Mapurojekiti maviri emubatanidzwa wedunhu akatarisana muSouth America: iyo Pacific Alliance uye UNASUR. Ose ari maviri haawirirane, zvichibva pane zvinopokana nezvematongerwo enyika zvinopa imwe neimwe yenyika dzedunhu dambudziko. Hapasisina nzvimbo yeungwaru kana kuti zvinotsausa.
"Pane imwe tsika pakati pemafungiro edu ekubatanidza kuisa pfungwa huru muhurukuro pamapurojekiti akasiyana edunhu", akanyora Carlos Chacho Alvarez, munyori mukuru weALADI (Nguva yeArgentina, Chikumi 2, 2013). Nekuda kweizvi anotenda kuti kupikisa Pacific Alliance kune yakawedzera Mercosur "zvakajeka inomiririra chiratidzo chisina kunaka, kana isiri nhanho yekudzokera shure". Chero zvazvingaitika, Alvarez anoisa matanda ake paUNASUR neCELAC "sezvirongwa zviviri zvinoshuvira uye zvakakosha mudunhu", izvo nekusasanganisa United States neCanada zvinofumura fungidziro yavo yekufungidzira (1).
"Nyika yakakamurwa", anodaro aimbova purezidhendi weBrazil, Henrique Cardoso, achitaura nezvekuzvarwa kwePacific Alliance.Valor, November 30, 2012). "Nedzimwe nzira tiri kurasikirwa nekukosha kwedu mune zvematongerwo enyika muKondinendi, izvo zvanga zvisina mubvunzo," akawedzera. Cardoso anotenda kuti nzira yekubuda nayo kunyika yake "ikurukurirano yakadzama neUnited States," iyo isu "tagara tichitya."
Achitsveta pamusoro pemabhuroki maviri aya, Mutungamiri wePeru, Ollanta Humala akasangana naLuiz Inácio Lula da Silva, muhurongwa hweforum "Makore gumi emubatanidzwa pakati peBrazil nePeru, 2003-2013" uye akataura kuti mumakore gumi akaita kufambira mberi kukuru mukubatana kwePeruvia-Brazil uye pamusoro pezvose mukunzwisisa kuti iyi mubatanidzwa wechisikigo wekugadzira maviri emakungwa eAtlantic-Pacific bloc. " (Inzwi reRussia, Chikumi 6, 2013).
Muchiitiko chimwe chete, Lula akayeuka kuti makore gumi apfuura akashoropodzwa zvakanyanya munyika yake nekuda kwekusaina chibvumirano chekubatana nePeru, sezvo veBrazil vepamusoro vaifunga kuti budiriro inogona kusimudzirwa chete pahwaro hwehukama hwekutengeserana neUnited States uye. Europe: “South America yakanga isipo, kunyange Latin America; Africa nenyika dzeArab dzakanga dzisipo. Ndaifunga kuti taigona kuchinja mugariro wezvokutengeserana uye wezvamatongerwe enyika wenyika kana taizvitenda timene, asi yakanga isiri hurukuro iri nyore. ", akadaro ex-president.
Lula akatsigira hurukuro yake nedata risingarambiki: kutengeserana kwenyika mbiri kwakabva pamamiriyoni mazana matanhatu nemakumi mashanu emadhora muna 650 kuenda pamamiriyoni mazana matatu nemakumi manomwe muna 2003. Mari yakazvimirira yekuBrazil muPeru yakasvika mabhiriyoni matanhatu emadhora uye yakatanga dambudziko guru: rekutengesa kunze zvigadzirwa zvemaindasitiri zvine ruzivo rwepamusoro nehunyanzvi. chinangwa chekuti hupfumi huviri "hushande nenzira inowirirana". Nokudaro akaswedera pedyo nenzvimbo inokosha yegadziriro ipi neipi yakakomba yokubatanidzwa.
Zvibvumirano Zvekutengeserana Zvemahara zvakabatanidzwa pamwechete
Pacific Alliance yakazvarwa muna Kubvumbi 2011 ne "Lima Declaration", danho reMutungamiri panguva iyoyo Alan García, pakati penyika ina dzaive neFree Trade Agreements neUnited States: Mexico, Colombia, Peru neChile. PaJune 6 2012 "Chibvumirano cheChibvumirano cheAntofagasta" chakasainwa nevatungamiriri Sebastián Piñera, Juan Manuel Santos, Humala naFelipe Calderón. Panama neCosta Rica ndivo vaive nhengo dzekutanga dzakaona, dzaizobatanidzwa neSpain, Australia, Canada, New Zealand neUruguay, uye mumisangano yakazotevera yakawedzerwa Ecuador, El Salvador, France, Japan, Honduras, Paraguay, Portugal neDominican. Republic.
