Kunobva: Boston Ongororo
"Ndaida kuenda kukoreji kuti ndisave muchengeti wechizvarwa chechitatu."
Murume ari pachikuva pahoro yeguta reCalifornia anotaura nyaya yaanoziva. Iye zvino mukuru wechikoro chesekondari anodiwa, asi kuti awane mari yedzidzo yake, akatora chikweretiโ$80,000 XNUMX. Kutanga, kubhadhara maererano nehurongwa-dambudziko, asi risingaiti. Bva, ngwavaira yokurapa; default; kubhuroka. Tevere, kuora mwoyo; a second default; chikwereti chinoda kusvika kaviri chiyero chechikwereti chekutanga. Yakava nyaya yemhuri: vabereki vemurume, vanonyorerana tikiti rekutanga kuhope dzeAmerica, zvino vane mhedzisiro yekudonha kwayo. Vanogona kuona mibayiro yavo ichishongedzwa, anoshuma kudaro, chengetedzo yavo yenzanga ichinyeperwa. Tsitsi dzinosimuka, dzinonzwika, kubva muchaunga.
Mitemo yetsika inowana simba rayo mupfungwa yokurongeka kwomusikirwo. Asi munguva dzekutambudzika, hunhu uye masvomhu echikwereti zvakaratidza fungible.
Imba yedhorobha iratidziro yemutungamiri wenyika chiitiko kuna Bernie Sanders. Musi waChikumi 24 Sanders akazivisa chinangwa chake chekudzima ese madhora 1.6 bhiriyoni echikwereti chechikwereti chemudzidzi, achitevera Elizabeth Warren. proposal kune zvimwe zvishoma kudzima muna Kubvumbi; mwedzi mitatu gare gare akazivisa zvakafanana kune chikwereti chekurapa- $ 81 bhiriyoni muna 2016, akatakurwa neanofungidzirwa mumwe muvatanhatu vakuru veUS. Pano pane zvinhu zvinototyisa zvikuru seri kwezviverengero zvacho: vanaamai vasina varume, vakuru vanorwara, vanomhanโarirwa nokuda kwezvikwereti zvokurapwa zvisina kubhadharwa, mukubvisirwa mari dzokurapwa dzisina kubhadharwa, vanosungirwa zvikwereti zvokurapwa zvisina kubhadharwa.
Nhasi mutsara wekuti "jeri revakwereti" unowanzoshandiswa kurondedzera chiitiko ichi chekuva nechikwereti chekuranga. Dzimwe nguva rinorehwa sezvariri. Funga nezvaMelissa Welch-Latronica, amai vasina murume vane makore makumi matatu, avo muna Kukadzi vakadzurwa nekombi yavo ndokukandwa muchitokisi muPorter County, Illinois, nekutadza kubhadhara mari yeamburenzi. Nyaya yake haina kujairika asi haisi yega. A 2018 ACLU ripoti yakanyora zviuru zve "mhosva yechikwereti chakavanzika" uye yakanyora gumi nemaviri enyaya dzakanyanyisa. Vazhinji vevanhu vaionekwa vakapedzisira vavharirwa mutirongo nekuti vakatadza kuuya kudare nenyaya yezvikwereti zvisina kubhadharwa, izvo zvakaita kuti vape waranti. Uye ipapo pane zvinonyangadza, zvehurongwa Cycle yekuvharirwa uye kuiswazve mumajeri kwevarombo - uye kunyanya varombo vemavara -kutadza kubhadhara faindi uye mari dzedare.
Zvinoita sezvine musoro nhasi zvinganzi zvine utsinye uye zvisina kujairika mangwana.
Zvakadaro, jeri revane zvikwereti rakadaro โ jeri chairo rekuvharirwa vasingakwanise kubhadhara zvikwereti zvavo โ rakapera kare. Chiitiko chakajairika chakafanana neicho chemukuru weCalifornia: muunganidzwa wechirango unotora nzira yezvisungo, zvishongo, uye kuvharirwa. Kune vazhinji, nyaya yacho inopera kwete muhusungwa asi mukutadza uye kubhuroka โ pamwe kushaya pekugara, kana sarudzo dzisingaite pakati pechikafu, pekugara, mushonga, uye muripo.
Kubviswa kwenhamba dzemajeri evakwereti mukushanduka kukuru kwechikwereti muAmerica. Mitemo yetsika inowana simba rayo mupfungwa yokurongeka kwomusikirwo. Asi munguva dzedambudziko, apo kusabhadhara kwave kujaira, hunhu nemasvomhu echikwereti zvakaratidza kuve fungible, kungoita shanduko chaiyo. Tinogona kutarisa kunhoroondo iyi kuti tiwane mazano ekuti nhamba yetsika yechikwereti ingagadziridzwa sei zvakare kuitira shanduko - uye kuti tisimbise kuti izvo zvinoita sezvine musoro nhasi zvinogona kunzi zvine utsinye uye zvisina kujairika mangwana.
