Imwe yemitsara inogara ichinyorwa mumadenderedzwa ehupfumi muUnited States (uye kusvika padanho diki muEurope) ndeye "Euro ichadonha." Avo vanodzokorora mutsara iwoyo kakawanda havaiti sevanoziva kuti Euro yakatangwa sei, nani, uye kuti ndiani anobatsira. Dai vaiziva nhoroondo yeEuro, vangadai vakacherechedza kuti masimba makuru ari shure kweEuro akaita zvakanaka zvikuru uye anoramba achidaro. Chero bedzi ivo vachiramba vachibatsirwa nekuvapo kweEuro, Euro icharamba iripo.
Ngatitange nenhoroondo yeEuro uye chikonzero chikuru chayakasimbiswa. Mushure mekupunzika kweRusvingo rweBerlin, zvaiita sekunge East neWest Germany dzaigona kubatana zvakare uye-sekuda kwaidiwa neWestern Germany - kuva, zvakare, Germany yakabatana. Mukana iwoyo hauna kufadza Europe inotongwa neruzhinji. Kaviri mu20th zana remakore, ruzhinji rwenyika dzeEurope dzaifanira kuenda kuhondo kuti dzimise zvinangwa zvekuwedzera zveGermany yakabatana. Hurumende dzeEurope hadzina kufara kuona mushure meNazi Germany yakabatana zvakare. Purezidhendi François Mitterrand weFrance akatotaura nenzira inoshamisa kuti, “Ndinoda Germany zvikuru kwazvo zvokuti ndinosarudza kuona maGermany maviri panzvimbo pomumwe.”
Imwe nzira chete yaingoonekwa nehurumende idzi yaive yekuona kuti Germany yakabatana yaisazova nyika iri yoga pamberi pevamwe vese. Germany yaifanira kubatanidzwa muEurope. Yaifanira kuva yeEurope. Mitterrand akafunga kuti imwe nzira yekuita izvi ndeyokuita kuti mari yeGermany, mucherechedzo, utsiviwe nemari itsva yeEurope, Euro. Iyi yaifungidzirwa senzira yekumisa mushure meNazi Germany kuEurope yedemocracy.
Sangano reGermany, zvisinei, rakaisa mamiriro ezvinhu. Imwe yaive yekumisa masimba ezvemari, European Central Bank (ECB), iyo yaizotungamira Euro uye ine sechinangwa chayo chega chekuchengetedza inflation. Iyo ECB yaizove pasi pesimba rinorema re (kureva, inodzorwa ne) yeGerman Central Bank, iyo Bundenbank. Chimwe chisungo chaive chekumisa Chibvumirano cheSability, icho chaizoisa chirango chemari kunhengo dzeEurozone. Mari yavo yeruzhinji yaizofanira kuramba yakaderera pane 3% yeGDP yavo, kunyangwe munguva dzekuderera.
Kuti tinzwisise kuti sei dzimwe nyika dzakabvuma mamiriro aya, munhu anofanira kunzwisisa kuti neoliberalism (iyo yakatanga neMutungamiri Ronald Reagan muUnited States uye neMutungamiriri wehurumende Margaret Thatcher kuUnited Kingdom) ndiyo yaiva pfungwa huru munyika idzodzo. Chinzvimbo chikuru mukati meiyo neoliberal dzidziso yaive yekudzikisira basa renyika nesezvinogoneka, kukurudzira mari dzega uye kuremedza kudiwa kwemba senzira yekusimudzira hupfumi. Mune maonero aya, mota huru yehupfumi inofanirwa kunge iri kukura kwekutengesa kunze kwenyika. Iyi ndiyo midzi yedambudziko-kwete yeEuro, iyo ine hutano hwakanaka-asi yehutano uye hutano hwehuwandu hwevanhu munyika idzodzo.
