[ona pano kune yakazara yakaturikirwa chinyorwa chemusangano weBush-Aznar wakakurukurwa pazasi.]
Chinhu chimwe chete chinondinetsa pamusoro pako itarisiro yako.
- Mutungamiriri weSpain José María Aznar kuMutungamiri Bush, kubva kuCrawford Transcript yaFebruary 22, 2003.
Chokwadi chimwe chehunhu hunoshungurudza hwepashure-Gunyana 11 zera ndiko kudiwa kusingagumi kwekusimbisa chokwadi chakaratidzwa, uye chakaratidza zvakare, asi sezvakangorambwa zvine hungwaru nevane masimba, vachitimanikidza kurarama takavharirwa pakati pezvinyorwa zviviri zvenhoroondo yazvino. , uyo ari kuwana upenyu noruvara nesimba sezvo mamwe maidi anozozivikanwa, mumwe wacho anoramba achikura zvishoma nezvishoma, akapengereka, akaora mwoyo zvikuru, asinganyanyi kutsigirwa netsigiro youpenyu yesimba rehurumende.
Pakati pehupenyu hwedu hwenyika pakamira rondedzero huru yezvematongerwo enyika akabatikana: hondo yeIraq, yakarwa kuti ibvise kutyisidzira kwezvombo zvekuparadza kukuru izvo zvakazove zvisipo, zvakaunzwa nekukurumidza uye zvine mbiri mhedziso pane yakavhenekerwa zuva inotakura ndege. ane kupembera kukunda kwakadokusvika pakarepo kwakava kunyadzisa kworudzi. Iwayo akanga ari makore mana nehafu apfuura; kuguma kwehondo uye kutanga kwayo, kwakanyatsotsanangurwa kwechinguva chimwechete ichi kudedera, zvakabva zvanyangarika munhoroondo inopokana.
Iyo ichangoburwa yekupinda munhoroondo iyoyo yakaonekwa munaGunyana 26, apo Spanish zuva nezuva Nyika yakaburitsa chinyorwa chenhaurirano yakaitwa muna Kukadzi 22, 2003 - ingangoita mwedzi hondo isati yatanga - pakati peMutungamiri Bush naJosé María Aznar, panguva iyoyo mutungamiriri weSpain. Kunyange hazvo vatungamiri vakasangana papurazi raVaBush kuCrawford, Texas, vamwe vakakurumidza kupa zita rekuti Downing Street Memo II, uye chokwadi gwaro iri rinogovana mamwe madingindira nememorandamu yeBritish, kunyanya mukuratidza kwayo kwakajeka kwegakava riripo pakati pezvakataurwa neMutungamiri Bush. uye nhengo dzehutongi hwake dzaitaura pachena panguva yekuenda kuhondo uye zvavaitaura, nekuita, munzvimbo dzakavandika. Kunyangwe hazvo Hans Blix, mukuru weUN inspector ane zvikwata zvaitsvanzvadzira Iraq nezvezvombo zvisipo, akange asati aburitsa chirevo chake - mushure memavhiki maviri aizoudza Security Council kuti hazvitore "makore, kana mavhiki, asi mwedzi" pedzisa "makiyi asara emabasa ekubvisa zvombo" - Mutungamiriri haana moyo murefu, kunyange kunetseka, nezvehondo. "Izvi zvakafanana nekushungurudzwa kwemvura kweChinese," anodaro nezvekuongorora. "Tinofanira kuzvipedza."
Kunyangwe mukukurukura zvinonyanya kunetsa Aznar, kukosha kwakakosha kupa hondo yepasi rose pamutemo nekuwana yechipiri chisungo cheUN chinopembedza kushandiswa kwechisimba - gadziriso iyo, zvine njodzi, haina kumbobvira yaitika - kunyepedzera kudiki kunoitwa kuti kupinda muIraq hakusati kwatove. chokwadi. "Kana paine munhu akavhota," Mutungamiri anoudza Aznar,
“tichaenda. Saddam Hussein haasi kubvisa zvombo. Tinofanira kumubata izvozvi. Kusvika parizvino takaratidza moyo murefu unoshamisa. Kwasara mavhiki maviri. Mumavhiki maviri tinenge tagadzirira zvechiuto…. Tichange tiri muBaghdad mukupera kwaKurume."