Vadziviriri veAlliance vanoti nyika ina dzakabatanidzwa dzinomiririra 200 miriyoni vagari, makumi mashanu neshanu muzana eLatin America kunze kwenyika uye makumi mana muzana eGDP mudunhu. Vaviri vakatanhamara vezvehupfumi mudunhu, Oscar Ugarteche uye weBrazil José Luis Fiori, vanoongorora maitiro edunhu sekunge ari mutambo wechess, umo kufamba kwechimwe chikamu nemumwe wevatambi kunofanirwa kuperekedzwa nemhinduro nemumwe. izvo zvakakwana kune denho inogamuchirwa. Apo "Constitutional coup" yakabvisa Fernando Lugo kubva kuhurumende, Paraguay yakaparadzaniswa neMercosur uye izvi zvakaita kuti kupinda kweVenezuela kuvepo. Nenzira imwecheteyo, munhu anofanira kududzira kusikwa kwePacific Alliance: semhinduro kune kusikwa kweUNASUR inotungamirirwa neBrazil.
Pakaumbwa Mubatanidzwa, Ugarteche akaramba achiti: "Hurumende nhatu dzeSouth America dzeboka (Chile, Colombia nePeru) dzinogovana zvakafanana kuti hadzina kusaina chibvumirano cheBanco del Sur (Bank of the South), dzinoita. Parizvino vasina zvibvumirano zvekutengeserana neMercosur, kwavari vacherechedzi, vane Zvibvumirano Zvekutengeserana zveMahara zvakasainwa neUnited States zvinosanganisira zero mutero, izvo zvinodzivirira chero chibvumirano neMercosur ine pasi pezvikamu zvishanu, uye ivo vasina indasitiri yakakura yenyika. chikamu" (alai, Kubvumbi 26, 2011). Mhedziso yake yaive yekuti Alliance "inopesana neBrazilian pesvedzero muSouth America", iyo "inoshanda kwete kukwikwidza asi kuvharira iyo pesvedzero."
Zvakangodaro, mune imwe nyaya ichangoburwa nyanzvi yezvehupfumi inosimbisa kuti mumakore achangopfuura "Pacific Alliance ndiyo yakaita danho guru", kwete zvakanyanya nekukodzera kwayo nekuda kwekumira kunoshamisa kweMercosur nekuda kwehukama hwakashata pakati peBuenos Aires. uye Brasilia (alai, Kubvumbi 24, 2013). Pakati pemafambiro aya ndiyo nzira yakaitwa neParaguay mune post-Lugo mamiriro. Kunyange zvakadaro, Mubatanidzwa unotarisana nezvinetso zvakawanda, pakati pazvo zvinomiririra kushorwa kwezvikamu zvebhizimisi reColombia kune chibvumirano chisingapi mikana mitsva asi "chinoshanda kune kukanganisa kwehutano hwekutengeserana uye nekugadzira mabasa."
Matambudziko nekubatanidza
Iyo data pane yakananga mari yekunze (DFI) inogona kutorwa se x-ray yedunhu. DFI yakawedzera zvakanyanya muSouth America, ichibva kune zvishoma kudarika 30 mabhiriyoni emadhora mumakore ekutanga emakore gumi e2000 kusvika ku143 bhiriyoni muna 2012. Izvi zvinoreva kuti yakawedzera quintupled, maererano nemushumo wekupedzisira we CEPAL (2).
Zvakakosha kuziva kuti nyika nhatu dzeAndean dzePacific Alliance dzakabva paDFI yemadhora mabhiriyoni gumi nerimwe pakutanga kwezana rino kusvika kune 11 bhiriyoni. Uku ndiko kukura kukuru munharaunda. Asi chinoburitsa chimiro chehupfumi hwenyika ibazi rakanangana nekudyara uku.