Kuti revo yechikwereti inogona kushanduka zvakanyanya kunoonekwa kubva mukushandurwa kwayakatoitwa, kunyange isati yasvika kuNorth America. Chikwereti hachina kugara chichikurudzira masangano ekuunganidza uye APRs; humbowo hwekutanga hwehukama hwechikwereti, kufambidzana neguta reSumerian makore angangoita 5,000 apfuura, kwaireva chimwe chinhu chakasiyana. Munhoroondo yake inotsvaira Chikwereti: Yekutanga Makore zviuru zvishanu (2011), anthropologist David Graeber anoratidza kuti kubatana munharaunda dzekutanga kungadai kwakakura kubva mumanzwiro ehumwari, chikwereti chisingabhadharwi uye tarisiro yekudzorerana. Kune yakawanda yenhoroondo yevanhu, iyi ndiyo yaive rudzi rwechikwereti icho vanhu vazhinji vangadai vakaziva: "chikomunisti chemazuva ese," Graeber anochidaidza, cheutariri hwakaungana uye kudyidzana pasina magumo.
Chirevo chepakati chaGraeber ndechekuti zvigadziriso zvehurumende zvakaomarara zvekutonga zvikwereti โ kuvandudzwa kwemari yakatenderwa nehurumende, hutongi hwekutsinhana kwakadzama, uye kurangwa kwekusabhadhara โ zvaifanira kugadzirwa, zvichitemerwa pamusoro pekukwanisika kwechikwereti. Uye kuna Graeber, anarchist, inogona kungobviswawo. Nheyo dzetsika dzechikwereti chemazuva ano - pfungwa yekuti kutadza kubhadhara chikwereti kukanganisa kwakadzama kana kutadza kwetsika, uye kuti kodzero yemukweretesi yekubhadhara nemubereko inodzora zvimwe zvese zvisungo - inongoenderana nenhoroondo semasangano anomanikidza avanotsigira. Nekufamba kwepasi rose kwevaranda pasi pe mercantile, imperialist paradigm, Graeber anopikisa, miganhu yenharaunda dzakabvumiranwa kuti dzitenderere miviri yega kana zvikwata zvemhuri; kutengeserana kwakavakirwa pamari kwakanga kwagara kuchiitika kumicheto yenzanga kwakasvika pakutonga kuchinjana mukati mayo. Pane imwe nguva munhau, anenge munhu wose akava muenzi.
Chero ani ane kadhi rechikwereti remwedzi nemwedzi anogona kuziva hwaro hwehupfumi hwemazuva ano mumitemo yaCalvin naLuther.
Mutsoropodzi wetsika Lewis Hyde akatsvaga kusawirirana kuReformation muEurope, panguva iyo mitemo yechiKristu ine chekuita nemhindu-asiri mukwereti kana mukweretesi-inochinjirwa kune chokwadi chitsva chepasi rose. Mhindu yakanga yagara iripo pamativi enzanga yechiKristu, zvikuru kwazvo hutongi hwemaJuda, avo vane chimiro chekunze chaigona kuiswa zvine hungwaru kuti vabvumire mhirizhonga uye rudzi rwekukweretesa kwebhizinesi kwakabatsira kutenderera kwemari uye hupfumi hwese huwedzere. Asi muzana ramakore rechigumi nenhanhatu, John Calvin akaita nharo kuti, nemhaka yokuti mari yakakwereta yakawedzera ukoshi kumukwereti, kudzorera humwe hwoukoshi ihwohwo kumukweretesi nenzira yechimbadzo chakanga chiri chiito chakarurama zvikuru. Martin Luther nenzira yakafanana akarangarira kuti kunyange zvazvo chakanga chiri chechiKristu kukanganwira zvikwereti, chiKristu chechokwadi chakanga chisingashandi mukati menzanga yakashatiswa; nokudaro zvakanga zvakarurama uye zvakarurama kuti hurumende isimbise mitemo yechikweretiโmutsetse mutete pakati penzanga noutsinye.
Muna 2019, chero munhu ane kiredhiti kadhi rechikwereti pamwedzi anogona kuona hwaro hwehupfumi hwazvino mumitemo yaCalvin naLuther. Asi mirairo yavo haina kutsungirira isina kukodzera. Kunzwa kuve nechikwereti chemunhu โ communism yaGraeber yemazuva ese, kana inonzi naHyde โdenderedzwaโ rekusungiriranaโichiri kutonga muhukama hwedu hwepedyo huzhinji, kana zvisiri mumusika zvachose. Zvichakadaro, kuvapo kwedziviriro yekubhuroka kunoratidza kuti hupfumi hwedu hwemazuva ano hunotsamira, kusvika pamwero wakati, pane zvisiri izvo-pakuramba kuripo kwechikwereti.
Apo vaEurope vakayambuka Atlantic, vakauya nemirangariro isingakanganwiri yeChinjo yechikwereti. Pakutanga kwezera rekukura kweumambo, sekutsanangurwa kwazvinoitwa naGraeber, madzimambo nevakunda vakazviwana vadzika kwazvo mugomba zvekuti vakaenda nepakati penyika kuti vazvicherere kubva mariri-kana kuti, panzvimbo pezvo, kumanikidza nhapwa uye kuzvipira kuchera. vachibuda, vachiparadza budiriro yese mukuita.