Karenda yakatotemerwa - kwete nevaongorori uye zvavangangowana kana kusawana, kana nevamiriri uye zvavanogona kana kusataurirana, asi nekuiswa uye kugadzirira kwendege dzehondo nemasoja nematangi.
Hondo yakava yechokwadi rini? Mamiriro ePresident haagone kurongeka, kunyangwe kumashure kwaChikunguru apfuura, mukuru wehungwaru hweBritish, Sir Richard Dearlove, pakubvunzana kwake nemukurumbira muWashington, akaona "kuchinja kunonzwisisika." Sezvo Dearlove akataurwa achitaurira kuBritish cabinet mundima inonyanya kuzivikanwa muDowning Street Memo:
“Chiito chemauto zvino chakaonekwa sechisingadzivisiki. Bush aida kubvisa Saddam, kuburikidza nehondo, yakaruramiswa nekubatana kwehugandanga neWMD. Asi hungwaru uye chokwadi zvaive zvichigadziriswa maererano nepolicy. NSC yakanga isina moyo murefu nenzira yeUN….”1
Pari padanho rino - kudiwa kweveEuropean kuve neUN sarudzo yekururamisa simba, uye nekudaro hondo yepamutemo, kana ingangoita yepasi rose, uye kusawirirana kwakadzama pakati pevakuru veBush manejimendi nezve kutora "nzira yeUN" - zvakanyanya. yemutambo weCrawford transcript inoshanduka, ichiita kuti ive yemhando yekutamba inoisa iyo yakashata, yakavanzika, uye yakaomesesa yeEurope, ichinetsekana nekupikiswa kukuru muEurope, uye muSpain kunyanya, kuhondo inotungamirwa neAmerica yesarudzo neIraq. ("Tinoda rubatsiro rwako nemaonero edu eruzhinji," Aznar anoudza Bush), achipokana neasina kugadzikana, asingashiviriri, achipfura-kubva-kubva-muhudyu wekuAmerican cowboy. Bush anoda kuisa chisungo chechipiri neMuvhuro. Aznar anoti, “Tinoda kumbomira kusvika Chipiri.” Bush anoverengera, "Muvhuro masikati, tichitora misiyano yenguva." Kunyunyuta kwaBush kuti hurongwa hweUN hwakanga hwakafanana ne "kutambudzwa kwemvura yeChinese," Aznar inopa kunzwisisa kunonyevenutsa uye chikumbiro chekufema:
"Aznar: Ndinobvuma, asi zvingava zvakanaka kukwanisa kuvimba nevanhu vakawanda sezvinobvira. Iva nemoyo murefu.
"Bush: Patience yangu yapera. Ini handisi kuzopfuura pakati paKurume.
"Aznar: Handisi kukukumbirai kuti muve nemoyo murefu usingagumi. Kungoti unoita zvese zvinogoneka kuti zvese zvibatane."
Aznar, mutsigiri weCatholic anotenda munhaurirano dzekodzero dzevanhu dzekubvisa Saddam Hussein, anozviwana ave padanho rezvematongerwo enyika: vanopfuura vapfumbamwe veSpain mugumi vanopokana kuenda kuhondo uye mamirioni achangobva kufora mumigwagwa yeMadrid akatsamwa. kushorwa; ane hanya zvikuru kuwana sarudzo yeUN ichiita kuti hondo ive nesimba rakatemerwa pasi rose uye kwete "kurwiswa" kunotungamirwa neAmerica. Bush anopindura kuchikumbiro chake chediplomacy aine litany inoshamisa yekutyisidzira kwakanangidzirwa kunhengo dzenguva pfupi dzeSecurity Council. “Nyika dzakadai seMexico, Chile, Angola, uye Cameroon dzinofanira kuziva,” anozivisa kudaro, “kuti chiri mungozi ichengeteko yeUnited States uye kuita noushamwari kwatiri.” Kana Aznar akasawana poindi, anotsanangurira muSpain izvo nyika imwe neimwe ichatambura kana ikasaziva "zviri mungozi":
