"Yakanga iri nguva dzakanakisa, dzaive dzakanyanya nguva ..."
Charles Dickens
Shanduko yeNeoliberal, iyo yakatanga muma1970s, yakaburitsa kusaenzana kusingaonekwe kubva zera rakashongedzwa.1 Kubva munenge muna 1942 kusvika muna 1978, dzimba dzepamusoro gumi kubva muzana dzakabata chikamu che10% chehupfumi hwenyika. Zvinotonyanya kushamisa, vepamusoro 33% (10 mu47) vemhuri vakawedzera mugove wavo wemari kubva pasi pe0.1% muna 1 kusvika pa1,000% muna 1.2 Mitemo yakaburitsa kusaenzana kweupfumi uhwu, kusanganisira kushambadza, kudzoreredzwa, uye kusimudzirwa kwekugadzikana kwehupfumi hwenyika, zvakwezva kusawirirana kwevatsoropodzi uye kurumbidza kwevanokumbira ruregerero. Muhurukuro huru, musika wemahara encomia uye anti-hurumende pabulum ndizvo zvinodikanwa.3 Zvinoonekwa sebheji rekunaka kuchengetedza zvitendero zvisinganzwisisike nezve thaumaturgical zvimiro zvemusika wemahara. Ehe, kusiya iyo platonic ether, vese vanofambira mberi uye vanochengetedza vanoshuva simba rekutonga midziyo uye inopindira nyika. Progressives inosarudza kuti zvishandiso izvi zvishandiswe kugadzira kuenzana kukuru; Conservatives izvo zvinobvumira mari kuyerera ichikwira.4
Vatsoropodzi veneoliberalism vakanyora mabasa asingaverengeki anotsanangura kuipa kwakashata kwehupfumi nemagariro ane chekuita neoliberal policy.5,6,7 Vazhinji vanofambira mberi vanoziva izvi zvinoshoropodza uye vanozvishandisa munhaurirano, mablogiki, zvinyorwa, uye mabhuku. Nehurombo, kuchine runyararo mukutsoropodza kunofambira mberi kunobvumira vatsigiri vechitendero kuti varambe vasina kusvibiswa vadziviriri vekutenda: mhedzisiro yepfungwa yeneoliberal policy haina kunyatsoongororwa-kunze kwemagazini enyanzvi.8 Mhedzisiro yacho yakatwasuka: munhu anofarira neoliberal anobvuma chokwadi chezvehupfumi asi anoti rusununguko rwakawedzerwa, kuzvisarudzira, uye budiriro inodarika mutengo. Chokwadi, vashandi vakaderera uye vasina hunyanzvi vakashata kupfuura zvavaive makore makumi matatu apfuura, asi ndiani ane hanya? Murevereri anobva awedzera simba pamusoro pezvinhu zvisingaenzaniswi zvevatengi zviripo kutengwa. Iye (kana kuti) anopedzisa neshinda pamusoro pemuvakidzani wake wekushanda ane nhare 30 uye flat screen TV. Zvakadini kana nharo yakadaro iine chokwadi? Kana data yakaunganidzwa mumakore makumi mana apfuura yakapa humbowo hwekuti vagari vemuUS vanofara uye vane hutano kupfuura nakare kose, zvingaite kuti kushoropodzwa kweneoliberalism kuome. Sezvineiwo, kana iyo data yakapa humbowo hwekuwedzera hurombo hwepfungwa uye hwemuviri, izvi zvaizoita kuti zviome kuburitsa salubriousness ye neoliberalism.
Iyo pathologies yeNeoliberalism
"Mufaro ndiwo zvinoreva uye chinangwa chehupenyu, chinangwa chose uye kupera kwekuvapo kwevanhu."