Chile ndiyo nyika yechipiri muhuwandu hweDFI, ine 30 mabhiriyoni emadhora muna 2012, asi hafu yeiyi iri mumigodhi (49 muzana) uye chikamu chimwe muzvishanu mubazi rezvemari. Colombia yakagamuchira DFI ye15.6 mabhiriyoni emadhora, asi inopfuura hafu inoenda kupetroleum nemigodhi. MuPeru, iyo yakagamuchira 12.2 bhiriyoni, migodhi chete inotora zvinopfuura hafu yekudyara (zvichida 70 muzana, kunyangwe pasina data).
MuBrazil hukama hwacho hwakasiyana chaizvo: kugadzira zvinhu kunotora chimwe chinhu chakaita se40 muzana yekudyara (kudonha kubva pa47 kusvika 38 muzana mumakore achangopfuura) nepo maindasitiri ezvekuwedzera anosvika 13 muzana. Izvi zvinoreva kuti chikamu chikuru chemari yekune dzimwe nyika inosvika mabhiriyoni makumi matanhatu nematanhatu emadhora (chinzvimbo chechina pasi rose mushure meUnited States, China neHong Kong) inonangidzirwa kumasekete anogadzira nzvimbo dzebasa dzakakwaniriswa uye kugadzirwa kwakawedzera kukosha.
Argentina inotora nzvimbo pakati peBrazil nenyika dzeAndean. Mushure memakore gumi ekudzoreredza kwakasimba, DFI kuenda kuArgentina yakakura nezvikamu makumi maviri nenomwe muzana muna 27 kusvika pamadhora 2012 bhiriyoni. Pakupera kwa12.5 kuumbwa nechikamu cheDFI muArgentina kwakaiswa mune imwe 2011 muzana muindasitiri uye 44 muzana mumasevhisi.
Dunhu rese rinotambura, ichokwadi, kubva mukuita kwe deindustrialization semhedzisiro yemakwikwi eChinese. Asi migumisiro yacho haina kuenzana. Mune zvimwe zviitiko kutsamira pane zviwanikwa kuri kuwanda, zvichiita kuti nyika idzi dzitsamire zvachose pamitengo yezvinhu pamusika wemasheya, uye kunyanya pakushanduka kwemusika weChina. Zvinogoneka kuti kukwidzwa kwakataurwa kwePacific Alliance kungave kushoma kudarika utsi hunogona kupera kana mitengo iyi yadonha.
Chile haikwanise kutora kuyerera kwakakura kweDFI nenzira ine pundutso, sezvo 26 muzana yeiyi inodzoreredzwa nekukasira kunze kwenyika neveChilean vanotsigira mabhizinesi ekunze. CEPAL inogumisa kuti nyika yeAndean, inofungidzirwa semuenzaniso unofanirwa kuteverwa nehuwandu hwehupfumi munharaunda, haisi yakawanda kupfuura "gedhi rekupinda kune mamwe misika yeLatin America."
Sekureva kwaFiori, nyika nhatu dzeSouth America dzePacific Alliance "idiki kana hukuru hwepakati hupfumi hwemahombekombe hwakapihwa kune kunze kwenyika, pasina hukama hwekutengeserana pakati pavo, kana neMexico." Iyo chete nyika ine mamiriro ekunze ane mwero uye nyika dzinobereka zvibereko, Chile, "zvinenge zvisingakoshi kuhupfumi hweSouth America, mukuwedzera kukuva imwe yenyika dzakaparadzana pasi rose", akadaro nyanzvi yezvehupfumi yeBrazil.
Anotenda kuti Pacific Alliance haina ramangwana rinovimbisa. Zvavanotumira kunze kwenyika zvakakura kupfuura izvo zveMercosur, asi kutengeserana kwavo kwemukati menzvimbo kunenge kushoma (2 muzana yezvese zvinotengeswa kunze kwenyika zvichienzaniswa negumi nematatu muzana muMercosur). Kunyatsotaura, ishamwari yekutengeserana isingafariri kubatanidzwa.
Dambudziko harisi rakawanda iro rekunaka kweAlliance sematambudziko akatarisana naMercosur. Kune rimwe divi, nyika ina dzakaisimbisa (Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay neUruguay) dzinoendesa kunze zvigadzirwa zvakafanana (chaizvoizvo soya nenyama yemombe) kumisika imwe chete. Nechimiro ichi chekutengesa kunze kwenyika hapana chinogoneka kubatanidzwa, chinoda hwaro hwekuzadzisa zvibereko. Sezvakataurwa naFieri, kubva padambudziko ra2008 uye nekuwedzera kweChinese, hunhu hwehupfumi hweSouth America hunoisa chipingamupinyi kune chero chirongwa chekubatanidza chakangodzika: ndiko kuti, "ihwo mubatanidzwa wehupfumi hwekutengesa kunze kwenyika hunoenderana nemisika yekunze" (Mabhiriji, Kukadzi 2013).