Chikwereti chakawedzerwa kuburikidza nekubatana kwemunhu, uye kukakavadzana kwaikurukurwa kuburikidza nekukwidza kumunhu wega.
Mune mamwe maitiro, zvakadaro, hupenyu hwehupfumi mune dzimwe nzvimbo dzekutanga nyika dzeAmerica dzakafanana nekudya kwedzinza kupfuura kuchinjana kwehutsinye kwekutengeserana. Muzana ramakore rechigumi namanomwe Connecticut, semuenzaniso, hukama hwehupfumi nemutemo pakati pevagari vakasununguka hwakanga husina kurongeka, huchidzorwa ne "zvikwereti zvebhuku" -mataboreti marekodhi ekuti ndiani ane chikwereti chei-pamwe neizvo munyori wenhau dzemutemo Bruce Mann (sezvineiwo, murume waElizabeth Warren) inodana "muenzaniso wemunharaunda" wekugadzirisa gakava. Sekuzvitsanangura kunoita Mann muchidzidzo chake Vavakidzani uye Vatorwa (1987), kuvimba kwakaramba kuri pakati pehukama pakati pevakweretesi nevakwereti. Zvikwereti zvebhuku zvakanga zvisingarevi zvipikirwa zvekubhadhara, asi kunzwisisa kuti kubhadhara kwaizoitwa sezvo ane chikwereti akakwanisa. Chikwereti chakawedzerwa kuburikidza nekubatana kwemunhu, uye kukakavadzana kwaikurukurwa kuburikidza nekukwidza kumunhu wega.
Communalism haidzivisi kurwisana, hongu; kukakavara kwakanga kwakajairika. Asi chete pashure pokunge zvisina kurongwa, kudyidzana pakati pevanhu kwaderera ndipo nyaya dzosvika kumatare. Ikoko, zvapupu zvechimiro zvaizopupura, uye zvikwereti zvemabhuku zvakarekodhwa zvaingoshanda sepokutangira kukurukura pamusoro pokuti ndiani aiva nechikwereti uye kuti imarii. Kunyanguvezvo, nhamba yemhaka dzezvikwereti dzinonzwiwa namatare omunzvimbomo, Mann anopokanidza, inonongedzera kukukosha kwechikwereti munzanga duku, ine mari. Sezvo Mann akaenderera mberi nekuongorora mukati Republic of Debtors (2002), zvimwe chetezvo zvaive zvechokwadi kune vakapfuma sekunge varimi vekurima. Munyika yevatengesi vaizvigadzira, chikwereti chaiva nzira yokuwana nayo mari, kunyanya apo mari yacho pachayoโndarama nesirivhaโyaiva mutete pasi. Pakutanga chikwereti ichi chaidzorwa nerudzi rwacho checommunalism โ icho Graeber anodana kuti โcommunism yevapfumi.โ Pakati pemakirasi ekuMaodzanyemba uye eNorthern vatengesi, yaive gauche kukumbira kubhadharwa kwezvikwereti-kuputsika kwezvibvumirano zvehunyoro. Equilibrium yaireva kuti zvikwereti zvizhinji zvakazobhadharwa.
Pakati pemakirasi ekuMaodzanyemba uye eNorthern vatengesi, yaive gauche kukumbira kubhadharwa kwezvikwereti-kuputsika kwezvibvumirano zvehunyoro.
communalism iyi yaizova yenguva pfupi; muripo nenguva yaizokurumidza kuva musimboti usingaputswe mune zveupfumi. Mann's archive work inoratidza kuti hupfumi husina kurongeka hwezvikwereti, hwakavakirwa mukati uye nekukanganiswa nehukama hwevanhu, hwakavapo kusvika kuma1720s kumaruwa Connecticut. Mukati mechizvarwa, kunyanguvezvo, yakanga yapa nzira kuโkutonhora chaikoโ kwamabond uye manotsi evimbiso. Chikonzero, Mann anopikisa, chakanga chiri kuwedzera kusiyana kwevanhu. Mapepa anomiririra chikwereti-chinonzi "script"-chinogona kufambisa kuchinjana nevatambi vasingazivikanwe. Hapana kutora nguva refu zvinyorwa zvevimbiso zvakadaro zvakatanga kutenderera. Sezvo miunganidzwa yevavakidzani yakava miunganidzwa yevasingazivi zvishoma nezvishoma, nzira itsva dzechipurisa dzezvikwereti dzakatsvikinyidzana nenzira dzechinyakare dzekushivirira, uye tsika yemutemo yekudyidzana yehupenyu hwekutanga hweukoloni hwakapinda mumhirizhonga, yemhirizhonga yatinoziva nhasi.
The mercantile class yakawanawo kushandiswa kwezvikwereti zvepepa, izvo zvakazova chinhu chekufungidzira kunobatsira. Manotsi epamusoro-soro anogona kutengeswa uye "kugoverwa," zvichienda mberi kupfuura hukama hwavaive vambomiririra uye kubvisa chikwereti mukuita. Nekuda kweizvozvo, zvikwereti zvakaunganidzwa pamwe nekuwanda uye neshungu. Nekuderera kwehupfumi senge kwakatevera Hondo yeChimurenga, vabati vezvinyorwa vakave vasingade kuvimba nevanokwereta, uye zvakanyanya kunetseka nezvekudzikira kwebepa ravaibata. Decorum pakati pevatengesi makirasi akaparara.