Aristotle
Neoliberalism uye Mufaro
Vatsigiri veNeoliberal vanowanzo nongedzera kubudiriro yakawedzera, rusununguko, uye sarudzo yevatengi kupembedza mhando yavo yemusika musimboti. Chiri munharo iyi fungidziro, yakasiiwa isingaoneki, kuti sarudzo yevatengi uye hupfumi, nechikonzero, nzira dzerufaro. Tichitendeukira kutsvagiridzo yehunyanzvi, ichokwadi kuti mazinga epamusoro emari anoyambuka-munyika anoenderana nekuwedzera mufaro. Semuyenzaniso, vatsvakurudzi vakawana hukama huri pakati nepakati kusvika kune hwakasimba (pakati pe.50 ne.70) pakati pemari yemunhu uye hutano hwakanaka munyika yose.9 Zvisinei, kana mari yangosvika pamwero wepakati (inenge U.S. $10,000 pamunhu), migumisiro yeimwe mari pamufarwa ishoma kana kuti haipo.10,11 MuUS, mufaro unoreva wakaramba wakadzikama kubva pakupera kweHondo Yenyika II, nepo chikamu chevanhu vekuAmerica vachiratidza kufara zvakanyanya muma1960s (ona mufananidzo uri pazasi).12,13,14
Myers, D.G., & Diener, E. (1995). Ndiani anofara? Psychological Sayenzi, 6, 10-19. pg 13. Yakadhindwazve nemvumo yeAPA.
Vatsigiri veNeoliberal vakarurama mukusimbisa kuti pfungwa yerusununguko inowedzera kuzviisa pasi pekugara zvakanaka; vakarasika pakufunga kuti mitemo yeusununguko inosimudzira rusununguko runoonekwa.15 Neoliberal mitemo inowedzera kusaenzana iyo inoderedza rusununguko rwunoonekwa uye inobatanidzwa nehuwandu hwemagariro evanhu (yakatsanangurwa pazasi). Kupfuurirazve, nyika dzinogutsa zvikurusa upenyu—Denmark, Netherlands, Norway, uye Switzerland—dzose dzakaenzanirana uye dzinobatanidzwa kupfuura United States.16 Izvi zvinopindirana netsvagiridzo inoratidza kuti mamwe marongero ehurumende yerupo ane hukama nehuwandu hwemufaro.17 Pane zvikonzero zvishoma zvekuti nyika dzemubatanidzwa dzine marongero erubatsiro rwerupo dzinowanzove dzichifara kupfuura iyo U.S. Chekutanga, mune hyper-individualistic, inokwikwidza magariro, mari inova salient social desideratum ichiita kuti vanhu vawedzere kukosha kwayo mukuunza hukama hwakanaka. uye kutadza kuona zvimwe zvinhu zvinokosha.18 Chechipiri, nepo vanhu vachiwanzofarira sarudzo, pane humbowo hwekuti sarudzo yakawandisa inokanganisa kugara zvakanaka. Ichi chiitiko chakapihwa felicitous label gangaidzo rekusarudza.19 Semuenzaniso we gangaidzo yesarudzo, funga nezverwendo rwako rwekupedzisira kuchitoro. Wakakurirwa nemishonga yemeno yakawanda here? Ndeupi musiyano uripo pakati pe advanced vivid fluoride uye iso-active fluoride? Unofanira kushandisa fluoride kana peroxide kana kubika soda kana zvose zvitatu? Kupesana kwesarudzo kunoitika nekuti tinoshuvira kuita sarudzo dzine musoro asi tiine nguva shoma nezviwanikwa. Kazhinji hazvibviri kuunganidza ruzivo rwakakwana kuitira sarudzo yakakwana. Saka, tinogutswa nezvinhu zvevatengi izvo zvinoita zvishoma kuwedzera mufaro uye zvakanyanya kuwedzera kufunganya. Kusvika pamwero wekuti neoliberalism inosimudzira kutenga, zvinokwanisika kudzikisira manzwiro ekugara zvakanaka.
"Kusaenzana pakati pevapfumi nevarombo ndicho chirwere chekare uye chinouraya kupfuura mamwe maRepublic ose." Plutarch
Kusaenzana uye Kushanda Kwepfungwa
Kusaenzana kwakawedzera zvakanyanya munguva yeneoliberal - kunyangwe murevereri asina hanya anobvuma izvi zvakanyanya. Pollyannaish pundits vanopokana kuti kusaenzana hakuna basa chero nzanga iri kuramba ichiwedzera kupfuma. Vanotiwo kusaenzana ndiwo muripo unobhadharwa kuti munhu asununguke kutsvaga matarenda. Tsvagiridzo yesainzi, zvisinei, inotaura ngano yakasiyana zvakanyanya. Mazana ezvidzidzo anoratidza kuti kusaenzana kunoparadza munzanga uye mupfungwa.20,21,22 Tafura iri pasi apa inopa mhedziso yemigumisiro yekusaenzana pane zvakasarudzwa zvemagariro evanhu uye zvepfungwa.