Pamusoro pezvo, uye zvakasungirirwa zvakananga kune zviri pamusoro, gakava risingaperi pakati peBrazil neArgentina pamusoro pekutengesa kunze kwemaindasitiri (motokari nemidziyo yemagetsi yemumba) iri kukanganisa mubatanidzwa wedunhu. Chigadzirwa chega chega cheArgentina chinouya muBrazil chinorasikirwa nemabasa kuBrazil, uye zvinopesana. Zvibvumirano zvekutengeserana zviripo uye sarudzo dzekubatanidza hazvisati zvagadzira maindasitiri anokwanisa kutsigirana.
Mukudzokorora kwavo kwekudyara kwekunze mu2012, CEPAL inosiya pasina nzvimbo yekusahadzika: "MuSouth America (kunze kweBrazil) maitiro ekugoverwa kweDFI umo iwo masekete akavakirwa pazviwanikwa zviri pachena pakutanga, akadzika". Migodhi inotora 51 muzana yekudyara mudunhu, masevhisi 37 muzana uye indasitiri 12 chete muzana.
Nguva yekusarudza
"Mumwe angataura pasina mubvunzo kuti 'Pacific rift' ine pfungwa dzakawanda kupfuura kukosha kwehupfumi muLatin America uye inenge isingakoshi mune zvematongerwo enyika dai yakanga isiri chikamu chiduku cheprojekti yaObama yekugadzira Transpacific Association (TPP nokuda kwechirungu cheChirungu), chikamu chepakati mumutemo wake wekusimbisa simba rehupfumi nemauto mudunhu rePacific", sezvakataurwa naFiori (Mabhiriji, Kukadzi 2013).
Izvi zvinogona kunge zviri musoro wemubvunzo. Mexico yatove chidimbu chisinga patsanurwe muhupfumi hweUS. Mushure medambudziko ra2008, iro rakaisa zvirambidzo zvakakomba zvebhajeti, zano reUnited States rinosanganisira "kuburitsa" kutonga kwesimba ravo repasi rose, asi kungwarira kudzivirira kuvakwa kwemasimba edunhu anogona kutyisidzira chinzvimbo chavo uye kunyanya kwavo. mhepo uye simba remugungwa. Kuburikidza nehurongwa hwemari, Fiori anopokana, simba guru rinoramba richiendesa mitengo yaro nedambudziko raro kunyika dzechitatu, sezvakaitika nemubatsiri wavo mukuru, European Union, vachichengetedza nguva yese iyi "monopolistic control yehunyanzvi hwekuvandudza tekinoroji."
Takatarisana neiyi panorama, sarudzo dzedzimwe nyika dzinogona kuita sarudzo, uye pamusoro penzira dzese dzinofanirwa kutorwa neBrazil. Purofesa Ricardo Sennes, muongorori wepasi rose weYunivhesiti yeSão Paulo, anotenda kuti kukura kwehupfumi mushure me2002 "kwakadzamisa kusiyana kwemaitiro ehupfumi hwenyika dzakasiyana-siyana, uye kuwedzera asymmetry pakati peBrazil nedzimwe nyika dzenharaunda." (3)
Kune uku kuomerwa kwemaitiro munhu anofanira kuwedzera kuti muBrazil "kuda kwemuenzaniso wehukama hwedunhu hunoenderana nekufungidzira kweBrazilian kugona kwezvematongerwo enyika uye kwete pamuenzaniso wekubatanidzwa kwedunhu" inotonga. Iyo densification yebasa rebhizinesi haina kufanana nehurongwa hwekubatanidza. Sekuona kwake izvi zvinokonzerwa nekuti kune "mubatanidzwa wemukati" usina kusimba mukuda kubatanidzwa uye izvi zvinopa chikonzero chechisimba chezvematongerwo enyika chinosiyana nekudzikira kwemasangano ekubatanidzwa. Mukupedzisa, "regionalization, kuwedzera kwehukama hwematunhu husingabvi kubva kumitemo uye zvibvumirano pakati penyika, zvakafambira mberi nekukurumidza uye zvakanyanya kudarika kubatanidzwa kwenharaunda."
