Democracy inonaka yakasunungurwa paIndia.
(Nekukumbira ruregerero kuWBYeats yemutsetse wechitatu wakakanganiswa.)
I.
Ah, kangani munhoroondo yevanhu mashosheni emhando imwe kana imwe akatsvaga kukanganisa kufamba kweane mufungo, nguva dzose pasina budiriro.
Rangarira kuti mushure memaitiro ekuyera eReform Bill ye1832, uye zvirevo zvinotyisa zvakaperekedza izvo. zeitgeist, mamwe madhongi eOxford ane mukurumbira akaungana kuti akumbire kuti chiKristu cheChirungu chidzokere kumavambo acho echiRoma.
Zvinonyanya kunanga kusunungura mafambiro mudzidziso yebhaibheri, Newmanism nePuseyism vaive pasi pemhinduro dzinotyisa kune izvo zvirevo zvedemocracy kuti zvizadziswe zvizere zvemusimboti wekuenzana.
Fungidziro yakataurwa chinyararire yaiva yokuti Kuvandudzwa kwechiPurotesitendi kwakanga kwaputsa mipendero yechiremera chisingakundikani chaPontiff, nokudaro ndokusunungura madhimoni emhirizhonga. Saka kudanwa kwavo (1933-1845) kudzoreredza manairo emuMiddle Ages mudzidziso yeChechi, uye kudzokera kuRoma. Izvo Newman akaita muna 1845.
Zvakadaro, nhoroondo, yakaenderera mberi, ichipa maTraktarian nematurakiti avo mazhinji kune yakasara yapfuura iyo yaisazova neramangwana.
Zvimwe chete nechirevo cheArnoldian chinoti chekare chete "chakanakisisa" ("Tsika," akachidana) chaigona kununura kuparara kunoitwa nevarume vaduku vasingakodzeri vanotsvaka kuenzanisa nevasanangurwa. Tinotenda, pamusoro pezana remakore rapfuura nehafu, Tsika dzakazadzwa netsika, uye varume nevakadzi kwose kwose munyika vanotaura zvakasiyana-siyana, vakasunungurwa kubva kune diktats yevakuru vanozvigadza.
Iyo nyanzvi yeRussia ine demokrasi, Mikhail Bakhtin (uyo, pakati pezvimwe zvinhu, akagadzira izwi rekuti "dialogy"), achinyora mune zvisiri izvo zvedemocracy, nguva dzeStalinist, dzakatorwa neane masimba enhoroondo se "monologic" eras, apo izwi rimwechete, riri pakati. anobata simba, mungave mune zvematongerwo enyika kana mutsika, kana mumanovhero aTolstoy.
Asi chero bedzi mamwe manzwi asina kuunganidza simba rakakwana kuti aputse izvozvo.
Uye apo nguva idzodzo dzinosvika-nguva dzinogara dzichigadzirwa, zvisinei kuti dzakadzvinyirirwa-iyo "heteroglossia" yezvitsva zvitsva inoputsa zvivharo zveutongi, uye inonaka "polyphony" inopararira mumanooks uye mapanga, uye ipapo kusvika kumigwagwa mikuru yezvakaitika kare. Ipapo ndipo kuti matunhu akavharwa euzivi, zvinyorwa, zvetsika zvimiro zvinopatsanurika, zvichibvuma nzira itsva dzekuziva, kurarama, uye hukama. Chiremera "chisina nguva" che "classics" chinoputsika, uye kudururwa kwechinyorwa chevanhuwo zvavo kunotora chokwadi uye zvinodikanwa zvenyika yanhasi.
Kamwe kamwe, izvo zvairatidzika se "nekusingaperi" zvinova chikamu chisina basa cheruzivo rwekuchera matongo, uye vapristi vakuru veizvi neavo vanowana hutiziro mumakova uye grotto dzengano uye chakavanzika.
Aya ndiwo mapolyphony anonaka ayo zvino ari kurwisa masangano maviri eIndia akasvika pari zvino akafanana namwari - Judiciary neRSS (chipangamazano uye manipulator yeIndia, yechipiri pakukura kwezvematongerwo enyika, Bhartiya Janata Party).
Ndiani asingazive kuti Judiciary inofanira kugara iri pamusoro uye pasina fungidziro.