References 23-27. Cherechedza: up arrow = chiratidzo chinowedzera nekusaenzana kukuru. pasi museve = chiratidzo chinodzikira.
Kutarisa nekukurumidza patafura kunoratidza kuti kusaenzana kwakabatana nehutano hwehuwandu hwevanhu uye hutano hwepfungwa pamwe nekuwanda kwehutano hwevanhu. Kunyange kufamba kwevanhu, chikonzero célèbre che neoliberal aficionados, chinokanganisa zvakashata nekusaenzana (kureva, kuenzana kwevanhu, kunyanya kufamba kwevanhu). Idzi data rinowedzera kubatsira kunzwisisa kushaikwa kwehukama pakati pemari yemunhu uye mufaro: Haisi iyo mari inonyanya kukosha sekugoverwa kwayo.
“Tiri vana vepakati venhoroondo…. hapana chinangwa kana nzvimbo. Hatina Hondo Huru, hapana Kuderera Kukuru. Hondo yedu huru ihondo yemweya. Kushungurudzika kwedu kukuru hupenyu hwedu. "
Fight Club
Mhedzisiro yeKukura Neoliberal
Chizvarwa X uye zvizvarwa zviri kufamba, nenzira inotyisa, nguruve dzeneoliberal nhoroondo. Kana vatsigiri veneoliberalism vari chokwadi, zvizvarwa izvi zvinofanirwa kuropafadzwa nerufaro uye kusimba kwepfungwa kusingapiwe zvizvarwa zvakapfuura. Nekune rimwe divi, kana zvinonetsa zvevatsoropodzi zviri pedyo nechiratidzo, tinofanira kuona mafambiro eboka pane zvakawanda zvepfungwa nemagariro izvo zvisiri munzira inodiwa. Pano, sezvakataurwa naMike Males zvine hungwaru, tinofanira kungwarira kuti tisapfure zvizvarwa zvidiki.28 Tinofanirawo kuramba muedzo wakapesana—Varume vanosvika zvine ngozi pedyo nekunyora zvinofanana nehgiography.29
Kare, zvese zvataigona kuvimba nazvo kuti tipe humbowo pamusoro pemaitiro ezvekuberekana aive animadversions akakandirwa kune mudiki kubva pachigaro chemukuru. Chokwadika, izvi hazvikodzeri sezvipupuriro zvisina rusaruro. Sezvineiwo, mumakore achangopfuura, Jean Twenge nevamwe vake vakapayona kushandisa nzira dzemuchinjika-temporal kuongorora maitiro echizvarwa zvine hunyoro uye zvine chinangwa.30,31 Mhedziso yeiyi nzira ndeyekuunganidza zvibodzwa pawongororo kusvika kuseri kwekubvumidzwa nedata. Semuenzaniso, isu tinogona kuunganidza zvibodzwa zvevadzidzi vekoreji pachiyero chinoyera kuzviremekedza kubva 1976 kusvika ikozvino. Isu tinogona kuzotora avhareji mamaki ekoreji nyowani kubva 1976 tovaenzanisa nevekoreji vatsva ve1977 zvichienda mberi kusvika kune ichangoburwa data. Hungwaru hweiyi nzira ndeyekuti isu tinokwanisa kuita ese marudzi ehuwandu hwekuongorora tichienzanisa cohorts dzevadzidzi vekoreji uye isu tinogona kuverengera cohort maitiro. Zvinogona kunge zvakatinetsa pane kuita chirevo, asi zvine mukana wakasiyana wekunzwika kwesainzi.
Tafura iri pazasi inopa muenzaniso wakasarudzika wezviratidziro zvemagariro uye zvepfungwa (kureva, empirical ratidziro yemafungiro edu ese ehutano hwemagariro evanhu) pamwe neyakajairwa muchinjiko wenguva. Iyo tafura inoratidzawo zera reboka (semuenzaniso, vadzidzi vekoreji) iyo data inotorwa kubva pamwe neiyo nguva (semuenzaniso, 1976-1993).
References 32-44. Cherechedza: up arrow = chiratidzo chakawedzera pamusoro penguva yakanyorwa mu 'Gore reMafambiro'. pasi museve = chiratidzo chadzikira. Sample inoreva zera reboka rakadzidzwa.