"[Mutungamiriri weChile Ricardo] Lagos anofanira kuziva kuti Chibvumirano cheFree Trade Agreement neChile chakamirira kusimbiswa neSeneti, uye kuti maonero asina kunaka panyaya iyi anogona kukanganisa kubvumidzwa ikoko. Angola iri kuwana mari kubva kuMillennium Account iyo inogonawo kukanganisika kana vakasaratidza mafungiro akanaka. Uye Putin anofanira kuziva kuti maitiro ake ari kukanganisa hukama hweRussia neUnited States. "
Chiri kushamisa pandima iyi hakusi kupusa uye kupenga chete, Mutungamiriri weUnited States achipopotera kutyisidzira senge bhaisikopo remabhaisikopo - angangodaro anoda kuti Spaniard azvitaurire kuvatungamiriri vakasiyana-siyana - asi kuti bluster yakashanduka sei. kunze kuva. Hapana kana imwe yenyika idzi yakachinja chimiro chayo pachisarudzo chechipiri, icho, muchiitiko chacho, chisina kuzombounzwa pamberi peSecurity Council kune chingave chakundwa. Bush, mukuita kutyisidzira, akaita chinhu chimwe chete icho mutungamiri anobudirira anofanira kugara achidzivirira: akapa murairo usina kutevedzwa, nokudaro achiratidza miganhu yesimba rake. (Hondo yeIraq pachayo, yaireva sekunge "kuvhundutsa uye kushamisa" nyika uye kunyanya vavengi veUS, vakaita zvakafanana.)
Pamwe chete nebluster kunouya kwakasimba kuzviruramisa. Aznar anobvunza kana "kune mukana wekuti Saddam Hussein aende muhutapwa" - "kubudirira kukuru," anoudza Mutungamiriri, "kungave kuhwina mutambo pasina kupfura kamwe chete" - uye Bush anopindura kuti pane: maEjipita.
"Iti aratidza kuti ari kuda kuenda kuutapwa kana vakamurega achitora bhiriyoni imwe yemadhora uye ruzivo rwese rwaanoda nezvezvombo zvinoparadza."
Uye kutapwa kwakadaro, anobvunza Aznar, kuti aizouya ne "vimbiso" (zvichida kupomedzerwa kana kudzoserwa kunze)? "Hapana vimbiso," anodaro Bush. “Imbavha, gandanga, tsotsi rehondo. Kuenzaniswa naSaddam, Milosevic angave Amai Teresa. " Kunyangwe zvakaoma kuongorora kana Saddam ainyatsoda kubva muIraq - maEgypt, maSaudis, nevamwe vaive panguva iyoyo vachiratidza kuti vangangove vese vaive nechido chekuona Saddam achienda uye chimiro chesimba reSunni chichiramba chiripo - hazvigoneke kuti angadaro. ita kudaro pasina imwe rudzi rwevimbiso, mukana weBush unofanofanotaura.
Chinonyanya kufadza mundima iyi, uye muzvinyorwa zvese, ndizvo zvazvinoburitsa nezvemaitiro nehunhu hwaBush. Imwe nguva anobvotomoka nekutyisidzira, anotevera anotaura neruremekedzo uye nekuzviruramisa pamusoro pekuti anotungamirirwa sei ne "pfungwa yenhoroondo yemutoro":
“Kana mamwe makore kubva ikozvino History ichititonga, handidi kuti vanhu vazvibvunze kuti sei Bush, kana Aznar, kana Blair vasina kutarisana nebasa ravo. Pakupedzisira, icho vanhu vanoda kufarikanya rusununguko. Nguva pfupi yapfuura, muRomania, ndakayeuchidzwa nezvemuenzaniso waCeausescu: zvakatora mukadzi mumwe chete kumuti murevi wenhema kuti hurongwa hwose hwekudzvinyirira huburuke. Ndiro simba risingamisiki rerusununguko. Ndine chokwadi chokuti ndichawana chisarudzo ichocho.”