Kumashure kwakavanda kutyisidzira kwejeri revakwereti. Kare zvaimboitika kune vanoshaya chaivo, pakupera kwezana remakore regumi nemasere majeri evakwereti akazara nevanhu "vanoremekedzwa". Zvakajairika kunyange hazvo chikwereti chaigara chiripo, chakaramba chiri chinhu chinonyadzisa, chiratidzo chekutsamira kusiri murume parupo rwevamwe. (Varidzi veminda yokumaodzanyemba vakanyanya kugumbuka kuti kuva nechikwereti kuvakweretesi vokuBritain kwairatidzika kuva kwakavabatanidza navanhu nhapwa avo vakanga vachiedza kuvaka pfuma yavo pamisana yavo.) Kupfigirwa mutorongo nokuda kwokusabhadhara kwakanga kuri kunyadziswa kukurusa kwezvose. Apo hurongwa hwezvibvumirano zvevarume hwakatanga kuderera uye vateresi vezvikwereti vakauya vachigogodza, migumisiro yakanzwika zvakanyanya neavo pakupera kweketani yechikwereti - varimi vakadai sevaya vakatungamirira Shay's Rebellion kumaruwa Massachusetts, avo vakamukira vateresi. pavakatyisidzirwa nekutorerwa zvinhu zvavo nevhu nekuda kwekutadza kuburitsa mhuka. Asi sezvo majeri evakwereti akave hutongi hwevane hupfumi, nhoroondo yemagariro yechikwereti yaifanira kuchinja kuti igadzirise kusawirirana.
Communalism yaizova yenguva pfupi; muripo nenguva yaizokurumidza kuva musimboti usingaputswe mune zveupfumi.
Pamusoro pazvo, kupfigirwa mutorongo kwechikwereti hakuna zvakanyanya kubatsira uyo asina kubhadhara kubhadhara zvikwereti zvavo โ izvo zvaive, mukufungidzira, iyo pfungwa yese yekuvavharira. Kuvashambadziri, torongo revane zvikwereti rakanga richirehwa kwete sechirango asi sechimiro chechengeteko yemari, kuchengeta muparidzi panzvimbo kusvikira mikero yavo yadzorerwa. Asi nesirivha nendarama zvakanga zvisingawaniki nyore kupfuura kare, kazhinji kazhinji kwakanga kusina mukwereti akasungwa, mukati-kati megomba, aigona kuita. Vazhinji vaizivikanwa zvikuru nevakakwereta mari mumakoloni vakapedza mazuva avo vachinyora tsamba dzokusafarira kubva mujeri, vachikumbira kunzwirwa ngoni. Mhirizhonga yemoto yaiisa vatengesi vane zvikwereti semapiyona ehupfumi akanaka, kana zvimwewo vanyajambwa vezviitiko. Kuderera kwakakonzerwa nehondo kwakaita kuti zvive pachena kuti kusabhadhara kwaigona kuwira vanamuzvinabhizimisi pasina โmhosvaโ yavo pachavo. Chikwereti nokudaro zvishoma nezvishoma chakasvika pakuonekwa sokukundikana mune zvemari, panzvimbo pokukundikana kwomunhu oga. Vasungwa vezvinzvimbo vaizvigadzira sevagari vemo vakarurama, uye zvikwereti zvavo sechiratidzo chekuva vagari vemabhizimisi. Mukupesana zvikuru nanhasi, vakwereti nevakweretesi zvakafanana vakazviwana vachishanda sevezera ravo uye vadyidzani mukugadzirisa.
Kugadziriswa kwekusagadzikana ikoko kwaizouya nenzira ye federal Bankruptcy Act ya 1800. Panguva iyoyo, kubhuroka ndiyo chete yaivapo yevakwereta vezvokutengeserana, chiratidzo chengozi yepamutemo uye kutadza kwakanaka. Asi kunyangwe chibvumirano ichi chakaratidza shanduko huru mumafungiro eruzhinji echikwereti. Zvakaratidza kuzorora kwakakosha nemafungiro ekare eReformation ekuti zvikwereti zvese zvinofanirwa kubhadharwa zvese, zvichigadzira chikamu chezvikwereti zvinoregererwa chave chiri nyaya yenhaurirano uye gakava kubva ipapo. (Nhasi zvikwereti zvevadzidzi zvichiripo kazhinji haakodzeri nokuda kwokusunungurwa kupfurikidza nokubhuroka.) Chakaratidzirawo, pfundo rokusadzokera mukusikwa kwoupfumi hwakavakirwa pachikwereti, fungidziro, uye mhindu, pamwe chete nokugamuchirwa kwechisarudzo icho upfumi hwazvino uno huchitora sechinhu chisingakoshi: booms inoda. mabasi.