Izvi zvinoonekwa kana munhu achiona kuti nhengo dzeMercosur dzakagadzira zvibvumirano zvakadzama nenyika dziri kunze kwemubatanidzwa uyu kupfuura zvadzakaita pakati pavo. Sennes anopedzisa kuti kunze kwezviziviso, "purojekiti yenharaunda yeBrazil haisi chikamu chepakati chepakati pehurongwa hwavo hwepasi rose." Uku kutaura kwakasimba, asi kunenge kusiri kwechokwadi. Anoipfupikisa saizvozvo: kuda kumisangano yepamusoro-soro pane zvibvumirano zvemasangano; "Superficial Economic integration", iyo yakanangana nemibvunzo yezvekutengeserana yenyika mbiri kune kukanganisa kubereka, kwemari uye kubatanidzwa kwezvinhu; kukoshesa masangano epamba echikwereti akadai seBNDES panzvimbo yemasangano ematunhu; uye kutsigira zvirongwa zvekudyara zvakazvimiririra pane zvibvumirano zvedunhu zvekusimudzira mari.
Kutanga kubva murwi uyu wematambudziko, Fiori anopa sarudzo yakaoma. Kuti Brazil uye dunhu rive "nzvimbo yakasarudzika" yemasimba makuru, sezvakaita Australia neCanada, nezvibvumirano zve "vanofarira vanobatana", pamwe nemitsara yechikumbiro chaCardoso, uye avo vevakuru munyika dzese, dzakadzika midzi mu basa revatengesi vezvinhu kunze kwenyika. Kana kuti ivo vatore imwe nzira, yakanangana nekuzvigutsa musimba uye mune yakasarudzika zviwanikwa, kubatanidza "indasitiri ine yakawedzera kukosha, sechikamu chepamusoro chekugadzira chinogadzira chikafu uye zvigadzirwa" izvo, pasina kuramba chinzvimbo chinopindirana uye chemakwikwi kuona- à-vis the United States, "inotamburira kuwedzera kugona kwavo kuzvitonga sarudzo" ("Brasil e América do Sul: o desafío da inserção internacional soberana", Brasilia, CEPAL/IPEA, 2011).
Vakuru vakasarudza sarudzo yavo uye vanoirwira. The National Federation of Industry (CNI for its acronym Portuguese) uye Federation of Industries of the State of Sao Paulo vakaramba vachiramba Mercosur uye havatombofungi nezve Unasur. Aecio Neves, mumiriri weSocial Democratic Party iyo inomiririra zvikamu izvi, inotaura zvakajeka: "Tinofanira kuva neushingi hwekufunga zvakare nekugadzirisa Mercosur. Mupfungwa iyi, Pacific Alliance muenzaniso wekufamba uye simba." (La Nación, Chikumi 9, 2013).
Kujeka uku kunosiyana nezvinzvimbo zvisina kujeka uye zvinopokana zvezvikamu zvinofambira mberi. Munyika ino yepasi rose panorama, hapana nzvimbo yekusarerekera. "Idzo nyika dzinozviona sedzakarerekera hadzina basa, kana idzo nyika dzinopedzisira dzatumira," Fiori anopedzisa. Nekuda kweizvi anoramba achiti dunhu rino rinofanira kuzvimisa se "boka renyika dzakabatana rinokwanisa kuramba, kana zvichidikanwa, uye rinokwanisa kuzvidzivirira pazvinenge zvisingadzivisiki."
(Yakaturikirwa naJordan Bishop).
- Raúl Zibechi, mutori wenhau weUrugyayan, anonyora muBrecha neLa Jornada uye anoshanda pamwe neALAI.
Notes
1) ALADI: Latin American Association for Integration. UNASUR: Union yeSouth Amnerican Nations. CELAC: Nharaunda yeLatin America neCaribbean States.
2) "La Inversión Extranjera Directa en América Latina uye el Caribe 2012", Santiago, 2013.
3) Revista "Tempo do Mundo", Vol. 3, Nhamba 2, Brasilia, Zvita 2012.
ZNetwork inopihwa mari chete kuburikidza nerupo rwevaverengi vayo.
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