Pakave nekudzikira kwesocial capital kubvira pakati pemakore ekuma1960 mumazera ese. Izvi zvinoonekwa mune zvese kubva pakuderera kwevavhoti kusvika pakutaura kushoma nevavakidzani. Mukati mevadiki macohorts mune maitiro ekunarcissism ega ega sezvinoratidzwa nekuwedzera-kwenguva yekuwedzera mukuzviona kwakanaka, kuzviremekedza, uye hunhu hwekunarcissistic. Kureva kuti, pwere dzanhasi dzine zvibodzwa zvakakwirira zvikuru pazvikero zvinoyera izvi kupfuura zvakaitwa nepwere makore 10 kana kuti 20 apfuura. Nepo kuzviremekedza kwakakwirira kuchiwanzodiwa, hakusi kana kwave kusingadzoreki kubva pakubudirira kwekunze. Kana izvi zvikaitika, sezvazviri pari zvino, zvinotungamira kune chishuvo chisina musoro, kukwikwidza, kudzivirira, uye narcissism. Zvimwe chetezvo, a fortiori, kuzviona zvakanaka. Chokwadika, kunoshuviwa kuzviona umene nenzira yakanaka. Zvisinei, kana uchitenda kuti ndiwe akachenjera zvikuru, anokwezva, uye ane mumhanyi zvikuru munyika inozivikanwa, kashoma kuti ushande pamwe chete uye usingadi vamwe vanhu.
Sezvineiwo, ese ekunze nzvimbo yekutonga uye nekutenda kwepasirese zvakasimuka kubva kuma1970s. Nzvimbo yekunze yekutonga inoreva chitendero chekuti kazhinji imhanza inosarudza hupenyu hwemunhu. Vanhu vanoyera pamusoro penzvimbo yekunze yekutonga vanowanzove vane hutsinye sezvo vasingadaviri kuti zviito zvavo zvinogona kushanda mukuburitsa zvinodikanwa. Saka, nekukwira kwekunze kwenzvimbo yekutonga, zvinogoneka kuti kuratidzira kwakasimba kunodzikira. Kungotenda kwepasirese kunoreva kuda kutenda kuti nyika yakanyatsorurama uye kuti vanhu vanowana zvavanofanirwa. Vanhu vane zvitendero zvepasi rose vanowanzo pembedza mamiriro ezvinhu uye vanopomera vamwe nekuda kwekutadza kwavo-kunyangwe izvi zvichikonzerwa nezviitiko zvekunze (semuenzaniso, shanduko yehupfumi, kurwara kwakanyanya). Naizvozvo, pwere nhasi dzine mukana mukuru wokururamisa mamiriro ezvinhu uye kupomera vanyajambwa kupfuura zvakanga zvakaita pwere muma1970.
Zvakatorwa zvakazara, tsvakiridzo yakapfupikiswa mutafura iri pamusoro inoshura vatsigiri veneoliberalism. Pwere nhasi dzinotambura nefunganyo yakawedzerwa, kuora mwoyo, uye hosha yendangariro; kuratidza kuzvitarisira uye kuderera kwetsitsi; tenda kuti mari yakakosha kupfuura zvizvarwa zvakapfuura; uye vane mukana wekugamuchira mamiriro ezvinhu nekubvuma kwekusafarira. Aya maitiro epfungwa anoratidzirwa nekudzikira kwakadzikama kwehupfumi hwemagariro uye kuwedzera kwekunyanya kuda zvinhu.45 Tinofanira kungwarira kuti tisapa pwere mhosva nokuda kwemaitiro aya. Zvinokonzerwa nekuchinja kwezvinhu uye tsika, kwete nekuchinja kwepfungwa yekuzvarwa. Aya ndiwo mhedzisiro yetsika inotungamirwa pazvinhu zvenyama uye kuzvisarudzira. Muchidimbu, izvi ndizvo zvinofungidzirwa mhedzisiro yeneoliberal policy.
Mhedziso: Neoliberalism injodzi yehutano
"Vakaita dongo uye vakaritumidza kuti rugare."
Tacitus
Humbowo hwakapihwa pamusoro hwakatorwa mu toto zvinokurisa uye zvinonongedza kune imwe mhedziso: Mapurisa eNeoliberal injodzi yehutano hweveruzhinji. Kufanana nefodya, neoliberal propaganda inofanirwa kuuya neYambiro yaSurgeon General: Neoliberalism inogona kukonzera kushushikana, kufunganya, kutsoropodza, uye kwakabatana nekuderera kwehupfumi hwevanhu. Vanofambira mberi vanotsoropodza neoliberalism vanofanirwa kushandisa izvi zvakawanikwa mumablog, zvinyorwa, uye hurukuro. Zvakaoma kutenda kuti ruzhinji rwevanhu vekuAmerica vangashivirira mitemo neoliberal dai vaiziva mhedzisiro yacho.