IEuropean Central Bank haisi Central Bank
Zvinoitwa nebhanga guru renyika kudhinda mari uye, nemari iyoyo, kutenga mabhondi ehurumende, kuona kuti zvido zvemabhondi aya zvine musoro uye kuti asanyanya kuwandisa. Bhanga guru rinodzivirira nyika kubva pakufungidzira kwemusika wezvemari. Iyo ECB, zvisinei, haiite izvi. Kufarira kwechikwereti chenyika mune dzimwe nyika kwakakwira nekuti ECB haisati yatenga chero chikwereti chavo kwenguva yakati rebei. Spain neItaly vanonyatsoziva izvi.
Zvinoitwa neECB, zvisinei, ndezvekukweretesa mari yakawanda kumabhanga akazvimirira pamutengo wakaderera kwazvo (wakaderera pane 1%), wavanotenga nawo mabhondi eruzhinji nemubereko wakanyanya (6% kusvika 7% muItaly neSpain. ) Chibvumirano chakanaka kune aya mabhangi! Kubva muna Zvita wapfuura, ECB yakweretesa mari inodarika miriyoni imwe yemadhora (1 miriyoni eEuro) kumabhanga akazvimirira, hafu yacho (1,000,000 miriyoni eEuro) kumabhanga eSpain neItaly. Uku kuendeswa kwemari yeruzhinji (iyo ECB inzvimbo yeruzhinji) kune yakazvimirira yezvemari inoruramiswa nekuratidza kuti rubatsiro urwu rwaidiwa kuitira kuchengetedza mabhanga uye, nekudaro, kuve nechokwadi chekuti chikwereti chiri kupihwa kumabhizinesi madiki nepakati. uye mhuri dzine zvikwereti. Chikwereti, zvisinei, hachina kuonekwa. Vese vanhu nevemabhizinesi vari kuramba vachinetseka pakuiwana.
Pano neapo, ECB inotenga zvisungo zveveruzhinji mumisika yechipiri kubva kumatunhu ari mudambudziko, asi inoatenga nenzira inenge yakavanzika, mumadhora madiki uye kwenguva pfupi. Misika yemari inoziva nezvemamiriro ezvinhu aya. Ichi ndicho chikonzero chido chepamusoro chezvisungo zvehurumende chichidzika kwekanguva apo ECB inovatenga uye yobva yakwira zvakare, zvichiita kuti zvive zvakaoma kuti nyika dzivatsigire. IECB inofanira kuzivisa pachena kuti haizobvumiri kufarira kwezvisungo zvehurumende kuenda kune imwe nhanho, zvichiita kuti zvisingakwanisi kuti misika yemari ifungidzire navo. Asi ECB haiite izvi, ichisiya nyika dzisina kudzivirirwa pamberi pemisika yemari iyoyo.
Mumamiriro ezvinhu aya, chibvumirano chekuti Spain neItari dzinofanirwa kudzikisa kushomeka kwavo kuruzhinji kuti vadzore kuvimba uye kuvimba kwemisika yemari haina kuvimbika. Spain yave ichideredza kushaikwa kwevanhu, nepo kufarira kweSpanish bond kuri kuwedzera, zvichiratidza kuti ndiyo ECB, kwete misika yemari, inotsanangura kufarira ikoko.
Ndiani Anodzora European Financial System?