Asi, maiwe, zviitiko zvakawanda zvakangotaura kuti panogona kunge paine chinhu chinotyisa kupfuura Lordships pabhenji, chinoti, kukwezva kweCommodity.
Kufona kwakwira, vachitungamirwa nehugamba nesangano rekuzvidira revademocrat vane mukuru wevafambisi uye mugadziri wezviratidziro asina kusimba asi akasimba, Prashant Bhushan (zvechokwadi inokonzeresa yeramangwana reJudicial nhoroondo yeIndia), uye iyo inosanganisira vamwe vatongi vekare vedare. dare repamusorosoro, kuti danho diki rekumisa kukwezva kwezvinhu ringave rekumanikidza vatongi, sevezvematongerwo enyika, kuti vazivise pachena pfuma yavo.
Asi, kwete, rinodaro izwi kubva papurupiti ye monologic; zviziviso zvakadaro, rinodaro izwi, zvinounza kushungurudzwa kusingakoshi kuVashe pachinzvimbo chevanopokana nevanopokana nevagari vemo, zvichiita kuti vashaye simba, uye kukanganisa rusununguko rwavo.
Asi, tarisa uye tarisa, zvine simba zvinogona kuve zvine musoro zvekuti polyphony yemazwi ekutonga zvino inosimuka kupokana nepurupiti. Kutevera Bakhtin, vanoti hapana purupiti imwe chete inogona kuve nekodzero yekumiririra manzwi ese ekutonga. Uye zvechokwadi vamwe vakaenda kunozivisa zvinhu zvavo zvakare.
Vamwewo vanoti Mutemo weRight to Information Law haugone kusunungura avo vanotungamira mutemo, uye kuti vatongi chete ndivo vanotya kuziviswa kuti vane chavanovanza. Kunyanya chikonzero chekuti zvinhu zvavo zvizivikanwe, kusanganisira chero zvisiri izvo, kuitira kuti magumo ekururamisira adzivirirwe.
Kuchinja kwechiPurotesitendi nokudaro kuri kuitika pakati peVashe, uye hazviratidzike kuti kudiwa kupi nokupi kwokudzokera kuRoma kungangokunda zuva racho zvakare.
Akazvarwa makore makumi masere apfuura aine chinangwa chekuisa pakati peiyo nguva yerusununguko rweIndia kune imwe nyika yechiHindu umo asi izwi rimwe chete retsika raizobvumidzwa kumiririra hunhu hwakasiyana-siyana hwepasirese, yakatsvaga kuunza zvematongerwo enyika mukati memakumi emakore. iyo inopinza chirango chayo swayamsevaks (vashandi vanozvipira).
Saka mukati mezuva razvino BJP (estbl., 1980, ichipfuura Jana Sangh) boka rose revashandi veRSS rechishanu rinotora nzvimbo inotungamira.
Iyo isingachinjiki inosimbisa ngano yeRSS / BJP yaive yekuti Jinnah ndiye aive ega mukomisheni panguva yerusununguko, uye kuti Jinnah aive ega uye mumwechete aikonzeresa kupatsanurwa kweIndia muna 1947 munzira dzenharaunda.
Pane imwe axis yengano, isina kuita basa mukurwira rusununguko kubva kuhutongi hwehutongi, yakatsvaga kuzadza gomba rakakura mukunyepedzera kwayo "nyika" nekutora Congressman wehupenyu hwese, Sardar Patel, kumurume wake. Zvese nekuti Patel, sezvinei, ainzwira tsitsi chikonzero chechiHindu (kunyangwe vasingataure kudaro), uye akaita basa repamusoro mukubatanidza nyika dzeChindane nemapurovhinzi.
Maiwe, chokwadi chebasa raPatel sengano iyi kwese kwese. Hazvina kumbonyanya kupfuura musarudzo yake yeushingi yekurambidza RSS mushure mekupondwa kwaGandhi mumaoko evaHindu vanonyanyisa.
Iyo RSS, ine mhondi yemurume Gandhi aive (zvese zvinoenderana nezvakanyorwa pamusoro pemukoma waGodse, mubatsiri, achangobva kuburitswa mutirongo), inoparadzira kuti Patel akakanganisa kurambidzwa kwekutaura kwaNehru. Maiwe, zvakare kwete chokwadi, kwete chokwadi.