Zvinotarisirwa kuti humbowo uhwu hunozadza lacuna yakakurukurwa mukutanga. Iko hakuna chikonzero chekuti isu tirege kufuratira psychology kana tichiita nharo dzemagariro. Muchokwadi, kuri kuburikidza chete nemhedzisiro yemitemo iyi pavanhu venyama neropa isu tinovashoropodza. Progressives, dzimwe nguva, yakanzvenga kubva kupfungwa. Nehurombo, maNeoliberal apologists vakashandisa izvi kune mukana wavo: Pavanenge vachibhururuka pamusoro pezvinofungidzirwa zvakanaka zvemisika yemahara uye sarudzo yevatengi, vanofambira mberi, kazhinji, vanopindura nenhamba dzakaoma pamusoro pekusaenzana nekushaikwa kwemabasa. Hazvina kuoma kuona kuti ndezvipi zvinopindirana zvakanyanya nemugari wepakati. Vakashongedzerwa nedata kubva kupfungwa, vanofambira mberi vanogona kudzorera netsanangudzo inotyisa yekuwedzera kwepfungwa malaise.
Kunyange isu tisina hungwaru hwakakosha hwekupa vatsigiri mazano, zvakakosha kuti tirambe tichifunga kuti neoliberalism haina kunyorwa munyeredzi: Pane dzimwe nzira.
[Ben Winegard mudzidzi akapedza kudzidza achidzidza evolutionary and developmental psychology paYunivhesiti yeMissouri. Akaburitsa zvinyorwa zvakaongororwa nevezera pamusoro pemitambo fandom uye kusagutsikana kwemuviri wechikadzi. Anewo kufarira mune zvematongerwo enyika akadzama uye kuratidzira. Ben anogona kuwanikwa pa: [email inodzivirirwa]. Cortne Jai Winegard ane Dhigirii raTenzi mukusimudzira nharaunda uye kuronga kwemadhorobha. Ari kushanda munzvimbo yeColumbia, Missouri kusimudzira kugara kuri nyore uye kuchovha bhasikoro. Anofarira zvakare mune zvematongerwo enyika uye kuratidzira. Cortne inogona kuwanikwa ku:[email inodzivirirwa]]
References
1. Saez, E., & Picketty, T. (1998). Kusaenzana kwemari muUnited States, 1913-1998. Quarterly Journal yeEconomics, 118, 1-39.
2. Saez, E. (Chikunguru 17, 2010). Kuiwedzera kupfuma: Kushanduka kwemari yepamusoro muUnited States (yakagadziridzwa nefungidziro ya2008). Inowanikwa pa http://elsa.berkeley.edu/~saez/saez-UStopincomes-2008.pdf
3. Bo Winegard (Kurume 31, 2011). Synecdoche Wisconsin: Neoliberalism uye Economic Inequities muAmerica. Dissident Voice pa http://dissidentvoice.org/2011/03/synecdoche-wisconsin-neoliberalism-and-economic-inequities-in-america/
4. Baker, D. (2006). Iyo inochengetedza nanny nyika: Vapfumi vanoshandisa sei hurumende kuti varambe vakapfuma uye vapfume. Inowanikwa sePDF yemahara pa http://www.conservativenannystate.org/
5. Harvey, D. (2005). Nhoroondo pfupi yeNeoliberalism. New York: Oxford
6. Chomsky, N. (1999). Kubatsira pamusoro pevanhu: Neoliberalism uye kurongeka kwepasirese. New York: Nhau nomwe Press.
7. Dumenil, G., & Levy, D. (2011). Dambudziko reNeoliberalism. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
8. Kasser, T., Cohn, S., Kanner, A.D., & Ryan, R.M. (2007). Zvimwe zvinodhura zveAmerican Corporate Capitalism: Kuongorora kwepfungwa kwekukosha uye kupesana kwezvinangwa. Psychological Inquiry, 18, 1-22.
9. Diener, E., & Biswas-Diener, R. (2002). Ko mari inowedzera subjective kugara zvakanaka here? Ongororo yemabhuku uye gwara rekutsvaga kunodiwa. Social Indicators Tsvagiridzo, makumi mashanu nenomwe, 119-169.