Muchirevo, ECB yaifanirwa kuve maneja weEuro. Asi iyo inonyatso kudzora Euro, uye European financial system, iBundesbank, yeGermany Central Bank. Yakagadzirwa nenzira iyoyo, sezvakambotaurwa. Asi pakanga paine chimwe chikonzero chekutonga kweEuropean system yemari neBundesbank nemabhanga eGerman. Iyo pesvedzero (kusvika padanho rekutonga) yaive mhedzisiro yesarudzo dzakaitwa nehurumende yeGerman, kunyanya neSchröder hurumende yegutsaruzhinji (Chirongwa 2010), uye ichienderera mberi nehurumende dzeMerkel dzinochengetedza, iyo yakasimbisa chikamu chekutengesa kunze seyo mota huru yehupfumi. Oskar Lafontaine, Schröder'sMinister of Finance, aida kuisa zvinodiwa zvemumba semota huru yekudzoreredza hupfumi hweGerman. Vakakurudzira kuwedzera mari dzemihoro uye mari inoshandiswa neveruzhinji. Akarasikirwa uye akasiya bato regutsaruzhinji, achigadzira bato idzva, Die Link/The Left, uye Schröder (ikozvino kushandira indasitiri yakanangana nekutengesa kunze kwenyika) yakahwina. Nekuda kwekusimbisa ikoko kune kunze kwenyika (vazhinji kuEurozone), mabhanga eGerman akaunganidza mari yakawanda yeEuro. Pane kushandisa maEuro aya kuwedzera mihoro yevashandi vekuGermany (izvo zvingadai zvakasimudzira kwete hupfumi hweGermany chete, asi hupfumi hweEurope yose), mabhanga eGermany akaendesa kunze kwenyika maEuro iwayo, achiisa mari kunharaunda yeEurozone. Kudyara uku ndiko kwakakonzera kubhuroka kwedzimba muSpain. Pasina mari yeGerman, mabhanga eSpain angadai asina kuwana mari iyo bubble, iyo yakavakirwa pafungidziro huru.
Dambudziko Rakaonekwa Rini muSpain?
Mabhanga eGerman paakamira kukweretesa kuSpain nekuda kwekuvhunduka kwavo (pavakaziva kuti ivo pachavo vaive vakasvibiswa nemishonga ine muchetura kubva kumabhanga eUS) bubble redzimba rakadonha, ndokugadzira gomba muhupfumi hweSpain hwakaenzana negumi muzana yechigadzirwa chayo chepamba. , zvose mukati memwedzi mishomanana. Yakanga iri tsunami yezvoupfumi, njodzi chaiyo. Pakarepo, bhajeti renyika yeruzhinji rakabva pamari yainge yasara richienda pakushomeka kukuru, zvichikonzerwa nekudonha kwemari kumatunhu. Yakanga isisina chekuita nekukura kwekushandiswa kweruzhinji (Spain yaive nemari yakaderera yekushandiswa kweveruzhinji pamunhu pakati peEU-10), asi kuderera kunoshamisa kwemari. Kusimbiswa kwe "Troika" (European Commission, European Central Bank, uye International Monetary Fund) kuti Spain inoda kuderedza kushandiswa kwehurumende zvakanyanya kuipa zvakanyanya nokuti kushaikwa kwehurumende hakuna kukonzerwa nekukura kwezvinoshandiswa (sezvo. zvinokurudzirwa nemashoko asina musoro aChancellor Merkel nezve "kuwedzeredza kwechikamu cheruzhinji rweSpain"). Zvakare, kucheka uku kuri kukonzera kudzikira kukuru.
Chii Chinangwa cheRubatsiro rweMari?
Chirevo chepamutemo ndechekuti vakuru vezvemari veEurozone vakaita kuti Spain 100,000 miriyoni yeEuro ibatsire mabhanga ayo. Chokwadi, zvisinei, chakasiana zvikuru. Mabhangi eSpain uye nyika yeSpain vane zvikwereti zvakanyanya. Vane chikwereti chemari yakawanda kumabhanga ekunze, kusanganisira mabhanga eGerman, ayo akakweretesa mari inosvika mazana maviri emamiriyoni eEuro kuSpain. Mabhanga aya ari kuchema chema kuti vadzoserwe mari dzavo. Ndosaka 200,000 mamiriyoni eEuro akabvumirwa neparamende yeGermany. Peter Bofinger, chipangamazano wezveupfumi kuhurumende yeGermany, akazvitsanangura zvakajeka achiti: “Rubatsiro urwu harwusi kunyika dziri mudambudziko (seSpain) asi kumabhanga edu ane chikwereti chakawanda munyika idzodzo.” (Chatterjee Pratap, "Bailing out Germany: The Story Behind the European Financial Costs" [100,000/28/05]). Zvaisagona kutaurwa zviri nani.
Dai zviremera zveEurope zvaida kubatsira Spain, vaifanira kunge vakakweretesa mari iyoyo nemubereko wakaderera kumasangano echikwereti eruzhinji eSpanish (akadai seICO, Official Institute of Credit), kugadzirisa dambudziko rakakura rekushaikwa kwechikwereti muSpain. Iyi imwe nzira, hongu, haina kumbofungwa.