Chimbofunga zvakazonyorerwa naPatel kuvanyambiri veRSS, Shyama Prasad Mukerjee naGuru Gowalker.
"Kana zviri zveRSS neHindu Maha Sabha, nyaya ine chekuita nekupondwa kwaGandhiji ndeyehudzvanyiriri, uye ini handifanire kutaura chero chinhu nezve kutora chikamu kwemasangano maviri aya, asi mishumo inosimbisa izvo nekuda kwezviitiko zvevaviri ava. miviri, kunyanya yekutanga, mamiriro ezvinhu akavamba munyika umo njodzi yakaipisisa yakadaro yakava inobvira. . . .Zvaiitwa neRSS zvairatidza kutyisidzira kuri pachena kuvapo kwehurumende nehurumende. . . .Chokwadi, nekufamba kwenguva, veRSS vari kuramba vachiwedzera kupandukira uye vari kuita mabasa avo okupandukira pamwero unowedzera.โ
"RSS yakaita basa kuHindu Societyโ asi โchikamu chinorambwa chakamuka apo ivo. . .akatanga kurwisa vaMussalman.โ
"Hurukuro dzavo dzese dzaive dzakazara nehuturu hwemunharaunda. . . .Nekuda kwechepfu, nyika yaifanira kutambura kuzvipira kwehupenyu hunokosha hwaGandhiji. . . .Infact, kushorwa (kuRSS) kwakawedzera. . .apo varume veRSS vakaratidza mufaro ndokugovera zvihwitsi pashure porufu rwaGandhiji.โ
Akasimba wechitendero uye Congressman kusvika kumagumo, iyo RSS ingadai yakave yakashata kwaari sechizi kune choko.
Asi nhengo yakavamba yeBJP, Jaswant Singh, parizvino akadzingwa mubato kwehusiku hwose, pasina kuremekedzwa kwechiziviso chechikonzero chekuratidzira, uye pasina munhu akamboverenga bhuku raakanyora, sezviri pachena nekududzira zvakare. Jinnah nemuromo wakashata Patel.
Nenhau dzezuva rega rega zvino dzinosvika dzemumwe munhu kana mumwe wevatungamiriri veBJP vanosvetuka chikepe, aimbove chipangamazano waAdvani, Sudheender Kulkarni ari wekupedzisira, munguva pfupi inoratidzika kunge inoteverwa neane hungwaru redoubtable Arun Shourie.
Chokwadi chenyaya ndechekuti mushure mekukundwa kwesarudzo mbiri dzakateedzana muna 2004 na2009, iyo fascistic BJP haina kukwanisa kuchengetedza kurasikirwa kwesimba renyika. Kana Vajpayee akazvibata pamwe chete, akakwanisa kuzviita nekuti BJP yaive bato rinotungamira muhurumende kusvika 1998-2004.
Naiye aenda mukusashanda, izvo zvaiita sezvisingapindiki zvinoshanduka zvino kuve zvinonyadzisa cacophonous uye kupenga.
Uye zvisinei kuti iyo monologic RSS inoita sei kumisa kuora, kuora kunowedzera.
Avo vanosiya chikepe vanopa zvikonzero zvisingabviri kuita kudaro. Kulkarni anoteterera mutsauko wepfungwa, achitenda kuti BJP inogona kurarama uye kubudirira chete kana ikadzidza kuve-zvese (kureva, kugamuchira maMuslim) uye nekusununguka.
Zvakadaro Kulkarni mumwecheteyo haana kumbobvira aita kuratidzira pakapondwa maMuslim muGujarat (2002), kana nguva pfupi yadarika, panguva yemushandirapamwe wa2009, Varun Gandhi akazvipira kugura maoko echiMuslim pavakasimudzwa vachipokana nemaHindu.
Arun Shourie, uyo akarwisa Ambedkar zvakanyanya mune rimwe remabhuku ake, anoshevedzera naMao kuti BJP inogona kuregererwa chete kana Dzimbabwe rikabhombwa, vatungamiriri vese vepamusoro vakaraswa uye vanotorwa kubva mufassil.