Haana kuiwana, hongu. Zvisinei nekutenda kwake kwakasimba, hapana Chile kana Angola kana Russia yakagadzirira kuchinja mavhoti avo, kutyisidzira kana kusatyisidzira. Pane musiyano pakati pekuva nechokwadi nekuva chokwadi. Kutenda kwaBush, pano sedzimwe nzvimbo, hakuna kubva mukuongororwa kwakazvimirira kwechokwadi - zvezvido uye zvinangwa zvemarudzi akabatanidzwa - asi kubva kutsime rekutenda. Akavhiringa rhetoric, zvisinei inosimudzira, uye chokwadi. Aznar, muEurope ane hunyanzvi, anotsinhira zvine mutsindo pane izvi. Ndiyo nguva yakanyanya Jamesian mumutambo weCrawford; munhu anogona kunge aona tsiye yakavharika zvinyoro-nyoro:
"Aznar: Chinhu chimwe chete chinondinetsa pamusoro pako itarisiro yako.
Bush: Ndine tariro, nekuti ndinotenda kuti ndiri kutaura chokwadi. Ndine rugare neni. Zviri kwatiri kutarisana netyisidziro huru yorugare.”
Zvinonetsa, sekutaura kunoita Aznar, kuvimba netarisiro yakavakirwa pakutenda chete. MuSpaniard anoziva kuti kuwana mhinduro yechipiri yeSecurity Council, uye nekudaro kukosha kwakakosha kwenyika dzese kuhondo, kuchave kwakaoma kwazvo; munyika zhinji, kutanga hondo neIraq, kunyanya vaongorori veUN vasati vapedza basa ravo, hazvifarirwe zvikuru. Kutenda hakugoni kutsiva chokwadi, kana pfungwa yenhoroondo yekutumwa. Vese vari vaviri vanogona kunge vachinyaradza ivo pachavo - zviri pachena vari kuna George W. Bush - asi havanzvere kudiwa kwe ziva zvinhu.
Bush akauya pachigaro murume aiziva zvishoma zvepasirese, akange asati ambofamba kunze kwenyika, asina chaaiziva nezvemaitiro ezvematongerwo enyika nekudyidzana nedzimwe nyika. Makore maviri gare gare, mushure mekurwiswa kwaGunyana 11 uye kubuda kwake seanozviti "mutungamiri wehondo," akasvika pakuziva chete kuti kushaikwa kweruzivo uku hakusi kuremara asi pamwe isimba: raasingadi. kuziva zvinhu kuti atende kuti akarurama uye kuti ave norugare naye pachake. Akatsanangura kushaya simba kwake - kushaya ruzivo uye ruzivo - sesimba rake rimwechete. Anotenda kuti akarurama. Inhau yezvizvarwa uye mugumo uye rusununguko: zviri “kwatiri kutarisana netyisidziro huru yorugare.” Kuna Bush, kutenda, kugutsikana, uye pfungwa inonzwa yezvichaitika - kwete chokwadi kana ruzivo - ndizvo zvinodikanwa chaizvo zveutungamiri.2
Saka Bush ane chivimbo - ane chivimbo chekukunda sarudzo yechipiri uye nekudaro kuve pamutemo kwenyika; Ndinovimba, nekuti "tiri kugadzira chirongwa chakasimba chekubatsira vanhu," kuti "pane hwaro hwakanaka hweramangwana riri nani" mu "post-Saddam Iraq." Muchokwadi, hongu, panguva chaiyo yaari kuudza zvinhu izvi kumutungamiri weSpain muCrawford, Texas, hurongwa hwepashure pehondo muWashington hwakashata, hunosanganisira nyonganiso uye hutsinye hwehondo pakati peDziviriro neDhipatimendi reHurumende. .
Chirongwa chekutonga mu "post-Saddam Iraq" hachipo, kukurukurwa kwese kwacho kwakaomeswa negakava rinopisa pakati pevakuru muPentagon, Dhipatimendi reHurumende, neCIA izvo Mutungamiriri asingazombogadzirise. Iro "vagari vemo" vekuIraq vaanoudza Aznar kuti "vane simba" vachakurumidza kuparadzwa nekupambwa kwenguva refu uye mhirizhonga inotevera kupinda kwemauto eAmerica muBaghdad. Iyo "yakanaka bureaucracy" yaanozvirumbidza nayo muIraq ichakurumidza kuparadzwa neyakaomarara de-Baathification yakarairwa nemutongi weAmerica iyo yaasina kumbobvumira. Hondo yeIraqi yaanosarudza mukutanga kwaKurume ichachengetwa uye inoshandiswa kuvaka patsva inozonyungudika zvisingaite, kuita njodzi.