10. Frey, B.S., & Sutzer, A. (2002). Mufaro uye hupfumi: Maitiro ehupfumi uye masangano anokanganisa kugara kwevanhu. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
11. Helliwell, J.F. (2003). Hupenyu huri sei? Kubatanidza zvakasiyana-siyana zvemunhu uye zvenyika kutsanangura hutano hwakanaka. Economic Modelling, 20, 331-360.
12. Easterlin, R.A. (1995). Kusimudza mihoro yevose kuchawedzera mufaro wavose here? Nyaya yeEconomic Behavior uye Sangano, makumi maviri nenomwe, 35-47.
13. Diener, E., & Seligman, M.E.P. (2004). Kupfuura mari: Kuenda kuhupfumi hwekugara zvakanaka. Psychological Sayenzi muRuzhinji Kufarira, 5, 1-31.
14. Myers, D.G., & Diener, E. (1995). Ndiani anofara? Psychological Sayenzi, 6, 10-19.
15. Inglehart, R., Foa, R., Peterson, C., & Welzel, C. (2008). Kubudirira, rusununguko, uye kufara kuri kuwedzera: Maonero epasi rose (1981-2007). Maonero paPsychological Sainzi, 3, 264-285.
16. Diener, E., & Biswas-Diener, R. (2008). Mufaro: Kuzarura zvakavanzika zvehupfumi hwepfungwa. Malden, MA: Blackwell.
17. Pacek, A., & Radcliff, B. (2008). Kuongorora mamiriro ehutano: Zvematongerwo enyika zvekufara. Maonero ezvematongerwo enyika, 6, 267-277.
18. Kahneman, D., Krueger, A.B., Schkade, D., Schwartz, N., & Stone, A.A. (2006). Waizofara here kudai waiva mupfumi? Kunyepedzera kutarisisa. Sayenzi, 312, 1908-1910.
19. Schwartz, B. (2003). Iyo gangaidzo yesarudzo: Sei zvakawanda zvishoma. New York: Ecco.
20. Sapolsky, R.M. (2005). Kufurira kwehutungamiri hwemagariro pahutano hweprimate. Sayenzi, 308, 648-652.
21. Wilkinson, R.G., & Picket, K.E. (2006). Kusaenzana kwemari uye hutano hwevanhu: wongororo uye tsananguro yehumbowo. Zvemagariro Sainzi neMishonga, 62, 1768-1784.
22. Pane zvakawanda zveruzivo uye zvinyorwa zvinotsigira zvichemo zvakanangana nemhedzisiro yekusaenzana kuThe Equality Trust, boka risingabatsiri pa. http://www.equalitytrust.org.uk/
23. Kondo, N., Sembajwe, G., Kawachi, I., van Dam, R.M, Subramanian, S.V., & Yamagata, Z. (2009). Kusaenzana kwemari, kufa, uye kuzviyeresa hutano: Meta-kuongororwa kwezvidzidzo zvakawanda. British Medical Journal, 339, b4471. Doi:10.1136/bmj.b4471.
24. Pickett, K.E., James, O.W., & Wilkinson, R.G. (2006). Kusaenzana kwemari uye kuwanda kwechirwere chepfungwa: A preliminary international analysis. Chinyorwa cheEpidemiology uye Community Health, makumi matanhatu, 646-647.
25. Picket, K.E., & Wilkinson, R.G. (2010). Kusaenzana: Chinhu chiri pasi pekuzivikanwa kwechirwere chepfungwa uye kushushikana. British Journal yePsychiatry, 197, 426-428.
26. Wilkinson, R., & Pickett, KE (2009). Chiyero chemweya: Nei nzanga dzakawanda dzakaenzana dzinenge dzinogara dzichiita zviri nani. New York: Penguin.
27. Daly, M., Wilson, M., & Vasdev, S. (2001). Kusaenzana kwemari uye huwandu hwekuuraya muCanada neUnited States. Canadian Journal yeCriminology, 43, 219-236.
28. Varume, M.A. (1996). The scapegoat generation: America's war on adolescents. Monroe, ME: Common Courage Press.
29. Mike Males (Kubvumbi 26, 2001). Chokwadi “Chizvarwa Chikuru” cheNguva Yedu: X. Los Angeles Times inowanika pa http://home.earthlink.net/~mmales/genx.htm
30. Twenge, JM (2006). Chizvarwa ini: Sei vadiki vemazuva ano vekuAmerica vaine chivimbo, vakasimba, vane kodzero-uye vanosiririsa kupfuura nakare kose. New York: Mahara Press.