Achinyomba iye zvino mutungamiri weBJP, Rajnath Singh, nezita (anozivikanwa agadzwa kuRSS) saโAlice muBlunderlandโ uye โHumpty Dumptyโ kuti atange, ane njere zvekuti ataure kuti iyo RSS inofanira kutora chigaro pachena. BJP. Kunyangwe iye achipokana nekudzingwa kwemukuru weRajasthan BJP, Vasundhara Raje Scindia, uyo RSS anoda kubuda.
Nei iyi inoratidzika uye inopenga heteroglossia mukati meBJP?
Nechikonzero chekuti mhando yeRSS yehugari hwechitendero/rudzi uye kusarurana kwenyika haichina vatengi vazhinji pakati pemakirasi matsva eIndia, anokwira kumusoro.
Uye avo vangade kubva paRSS vanoziva kuti ese maCad eBJP anobva kwairi.
Zvakadaro, mushure mekurasikirwa kwesimba rehurumende, uye kuramba kuenderera mberi nekuzeza kuongororazve zvine hungwaru mademo ehunhu hwayo - ichipokana nezvainotaura nhasi pane chero nyaya yemhedzisiro - BJP inoita seyakakurirwa nekupokana kuri pakati pekunamatira kwayo kweumbilical. purupiti muNagpur uye chishuwo chayo chekugadzwa bato revashambadziri vemahara vatengesi.
Izvi zvicharamba zvichionekwa apo shanduko yePurotesitendi mukati meSangh Parivar inotungamira hupfumi hwayo. Pfungwa, zvakadaro, ndeyekuti simba renhoroondo nhasi rinopa cacophonously polyphonous izvo zvaionekwa seyakagadziriswa yezvematongerwo enyika. Zvese kune zvakanaka, isu tinoti, yekuenderera mberi kwekushanduka kweIndia democracy.
Kunyura sekunge kuri kudonha kwemahara, kudzika kweBJP mumhirizhonga kunovhiringidza pesvedzero mbiri dzine simba mukati mehupenyu hwezvematongerwo enyika hweIndia-chikonzero nei nzira dzemagetsi dzeIndia dzichiita sedzinoda kupa nguva yavo yese nesimba kugadzirisa matambudziko ayo.
Zvikamu zvemabhunu ekuIndia zvinotya chaizvo kufunga kuti nekutsakatika kweBJP imwe gadziriro yezvematongerwo enyika, zvakatonyanya kusiiwa kune zvinyoro asi zvine dambudziko reLeft-of-Centre Congress inogona kuuya kuzotora nzvimbo yayo.
Dai izvi zvikaitika, nzvimbo yevamiriri vebapiro rekurudyi mukubatana neiyo inongokanganisa modicum yechitendero-kukanganisa, ndiko kuti, kubva pakudzoka kwemakirasi ekushanda kune chero yekirasi yeKuruboshwe-yaizorasika zvinosiririsa.
Zuva rinogona kuuya apo zita rekuti "socialist" iro rinogara muzvinyorwa zvePre-Amble yeBumbiro reMitemo yeIndia rinova chimwe chinhu chinopfuura chiito chakafa kune "isu vanhu."
Zvinofanira kutarisirwa, naizvozvo, kuti RSS uye chikamu ichi che bourgeoisie chichasiya pasina dombo risina kuchinjwa kumutsiridza hupfumi hweBJP.
Dambudziko nderekuti vaviri ava vanofanirwa kuuya kune imwe modus vivendi kuti BJP inofanira kutamba sei mumakore anotevera. Hindutva ichiri kuzvipira zvizere mukusimudzira hupfumi hwevapfumi vemudhorobha, nzira inogona kuwana kugamuchirwa kwakakwana kudzosera BJP pachigaro.
Iyi modus vivendi ichafanira kunge iri pfupi kana iyo RSS ichisiya chinangwa chayo chakataurwa chekugadzirisazve ugari uye nyika, uye yemabhunu kuendesa kuzvipira kwechizvino-zvino kune tekinoroji uye kuita pundutso, neshanduko dzese dziri munyika ye "values."
Asi mapurupiti anozununguka, uye heteroglossia inokunda zuva.
ZNetwork inopihwa mari chete kuburikidza nerupo rwevaverengi vayo.
dhoneta