Muzana ramakore rose rakatevera, mabhazi akanga akawanda, achikurudzirwa nokusagadzikana kwegadziriro yokubhengi yakaganhurirwa uye kuwedzera nokukurumidza kwechikwereti. Kuve muAmerica kwaive kuzvifungidzira wega muzvinabhizimusi. Apo bhangi-anopikisa Andrew Jackson akapikisa kudana kwemari yepakati, mabhanga ega ega, ehurumende-akabhadharwa akawedzera uye akabudisa mabhengi avo, anopisa zvikuru; periodic panics yakawana mabhanga asingakwanise kununura bepa remhando, achisiya vabati vetsamba vasina chinhu kana vateresi vauya vachifona. Jackson paakaraira kutengeserana kwenyika chete kuMadokero, muna 1837 kumhanya kumabhanga kwakakonzera kuparara kwehupfumi kwakaipisisa munhoroondo yeUS. โZviuru zvakanga zvafunga nomufaro kuti zvava mirioni, papfundo rokuva vakadaro, zvakamuka kuidi rokuti zvakanga zvisina mari,โ akanyora kudaro mupepeti wepepanhau reNew York City uye wezvamatongerwe enyika Horace Greeley.
Sezvo majeri evakwereti akave hutongi hwevane hupfumi, nhoroondo yemagariro yechikwereti yaifanira kuchinja kuti igadzirise kusawirirana.
Sezvo chikwereti chakawedzera, ndozvakaitawo kusanzwisisana kwetsika pamusoro perevo yacho. Maererano nekudzidza kwaPhilip Gura kweantebellum moral philosophy, Ngirozi dzeMunhu dziri nani: Vashanduri verudo uye Kuuya kweHondo yeVanhu (2017), vazhinji vezvemagariro ezvemagariro emuzana ramakore regumi nepfumbamwe vakanetsekana nemhedzisiro yechikwereti pamagariro enyika, kunyangwe nekuputika kwekubhuroka uye kushaikwa kwemabasa kwakatevera kutadza kwebhangi. Vamwe vaiona hupfumi hwemapepa sehurongwa "hwakashata", vachifunga kuenzana kweutsi-ne-magirazi pakati pebhengi nebhurosi regorosi. Vamwe vakaona hupfumi hwemapepa husina hunhu huchipa huwori. Albert Brisbane, nyanzvi yezvemagariro evanhu, akanyora nezvezvishandiso zvechikwereti seโmazano nounyanzvi,โ achishora โmudzimu wokusagadzikana wokuita mari, uye udyire noudyire hunobva muzviito zvevanhu vakazviparadzanisa nevamwe nemakambaniโ sechikonzero chakaorera chokubiridzira. Zvakadaro vamutsiridzi vazhinji vakaonawo kubereka zvibereko kwehupfumi hwemapepa kurudzi rutsva, uye vakafungidzira utopian magariro akaibatanidza.
William B. Greene, nyanzvi yezvechitendero uye nyanzvi yezvemagariro evanhu akabatana nesangano reTranscendentalist, akashora mabhengi asingachinji, akatsinhira mupinyi wechiFrench Pierre-Joseph Proudhon mukuzivisa kuti โpfuma umbavha,โ uye akashora daro riri kukura pakati pemari nevashandi. Asi Greene akanga asiri wesocialist; aitenda kuti upfumi huri pakati nepakati uye kupindira kwenyika muhupenyu hwepachivande kunokanganisa rusununguko. Pane kudaro, akafunga kuti rusununguko nemaitiro aMwari zvaigoneka chete kuburikidza nehupfumi hwakasununguka uye hunokwikwidzana hwemusika hunogoverwa nemabhanga ekutengesa. (Kuna Greene, hurongwa hwehupfumi uhwu hwakatora nzira yekubhengi kubhengi, iyo yaaitenda kuti inogona kuchengetedza mukana webepa pamwe nehunhu hwemacommunalist, nevakweretesi vachingochaja mibairo yezita uye mari yakarambwa kubva kune inochengeteka.) Horace Greeley, ukuwo, akavenga kutsauswa uye kuita kuti hupfumi hwenyika huenderane nezvido zvemunhu, asi vakaona kushingaira sechinhu chakakosha chetsika, uye akawana hurongwa hwecapitalist huri kubuda husina basa uye huchiparadza, pamwe nehudzvanyiriri. Greeley akafarira pfungwa ye "kubatana" yakagadziridzwa neFrench utopian socialist Charles Fourier: kubatana kwehupfumi, kwakasanganiswa nehurongwa hwebhangi renyika, kwaizowedzera hupfumi hwemubatanidzwa uye kuunza capital nevashandi mukuwirirana.
Chikwereti zvishoma nezvishoma chakasvika pakuonekwa sokukundikana mune zvemari, panzvimbo pokukundikana kwomunhu oga.
Kana mamwe emafungiro aya akaridza bhero rinozivikanwa nhasi, haanawo kumbove ari kure zvakadaro. Hondo yeVanhu, Gura anopokana, yakamisa izvi zvimwe zviratidzo mumakwara avo. Zvakatanga kuitika mumashure mazvoโkusaenzana kukuru, kushandisa zvisina kufanira, upfumi hwomumaindasitiri mukupera kwezana ramakore rechigumi namapfumbamwe uye kutanga kwezana ramakore rechimakumi maviriโzvakasimbisa kutya kwakaipisisa kwevafungidziri ava.