Dambudziko Rakafungidzirwa riripi neEuro?
Icho chokwadi chekuti Spain ine dambudziko rakakura rekushaikwa kwemari hazvireve kuti Euro iri mudambudziko. Hurumende zhinji dzematunhu hadzikwanisi kubhadhara vashandi vadzo vehurumende nekuda kwekushaya mari. Sezvineiwo, iwo misiyano yakakura mukuwanikwa kwechikwereti mukati meEurozone iri kubatsira mabhanga eGerman. Nhasi, kune kuyerera kwemari kubva kuSpain kuenda kuGermany, kupfumisa mabhanga eGerman uye kuita kuti maGerman eruzhinji mabhondi achengetedzeke. Iyo nyaya yekuti kune dambudziko rakakura nehuwandu hukuru hwekushaikwa kwemabasa munyika dzakapoteredza hazvireve, zvisinei, kuti Euro iri mudambudziko. Zvingave mudambudziko chete kana nyika idzi dziri padyo, kusanganisira Spain, dzikasiya Euro. Izvi zvaizoreva kuparara kwemabhanga eGermany neEuropean financial system. Asi izvi hazvisi kuzoitika. Matanho ari kutorwa muSpain nedzimwe nyika dzakapoteredza, nerutsigiro rweTroika, neSpain nedzimwe hurumende ndiwo matanho ayo mauto anochengetedza avanomiririra agara achirota: kucheka mihoro, kubvisa kuchengetedzwa kwevanhu, kuputsa hurumende yehutano, zvichingoenda zvakadaro. Vanoti vari kuzviita nekuda kwemirairo kubva kuBrussels, Frankfort, kana Berlin. Vari kushandura mabasa kune vamiririri vekunze, avo vanonzi vari kuvamanikidza kuzviita. Ndiko kuburitsa mhosva. Slogan yavo huru ndeyekuti, "Hapana dzimwe nzira!"
Apo VaMario Draghi, mutungamiri weEuropean Central Bank, vanoshevedza VaMariano Rajoy, mutungamiri weSpain wehurumende inochengetedza zvakanyanya muEuropean Union, pedyo neTea Party yeUnited States, anomuudza kuti kuitira kumubatsira, achafanirwa kuita shanduko mumusika wevashandi (kureva, kuita kuti zvive nyore kune vashandirwi kudzinga vashandi). Ari pachena nezvazvo. Mumusangano wenhau wechangobva kuitika (August 9, 2012), Mr. Draghi akanga akajeka. ECB haizotenga mabhondi everuzhinji eSpain kunze kwekunge hurumende yeSpain yatora matanho akaomarara, asingafarirwe akadai sekugadzirisa musika wevashandi, kuderedza mabhenefiti emudyandigere, uye kuita hupfumi hwenyika. Hurumende yeRajoy ichatevera nemufaro mirairo iyi. Yakatoita kucheka kwakawanda uye mapurojekiti 120,000 miriyoni maEuro mukucheka mukati memakore maviri anotevera. Iyo Euro nehurongwa hwayo hwekutonga iri kushanda zvakanaka kune avo vane izwi guru mukati meEurozone nhasi. IECB iri kuraira hurumende dzenzvimbo dzayo dzemari kuti dzibvise Social Europe uye vari kuzviita. Ndizvo zvaiitwa neshamwari yangu yepamoyo Jeff Faux, muvambi weEconomic Policy Institute muWashington, D.C., aimbodaidza kuti “mubatanidzwa wemakirasi epasi rese,” ndiko kuti, mubatanidzwa pakati pemapoka makuru pasi rese. Iko mubatanidzwa uri kushanda zvakajeka muEurozone nhasi. Imhaka yeizvi kuti Euro ichave iripo kwenguva yakareba, yakareba.
Vincent Navarro ndiMuzvinafundo wePublic Policy paJohns Hopkins University kuUnited States uye Pompeu Fabra University kuSpain.
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