31. Twenge, JM, & Campbell, WK (2009). Iyo narcissism denda: Kurarama muzera rekodzero. New York: Mahara Press.
32. Putnam, RD (2000). Bowling chete: kudonha uye kumutsiridza nharaunda yeAmerica. New York: Simon & Schuster.
33. Twenge, J.M., & Campbell, W.K. (2008). Kuwedzera kwekuzviona kwakanaka pakati pevadzidzi vechikoro chesekondari: Boka rekuzvarwa rinoshanduka mune zvinotarisirwa kuita, kugutsikana, kuzvida, uye kugona. Psychological Sayenzi, 19, 1082-1086.
34. Reynolds, J., Stewart, M., MacDonald, R., & Sischo, L. (2006). Vachiri kuyaruka vava kunyanya kuda chinzvimbo here? Zvirongwa zvedzidzo uye zvebasa zvevakuru vechikoro chepamusoro, 1976-2000. Matambudziko eSocial, 53, 186-206.
35. Twenge, J.M., Konrath, S., Foster, J.D., Campbell, W.K., & Bushman, B.J. (2008). Egos inflating nekufamba kwenguva: Muchinjikwa wenguva meta-analysis yeNarcissistic Personality Inventory. Journal of Personality, 76, 875-901.
36. Twenge, J.M., & Foster, J.D. (2010). Birth cohort inowedzera mune narcissistic hunhu hunhu pakati pevadzidzi vekuAmerican koreji, 1982-2009. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 1, 99-106.
37. Twenge, J.M., Zhang, L., Im, C. (2004). Zviri kunze kwekutonga kwangu: A-cross-temporal meta-analysis yekuwedzera nzvimbo yekutonga, 1960-2002. Hunhu uye Social Psychology Wongororo, 8, 308-319.
38. Vemamwe Marudzi, B., Twenge, J.M., & Campbell, W.K. (2010). Birth cohort kusiyana mukuzviremekedza,1988-2008: A cross-temporal meta-analysis. Ongororo yeGeneral Psychology, 14, 261-268.
39. Twenge, J.M., & Campbell, W.K. (2001). Zera nekuzvarwa kweboka mutsauko mukuzviremekedza: A cross-temporal meta-analysis. Hunhu uye Social Psychology Wongororo, 5, 321-344.
40. Twenge, J.M. (2000). Zera rekufunganya? Birth cohort shanduko mukufunganya uye neuroticism, 1952-1993. Zvinyorwa zveMunhu uye Zvemagariro Psychology, 79, 1007-1021.
41. Twenge, J.M., Gentile, B., DeWall, C.N., Ma, D., Lacefield, K., Schurtz, D.R. (2010). Birth cohort inowedzera mu psychopathology pakati pevechidiki vekuAmerica, 1938-2007: A cross-temporal meta-analysis yeMMPI. Clinical Psychology Ongororo, makumi matatu, 145-154.
42. Konrath, S.H., O’brien, E.H., & Hsing, C. (2011). Shanduko mukunzwira tsitsi muAmerican koreji nekufamba kwenguva: Meta-analysis. Hunhu uye Social Psychology Wongororo, 15, 180-198.
43. Malahy, L.W., Rubinlicht, M.A., & Kaiser, C.R. (2009). Kururamisa kusaenzana: Ongororo yenguva pfupi yekusiyana kwemari yeUS uye nekutenda-pasi rose kubva 1973 kusvika 2006. Social Justice Research, 22, 369-383.
44. Twenge, J.M., & Campbell, W.K. (2010). Misiyano yeboka rekuzvarwa mukutarisisa dataset remangwana uye kumwewo: Humwe humbowo hweGeneration Me: Commentary paTrzesniewski & Donnelanlan. Maonero paPsychological Sainzi, 5, 81-88.
45. Astin, A.W. (1998). Iyo inochinja American koreji mudzidzi: Makumi matatu-makore maitiro, 1966-1996.Ongororo yeDzidzo yepamusoro, 21, 115-135.
ZNetwork inopihwa mari chete kuburikidza nerupo rwevaverengi vayo.
dhoneta