Nekufanofungidzira njodzi dzehupfumi hwakavakirwa pafungidziro, matambudziko echikwereti ema1800s akabatsirawo kujekesa hunhu hutsva hwechikwereti, nenzira yekuwedzera dziviriro yekubhuroka. Muna 1841 vezvematongerwo enyika vakawedzera mitemo yekubhuroka kune vese vanokwereta. Mukati memakore maviri vanhu vanenge 41,000 1862 vakanga vanyorera kubhuroka. Mukati mechina, mutemo wemubatanidzwa wakanga wabviswa, asi musimboti waivepo: nyika dzakaramba dzichipa dziviriro yekubhuroka, uye pakupedzisira majeri evakwereti aizoenda zvachose. Upfumi hwechikwereti hwakanga huri pano kuti ugare. Kuburitswa kwemari yekutanga yemubatanidzwa "greenback" muna 1913 uye kugadzwa kweFederal Reserve muna XNUMX kwakaisa nguva yemarwadzo aikura, umo hurumende nehurumende dzakarwira kutonga pamusoro pemabhangi, kukweretesa, uye mari, kusimbisa basa re chikwereti chekutengeserana mukukura kwehupfumi.
Zvakanga zvisati zvaitika mushure meHondo Yenyika I, zvakadaro, zvakava pamutemo kuti mabhanga akweretese kune vanhu kuti vawane pundutso, zvichiratidza kutendeuka kwekupedzisira kuhupfumi hwechikwereti chatinoziva nhasi. Sezvinorondedzerwa nemunyori wezvehupfumi Louis Hyman mu Nyika ine chikwereti: Nhoroondo yeAmerica muRed Ink (2011), kune yakaderera-waged maindasitiri anoshanda-kirasi, chikwereti chaive chikamu chisingadzivisiki chehupenyu. Kunyangwe macapitalist, mukuita, akange ave nenguva yakareba achikwanisa kuwana zvikwereti kubva kumabhanga aipa mari indasitiri yavo, vashandi vaifambisa zvigayo nemafekitari vaibhadhara mari dzechikwereti dzinoshamisa kuti vawane chouviri. Vatengi vevashandi nevatengesi zvakafanana vaivimba nehurongwa husina kurongeka hwechikwereti hwakafanana nezvikwereti zvebhuku zvakange zvafambisa hupfumi hwenzvimbo muConnecticut, asi shanduko kune yekutengeserana, hupfumi hwakavakirwa pamapepa hwakanga hwaunza shanduko isingadzoreki mumagariro echikwereti.
Kuchinja kune kutengeserana, hupfumi hwemapepa hwakaita shanduko isingadzoreki mukushanda kwevanhu kwechikwereti.
Panzvimbo pekutarirwa kwakabatana kwenharaunda yakavakirwa pakusungirirana, zvikwereti zvemabhuku izvi zvaive mhedzisiro yehasha ye "makwikwi" -kiredhiti yakatora vatengi vakawanda, asi zvakare yaisa njodzi yekurasikirwa nemari kune vasingavimbike kukwereta. Kuchengetedza vanokwereta nevatengesi zvakafanana, pakupera kwema1910 uye kutanga kwema'20s, mitemo inotonga zvikwereti zvidiki pakupedzisira yakaita kuti mutengi akweretese bhizinesi riri pamutemo uye rine pundutso. Mari yemotokari yakatevera munguva pfupi yapfuura, pamwe nekuwanda kwemamwe mirau uye hukuru hwekukweretesa muridzi wemba mushure meKuderera Kukuru. Kwakanga kwave kuenda kumijaho.
Muzana ramakore rechimakumi maviri, hugari hwehupfumi hweAmerica nokudaro hwakasvika pakureva kodzero yechikwereti (kune vanokwereta) uye kodzero yekuwana mhindu (yevakweretesi). Zvirokwazvo, kuwana kiredhiti yakaenzana kwaizova mheremhere huru yemasangano anopesana nerusarura pakati pezana remakore. Asi izvo zvakanga zvatengeswa semukana zvakashandurwa kuita chisungo. Sezvinotsanangurwa naHyman, pakupera kwezana ramakore, kusatora chikamu muhupfumi hwechikwereti kwaive kusisagoneke; munhu mukuru weAmerica wose akapiwa chibodzwa chechikwereti, uye kuzvigutsa kuri pachena kwohunonzi upenyu hweโpakati pebokaโ kwakava kunobvira bedzi kupfurikidza nokukwira danho iroro rechikwereti chemari. Yakanga iri nzara yemasangano ezvemari yekukura iyo yakatungamira chikwereti kuti chiite metastasize mumakona ese ehupenyu hweAmerica.