Kana kusimuka uku kwakadzama kubva muchirongwa chakasarudzwa neMutungamiriri kwadzikamisa tariro nekutenda kwake - kana kuti zvakatomutungamira kuti aedze kutsvaga zvakaitika - hapana humbowo nazvo. Bush wekupedzisira munyori wenhoroondo, Robert Draper, akamubvunza kuti sei mauto eIraq anga asina kuchengetedzwa, sekufunga kwainge kwaita Mutungamiriri wenyika, Bush akapindura, "Ehe, handisi kurangarira. Ndine chokwadi chekuti ndakati, 'Ndiwo mutemo, chii chaitika?'”3
"Iyi ndiyo policy, chii chaitika?" Sechinyorwa chenhoroondo yehondo yeIraq, munhu anogona kuita zvakanyanya. Prime Minister Aznar aenda zvino, aneteswa zvinouraya nokutsigira kwake hondo yeIraq uye kukundikana kuwana tsigiro yeUnited Nations nokuda kwayo; rinenge gore chairo hondo yatanga, jihadists yakananga chiteshi chechitima cheMadrid, ichiuraya vanhu vangangosvika mazana maviri vekuSpain uye kutumira mutungamiriri wehurumende kuti akundwe musarudzo. Tony Blair, nyeredzi yeDowning Street Memo, aenda zvakare, mukurumbira wake usati wambopora kubva pakutsigira kwake kwakasimba kwehondo. George W. Bush, kune rumwe rutivi, anenge makore mashanu pashure pokunge atanga hondo, anoramba aine chivimbo chokukunda, sokuvimba kwaaiita kuti aizokunda chisarudzo ichocho chechipiri cheUN. Hapana chinoratidza kuti chivimbo chake chakanyatsodzika midzi muuchokwadi iye zvino kupfuura zvazvaiva panguva iyoyo. Panzvimbo pechokwadi isu tine kutenda - maari, muhumwari, mu "simba risingadzivisiki rerusununguko rwemunhu." Anomira semutambi anotungamira murondedzero yake yenhoroondo, nyaya inokura zvishoma nezvishoma uye ichikwikwidzwa, inorarama nechiremera chesimba repamutemo. George W. Bush anoramba, tinoudzwa, “ane rugare naye amene.”
Mapeji:
1. Kukurukurirana kwaDearlove kwakaitika musi waChikunguru 20, 2002, kuWashington uye kumuzinda weCIA muLangley, Virginia, uye akashuma kumusangano weBritish “war cabinet” paTen Downing Street mazuva matatu gare gare. Ona Mark Danner, Iyo Yakavanzika Nzira Yehondo: Iyo Downing Street Memo uye Hondo yeIraq Yakavigwa Nhoroondo (New York Review Books, 2006), pp. 6–7 uye pp. 88–89.
2. Uye kwete chete kuna George Bush. Iyo mystique yehutungamiriri - yekutenda pamusoro pechokwadi - yakakwevera vamwe mukumuka kwayo. Semuenzaniso, Condoleezza Rice, anoita chitarisiko chekuda kuziva munhaurirano, achivimbisa Mutungamiriri uye mutungamiriri weSpain kuti ane "pfungwa" yekuti Hans Blix, ane mushumo unouya svondo rinotevera, "iye zvino achave asina kunaka kupfuura kare. vavariro dzevaIraqi.” Muchokwadi, zvakapesana: Blix achaudza Security Council kuti "akakosha asara mabasa ekubvisa zvombo" anogona kuwanikwa kwete mu "makore, kana mavhiki, asi mwedzi." Hezvino izvo Blix akaudza Security Council musi waKurume 7, 2003:
“Zvinotora nguva yakareba sei kugadzirisa mabasa asara ekubvisa zvombo? Nepo kushandira pamwe kuchigona uye kuchizokurumidza kuitika, kubvisa zvombo uye chero ipi zvayo kusimbiswa kwazvo hakugoni kuitika pakarepo. Kunyangwe nemafungiro eIraqi anoshingaira, achikonzerwa nekuenderera mberi nekumanikidzwa kwekunze, zvingangotora nguva kuongorora nzvimbo nezvinhu, kuongorora zvinyorwa, kubvunzurudza vanhu vakakodzera, uye kutora mhedziso. Zvaisazotora makore, kana mavhiki, asi mwedzi. Kunyange hurumende kana vaongorori vangada kuti kuongororwa kwezvombo kuenderere mberi nekusingaperi. Zvakadaro, zvinofanirwa kuyeukwa kuti maererano nezvisungo zvekutonga, hurongwa hwekuongorora nekutarisa kwakasimba hunofanira kuramba huripo mushure mekubviswa kwezvombo zvakasimbiswa kupa chivimbo uye kuridza mhere, kana zviratidzo zvakaonekwa zvekumutsiridza chero zvirongwa zvezvombo zvakarambidzwa. ”
Mhedziso dzaBlix dzakanga dzisiri chete "dzisina kunaka kupfuura kare nezvezvinangwa zveIraqis"; anoti ongororo yenzvimbo dzese dzinenge dzichifungidzirwa dzinogona kupera mukati memwedzi yakati wandei. Mutungamiri Bush, zvisina basa kutaura, havadi kumirira kwemwedzi, kana kwemavhiki, kuti kumwe kuongorora kupedzwe. Chii chaizoitika dai akanga ari iye? Kune rimwe divi, manejimendi kuda kunonoka kungadai kwakawana chibvumirano chekuti dzimwe nyika dzingadai dzakatsigira "nzira dzese dzinodiwa" kubata neSaddam. Kune rimwe divi, vaongorori, vakapihwa nguva yakawanda, vangadai vasina kuwana zvombo, zvingangoita kuti manejimendi ataure kuti kuongorora kwacho kwaisabatsira - kwete kuti zvombo zvisipo. Asi simba rehondo ringadai rakabvongodzwa.
3. Zvinoenderana ne New York Times nhoroondo yekuchinjana uku:
“Mr. VaBush vakabvuma kukundikana kukuru kwekutanga kutonga kweIraq paakataura nezvekuparadza Saddam Hussein - mauto enguva, 'Mutemo waive wekuchengetedza mauto; hazvina kuitika.'
“Asi VaDraper pavakataura kuti aimbove mutungamiriri weIraq, L. Paul Bremer III, akanga aenda mberi akamanikidza kuparara kwemauto ndokuzobvunza VaBush kuti vakaita sei nazvo, VaBush vakati, ‘Ehe, Handichayeuki, ndine chokwadi chekuti ndakati, “Iyi ndiyo mitemo, chii chaitika?”' Asi, akawedzera, 'Zvakare, Hadley ane zvinyorwa zvezvinhu izvi zvose,' achireva Stephen J. Hadley, wake. chipangamazano munyaya dzezvekuchengetedzwa kwenyika.”
Ona Jim Rutenberg, "MuBhuku, Bush Anotarisa Mberi kune Nhaka Yake," The New York Times, September 2, 2007, uye Robert Draper, Vakafa Vamwe: Hutungamiri hwaGeorge W. Bush (Free Press, 2007), p. 211.
Mark Danner, uyo akanyora nezvekunze kwenyika uye zvematongerwo enyika kwemakumi maviri emakore, ndiye munyori we Nzira Yakavanzika Yehondo, Kushungurudzwa uye Chokwadi, uye Kuuraya kuEl Mozote, pakati pemamwe mabhuku. Ndiye Purofesa weUtori venhau paYunivhesiti yeCalifornia kuBerkeley uye James Clarke Chace Purofesa wezvekunze, Zvematongerwo enyika, uye Hunhu kuBard College. Kunyora kwake paIraq nezvimwe zvidzidzo zvinogara zvichionekwa mu New York Review of Books. Basa rake rinochengetwa pa MarkDanner.com.
[Chinyorwa ichi chiri mumagazini yaNovember 8, 2007 Ongororo yeNew York yeMabhuku. Yakatumirwa online pa Tomdispatch.com, weblog yeNational Institute, iyo inopa kuyerera kwakadzikama kwemamwe masosi, nhau, uye maonero kubva kuna Tom Engelhardt, mupepeti wenguva refu mukutsikisa, muvambi we iyo American Empire Project uye munyori we Mugumo Wekukunda Muitiro (University of Massachusetts Press), iyo ichangobva kunyatsogadziridzwa mune ichangoburwa edition inobata nekukunda kwetsika yekuparara-uye-kupisa sequel muIraq.]
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