo zvemuviri. Vanoita shanduko yakanaka yepfungwa. Hasha chaidzo uye chisimba chisina mutemo, kubva pakuwedzera kwenzvimbo kuvharirwa nekupondwa kwevanotama, inomiririrwa sechimiro chekuzvidzivirira. Vanosanganisirawo chishuwo chezvematongerwo enyika chekuti nharaunda yenyika ine rudo idzorerwe - nekupfuura mibvunzo yakaoma pamusoro pehutongi hwemagariro - kana tikangobvisa zvinhu zvekuvenga kwedu. Vanopikira kudzorera mamiriro acho ezvinhu soUmambo hwaMwari, pasi pamambo akafanana namwari
Basa iroro repfungwa harina kumboitwa. Kupikisa hakumbofi kwakaburitswa kunze zvachose. Kune nguva dzose 'vatengesi', 'vavengi mukati', kunyanya munguva dzekutambudzika. Hazvina mhosva kuti inyika inochengetedza sei isu tose tiri pamwe chete, avo vanobva kumakirasi e subaltern havambofi vakakanganwa kuvenga kwavo vapfumi. Uye pane nguva dzose mativi enzanga anoratidzika kuva asinganzwisisiki, kunyange anotyisa.
Apa ndipo panotanga kurangana kufunga, zvichipa vateveri vayo kunakidzwa kwe "kuwana" izvo 'makwai' zvisingaite, uye kunakidzwa kwekupindwa muropa kweruvengo rwakanyanya. Vanyengeri verangano vanopindwa muropa nenyika itsva ino. Vanoshandisa Islamophobic, misogynist, anti-black kana antisemitic zvinhu zvakanyanya sezvavanogona kushandisa zvinonyadzisira: vanogara vachitsvaga zvimwe 'zvakanyanya' mvumo yechinhu chimwe chete.
Adorno aienderana nekukwira kwekumanikidza uku. Iyo antisemite, akanyora mukati The Authoritarian Personality, haagone kurara 'kusvikira ashandura nyika yose kuita hurongwa hwakafanana hwaanovhiringidza'. Iye 'haakwanisi kumira', akasunda kusvika 'kumhedziso dzakashata, zvakangofanana mukuongorora kwekupedzisira kuziviswa kwemitongo yerufu kune avo vaasingakwanise kumira''.
Kune zvakare chinhu chine simba chekushora vakadzi kune kurangana kwakadaro. Hazvireve hazvo kuti alt-right anonyunyuta nezve 'kubira' uye 'kufumurwa' kwehurume. Sezvakanyorwa naKlaus Theweleit mukati Male Fantasies, chidzidzo chake chepfungwa dzechirume muGermany mukati menguva yehondo, kutya uku kwekusagadzikana kwevakadzi kunopa mukana wekuzivikanwa ne'varume vesimbi'. 'Murume wesimbi' aizo'pinda mukati' uye 'kukurira simba ripi neripi rinotyisidzira kumushandura' kuti ave nyama inofa.
Tora tsika dzechirume-chisungo dzemazuva ano kure-kurudyi, senge Vakomana Vanodada. Sekutaura kunoita nyanzvi yezvechitendero Tad DeLay, mumvuri wekusaziva wekuzvikudza kwavo kunyadziswa. Vanonzi vapanduki, asi vanoda kuziva nzvimbo yavo. Vanofungidzirwa kuti vane chivimbo chepabonde, asi vanotya zvepabonde zvavo, vachinyevera vatsigiri pamusoro pebonhora. Vanotya kuti vakaita zvidhoma, asi vanowana vari pamwe chete mumhirizhonga. Uye sekurangana, mhirizhonga inopindwa muropa, uye ine hunhu hwekukwira.
Hurukuro hwerufu
Muna 1929, sezvo capitalism yenyika yakaparara, ichiisa Europe munzira inoenda kune imwe hondo, Freud akanga achinyora. Budiriro neKusagutsikana Kwayo.
Budiriro, akanyora kudaro, yakanga isina kusimba kupfuura zvaiita. Yakaita kuti vanhu vasafare, nokuda kwezvose zvayakanakira, nokuti yaida zvakawanda kwazvo. Kurambwa kwekugutsikana kwekutyaira, zvepabonde uye zvehasha, kwaive kwakawanda kutakura kana hupenyu hwatooma uye huzere nekuodzwa mwoyo. 'Kana kushayiwa kukasaitwa zvakanaka mune zvemari,' akanyora kudaro, 'munhu angava nechokwadi chokuti akonzera zvirwere zvakakomba.'
Freud's bleak anthropological pessimism yakaguma mukupokana kwake kwekufungidzira kwekufa kwekutyaira, kwakatanga kurondedzerwa mu. Kunze kweMafaro Mutemo. Maererano nengano yaFreud, muviri wemunhu unotongwa kwete chete ne libido nekuedza kwayo kunakidzwa nekugutsikana, asi nekufambisa kutsakatika kwayo. Kutyaira kwerufu, akakurudzira, kwaifanira kutsauswa mumhirizhonga yekunze kuitira kunaka kwemuviri. Mune chimiro ichi, ngano haigoneki.
Asi, muJudha wokuAustria angava nechikonzero chokufunga kuti budiriro yakanga yakavakirwa pautsinye. Achifunga nezvenhoroondo yemapogrom, Freud akataura nehasha kuti vanhu vechiJudha, kuburikidza nekuwanika sembudzi, 'vakaita mabasa anofanirwa kucherechedzwa mukusimudzira tsika'. Mukati memakore anongodarika gumi, munzvimbo dzaitongwa neNazi dzePoland, Russia neUkraine, mamiriyoni akanga achiratidza 'kupenga kukuru kwekuparadza', vachizadzisa 'zvishuwo zvavo zvemasimbaose' zvakanyanya zvaitarisirwa mubasa raFreud. Rufu runonongedza chimwe chinhu chinogara muruzivo rwevanhu, icho isu tisina mumwe mutauro.
Freud akanyora panguva yakasviba isingaenzaniswi kupfuura iyo inotiwira. Isu hatitarise mafascist paramilitaries pakufora, kunze kwekupokana kunze kweIndia. Hakusati kwava nedzvinyiriro kuhondo yenyika. Kutyisidzirwa kwebudiriro yatinosangana nayo, panzvimbo pezvo, inzvimbo ine network inotungamirwa nevachena vezvematongerwo enyika, vanorwira kodzero dzevarume, vane mukurumbira vashoma, uye dzimwe nguva mhomho dzemumigwagwa. Mamiriro umo marudzi ese efascist neNazi anowana vateereri vakakura kupfuura chero nguva kubva 1945, uye anogara achidzinga mhondi dze 'mhumhi imwe chete' semoto wemoto.
Aya ndiwo mazuva ekutanga mukuvandudzwa kweiyo networked kure-kurudyi. Asi chimiro ichi chenjodzi yenyika chinowedzera. Pakukwira kwayo kwekupedzisira kwepasi rose, yakatinhira nenjanji yakananga kuhondo yakazara. Yakatanga nekugadzwa kwe'humwe umambo', sekudanwa kwayakaitwa nemupukunyuki weHolocaust David Rousset, ne'yake yakasarudzika kufa': iyo 'univers concentrationnaire.'.
Richard Seymour munyori uye mutepfenyuro, uye inhengo yeboka rekupepeta pa dzokununura, bhuku rinoitwa kaviri pagore reshanduko nemavara. Ichi chinyorwa chinobva kuChitubu chedu 2020 chinyorwa. Bhalisa pano
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