Mutyairi mukuru weiyi metastasis yaive securitization: kusungirirwa kwezvikwereti zvekongiri senge mbanje mumhando itsva yezvinhu izvo, zvisinei nekanguva, zvaigona kutengwa, kutengeswa, uye kuisirwa inishuwarenzi yepurofiti, uye izvo zvaisazivikanwa zvachose, zvisingadi zvachose ruzivo rwe chikamu zvikwereti pachavo. Kunyangwe kunyengedzwa kwedandemutande iri rakaomarara rekuunganidza, kutengesa zvakare, uye kusaona hupofu kwaizopedzisira kwakonzera dambudziko rezvemari ra2008, nzira iyi yakatanga nekuedza kukurudzira misika mikuru yekuwedzera varidzi vedzimba uye kusimukira kwehupfumi pakati pekuderera kwemaindasitiri mumadhorobha.
Yakanga iri nzara yemasangano ezvemari yekukura iyo yakatungamira chikwereti kuti chiite metastasize mumakona ese ehupenyu hweAmerica.
Mukuita izvi, mabhangi akagadzira izvo Hyman anodana "alchemical sainzi yekushandura midziyo kuita chengetedzo," iyo, "nemasvomhu chaiwo, chikwereti chinogona kushandurwa kuita chero chinhu." Sezvo nzira imwe chete yakagamuchirwa uye yakanatswa pamusika wemakadhi echikwereti pakati pemakore ekuma1970 nema1990, vezvematongerwo enyika vanopesana nekutonga uye zvido zvebhangi zvakadzora zvakadzika mirairo yepost-Depression iyo yakanga yapatsanura kudyara uye kubhengi kwevatengi. Kubviswa kwechiito cheGlass-Steagall muna 1999 kwakawedzera hupfumi mukutamba-kutamba kwekufungidzira, uye, sekureva kwenyanzvi yezvehupfumi Joseph Stiglitz, yakabvumira tsika ine njodzi, inodzorwa-inotungamirwa yekubhengi yekudyara kuti idzore hukuru.
Sezvazvakanga zvakaita mumapepa ekuda kwezana remakore rechigumi nemapfumbamwe, chikwereti pachacho chakava mugadziri wemari-asi kune vanokweretesa, panguva ino. Nemakadhi echikwereti, panzvimbo pokudzivisa chikwereti kuitwaโsezvingave zvakaipa โchikweretiโ pakati pevazivikanwi muConnecticut yaidzorwaโmutoro unorema wechikwereti chomukwereti wakauya kuzopa imwe nzira yekubhadhara nayo. Masangano anokweretesa akavaka mhando dzawo dzekukura pakuwedzera chikwereti chose chevatengi nenzira ipi neipi inodiwa-kusanganisira uye kunyanya kuwedzera chikwereti kune avo vangangotadza kubhadhara zvavanenge vakwereta. Zvichakadaro, mihoro isingachinji yakachinja ukama huri pakati pechikwereti chakatakurwa nemunhu uye kuti aitarisirwa kubhadhara marii. Pakupera kwezana ramakore rechimakumi maviri, Hyman anopokana, kuwedzera, kutenga, uye kutengesa kwechikwereti kwave kuita injini yekutanga kugadzira mari muhupfumi hweUS. Zvikwereti zvega-munhu zvakadzika kusvika kurekodha.
Vakwereti pavakazadza Zuccotti Park muna 2011, vakabhadharisa mhosva uye inovimbika: vakweretesi vakaita izvi, vakazviita vachiziva, uye vakazviita kuti vawane purofiti.
Kutanga muma1990s, kubhuroka kuri kuita mitengo kwakakoka kudzokera kuhunhu hweReformation. Kuwedzera kwemakadhi echikwereti mumisika yaimbonzi "ine njodzi" yakasarura chimiro chechikwereti chevatengi, uye rusaruraganda runogona kuunganidzwa kuti ruve nehunhu hwekutadza. (Kusaenzana kwemarudzi kuchiri kuratidza kuti ndiani anoremedza zvikuru chikwereti, uye kuti ndiani anonyatsowana migove yechikwereti.) Kunetsekana pamusoro pekuti chikwereti chose ichocho chichazobhadharwa sei kwakaramba kuripo, asi kusinganzwisisike; nokuda kworutivi rukurusa, mukwereti-mukweretesi synergy yakapfuurira isina kuvhiringidzwa. Kugara nechikwereti kwaiita sekwakanaka. Paive nekunzwa kwekuita, kwekuwana izvo zvaunobhadhara pachirongwa chechikamu.
Kusvika muna 2008. Kufanana nevapanduki vevarimi vaShay, vane zvikwereti zvemba vakatambura nekuparara kwehupfumi husina kusimba hwakavakirwa pakumbomira. Kwakanga kuri kusapindirana, pamwe, kwekudhumhana kwevaridzi vemba-iyo yechokwadi yekubhejera, chiratidzo chechengetedzo-nekungopedzwa kwechibvumirano chechikwereti. Kana kuti pamwe yaive chokwadi chedzimba dzakasara dzakaita musika wezvinodikanwa zvakakosha, zvakagadzirirwa panjodzi uye kuwanikwa chete kune vanotora njodzi-ine purofiti yemukweretesi anovimbiswa-kutanga kuoneka, zvakare, yekufungira tsika. Vakwereti pavakazadza Zuccotti Park muna 2011, vakabhadharisa mhosva uye inovimbika: vakweretesi vakaita izvi, vakazviita vachiziva, uye vakazviita kuti vawane purofiti.
Iri kutaura kuti Graeber naHyman vakaburitsa zvidzidzo zvavo zvechikwereti muna 2011, vakatasva mafungu akafanana aifambisa Occupy kufamba. Anopfuura makore gumi mushure mekuparara kwekudengenyeka kwenyika kwakakonzera, simba rose resaisai iroro harisati raparara. Zvikwereti zvinoremerwa uye mitengo yekutadza zvese zviri kukwira. Asi kusawirirana kwedu kwetsika pamusoro pechikwereti kunoramba kusati kwagadziriswa. Kune vamwe, kuva nechikwereti chevaAmerica vemazuva ano kunoratidzira tsika yenyika mumashoko akanakaโchishuvo chokurota zvikuru. Asi kubvumirana kunoratidzika kunge kuri kuitika: chikwereti chedu hachigone kutsigirwa.
Zvikwereti nhasi zvinobata munhu wese. Segrist yechigayo chehupfumi, idambudziko remunhu wese.
Kubvisa zvikwereti zvakawandisa kungadai kwakave kusingafungidzike kune bhucha remuzana ramakore regumi nenomwe kana mutengesi wemuzana ramakore regumi nemasere, asi mukati mezana ramakore, kuverenga kwakange kwashanduka zvachose. Chikwereti nhasi zvakajeka zvakasiyana zvikuru. Zvakadaro shanduko irikuitika munhaurwa yetsika yeruzhinji yechikwereti โ chimiro chemukwereti wega wega uye mukweretesi wesangano, tisingatauri nezvese bhizimusi rekuita mhindu โinokoka kuenzanisa.
Kunyange zvazvo kusabhadhara kwakanga kwaita tsaona yakaitika pasi rose pakupera kwezana remakore rechigumi nepfumbamwe, nhasi uno kuri kubuda sechinhu chinokuvadza pasi rose. Haisi sarudzo yakaverengerwa, uye kwete kukundikana kwemunhu, asi chinhu chakaitwa kune vanhu nemunhu asina chiso chemukwereti conglomerate ine simba rakawanda. Zvikwereti nhasi zvinobata munhu wese - se grist yehupfumi, idambudziko remunhu wese - asi ivo havazivikanwi uye vakatorwa, kure nekure kubva muhutongi hwese hwekuti kutenderera kwechikwereti kungangove kwakatsigira.
Graeber anonyora kuti chikwereti chave chiri โchibvumirano chakasiyana pakati pevaviri vakaenzana kuti havazove vakaenzana, kutozosvikira panguva yekuti vanoenzana zvakare. Zvamazvirokwazvo ikoku kwakanga kuri kwechokwadi nokuda kwavagari vakawanda vezvoupfumi venzvimbo dzokugara dzekurima dzeNyika Itsva uye mabhizimisi ekutengeserana. Asi pasi peunyanzvi uye husinganzvengeki hwekuita purofiti kutonga kwechikwereti, pane chete hierarchy inochengetwa nekunyepedzera kuenzana kweramangwana, uye kunyengera ikoko kuri kutadza.
Chikwereti chivakwa chekugarisana nevamwe, chinoumbika, uye chisingatarisike chinofanira kupedzisira chaonekwa sechinzenza.
Zvisaririra zvenyadzi zvanga zvichiri kutenderedza vane chikwereti zvinozopera. (Zvishoma nezvishoma, zvichiri-zvakawanda zvekutaura pamusoro pechikwereti chemudzidzi uye chikwereti chekurapa chinoita kuti kutonga kwakajeka kwekukosha uye mutsauko pakati pemhando dzakasiyana dzechikwereti. Vadzidzi vekukoreji nevanhu vanorwara vakanaka, muakaundi idzi, nepo vanhu vari kunetseka nechikwereti chemakadhi echikwereti vangave vasina. ) Masangano akaita seStrike Debt!, ayo akamuka mushure meOccupy, akadaidzira kuramba kwakakura kumarudzi ese ekukweretesa ega; yavo Debt Resistors' Operations Manual (2014) tsananguro maitiro uye vanobatana pakuramba kubhadhara, kubva kuchipatara uye zvikwereti zvemudzidzi kuenda kumoti uye kubhadhara kwemotokari.
Vanotevera muhukuru tsika, inodzokera kumashure kuSumerian civilizations ye2400 BC. Hammurabi, muiti womutemo wapakuvamba, akaraira kuti zvikwereti zvose zvavadzorwi vake zvikanganwirwe kana mukutonga kwake kwose, mumhinduro kuvhozhokero yakakurumbira. Chikwereti chivakwa chekugarisana nevamwe, chinoumbika, uye chisingatarisike chinofanira kupedzisira chaonekwa sechinzenza. Asi sezvo chikwereti chinova chakanyanya kurema kutakura, uye sezvo vanhu vekuAmerica vanozviwana ivo pakupera kwemugwagwa wakareba wakagadzirwa nenzvimbo dzenhema, sarudzo inosara: kuenzanisa zvikero, kana kutauriranazve zvinoreva chikwereti zvachose.
ZNetwork inopihwa mari chete kuburikidza nerupo rwevaverengi vayo.
dhoneta