Kunobva: TomDispatch.com
Mufananidzo naPhil Pasquini/Shutterstock
Pandinokurudzira vadzidzi vangu vekunyora kuti vawedzere nyaya dzavo, ndinovaudza nezve "tekinoroji inovhiringidza," zvigadzirwa uye pfungwa dzinopedzisira dzachinja maindasitiri. Funga: iPhones, makomputa ega, kana kusvika zvakadzika munhoroondo, zvikepe. Ndiyo tech vhezheni yeyataimbodaidza kuti paradigm shift. (Mutungamiri Biden vanofarira kuzvireva se inflection point.)
Zvimwe zviitiko zvinoshanda nenzira iyoyo, zvakare. Mushure mekunge vaitika, hazvigoneke kudzokera kumashure kwazvaive zvakaita: Hondo Yenyika II yechizvarwa chimwe, Hondo yeVietnam kune imwe, uye 9/11 yechitatu. Ndiudze kuti iye zvino hazvina kuoma kurangarira zvazvaive zvakaita kubata ndege pasina kudonhedza machuti akasungwa semombe kuenda kunobayiwa, kunyangwe munhoroondo zhinji yekufamba nendege, hapana ainetsekana nazvo. mabhomba ezvipfeko zvemukati kana kuputika mukaka wemwana. Chokwadi, pane imwe nguva takanga tisiri muhondo nguva dzose.
Nekudaro, kune vadzidzi vangu, iyo yakashata inonzi Gen Z, chiitiko cheshanduko muhupenyu hwavo hachisati chave hondo zvachose - zvisinei kuti nyika yavo yakavharirwa mune imwe kana kupfuura yehupenyu hwavo hwese. Kungangove kuponda kwaGeorge Floyd kana denda reCovid kana kupenga kwezvose zviri zviviri, zvakasanganiswa nehuputi hunouraya hweTrumpism. Izvo chete zvinondibata separadigm shift.
Hakusi kuti havana hanya nazvo. Avo vandinoziva vane shungu pamusoro pekugadzirisa zvikanganiso zvakawanda munyika uye vakagadzirira kushanda pazviri, zvakare. Uye sevanhu vazhinji vekuAmerica, kwemavhiki mashoma pakapera Nyamavhuvhu 2021, vakavhundutswa nemhedzisiro yekutadza kwenyika yavo kuAfghanistan uye kutengesa kwayo vanhu ikoko. Iwe haugone sei kuodzwa mwoyo pamusoro pevanhu vanoshuvira kuchengetedza hupenyu hwavo nemararamiro? Uye vasikana…ah, vasikana, ivo 37% yevasikana vechidiki vakadzidza kurava mumakore iwayo, vakaenda kuchikoro nevakomana, vakaona upenyu hwavo huchichinja, uye zvichida vacharambwa zvose izvozvo mumakore anotevera.
Mune dzimwe nguva dzangu dzekunyomba, zvakadaro, ndinoona kuti vaive vasikana nevakadzi vaigara vachiburitswa nevakuru vehurumende yedu nevakuru vemauto vachisimbirira kuti mauto eUS anofanira kuramba ari muAfghanistan kusvika - kusvika chii? Kutozosvikira, sezvazvakazoitika, ngwavaira yarovanya. Mushure mezvose, ndeupi moyo wakanaka weAmerica usingadziye kudzidzisa vadiki uye kusunungura vasikana kubva muwanano yekumanikidzwa (kusiyana, hongu, kuuraya vanhu uye kukonzera nyonganyonga)?
Militarism iri pakati pematambudziko e-America vechidiki vandinosangana navo dzimwe nguva vanounza. Izvo hazvina kunyanya kukwira pane yavo rondedzero yenyaya dzinofanira kutarisana nazvo. Zvikonzero zvinodzika kune izvi: hondo dzeIraq neAfghanistan, dzisingagoneki sezvadzaiita, dzakange dziine zvishoma kana kusave nemhedzisiro yakananga kune vazhinji vevadzidzi vangu kana hupenyu hwavaifungidzira kuva nahwo uye izvo zvakaratidzwa mukusave nehanya kwavo kwavari, izvo. inotitaurira zvakawanda pamusoro penyika ino muzana remakore rechimakumi maviri nerimwe.
Spare Change
Saka tiri pano, makore makumi maviri mushure mekunge mauto eUS apinda muAfghanistan uye mwedzi kubva pavakabuda. Iyo yemakore gumi-yakareba mabhutsu-pa-pasi (nendege mumhepo) ikozvino yakaziviswa zviri pamutemo pamusoro uye kuitwa nayo, kana isina kunyatsobhadharwa. Asi iyo yaive poindi yekuchinja, sezvo nyika ino yakatendeudzira mauto kuChina neRussia? Kwete nekukurumidza. Handina kushivirira nehuchenjeri hwakajairika nezvehondo dzedu dzemuzana ramakore remakumi maviri nerimwe uye maitiro adzo kumba. Zvakadaro, ndinofunga zvakakosha kuedza kufunga kuti chii (kana chisina) chakadzidzwa kubva kwavari uye chingave chachinja nekuda kwavo.
Muchikamu chakashandurwa, nhamo, mhinduro inoratidzika kuva: haina kukwana. Zvekare, munguva yedenda, mauto edu ari kuzadza mabasa angazosiirwa kuruzhinji rwevanhu kana akapihwa mari yakakwana - kubatsira muzvipatara uye. maimba ekuyamwisakupa Mishonga yekudzivirira Covid-19 uye miedzo, chikoro chekudzidzisa uye kutyaira mabhazi echikoro — nekuti, sekupindura kwakaita Willie Sutton paakabvunzwa kuti sei abira mabhanga, ndipo pane mari.
Sezviri pachena, imari yakawanda zvekuti kunyangwe Dhipatimendi reDziviriro harina kunyatsoziva mashandisiro ayo. Pakati pa2008 na2019, Pentagon yakadzosa madhora zviuru zana nemakumi maviri nemasere mukati mari isina kushandiswa kubva pakukura kwayo kunoshamisa uye ichiri kuwedzera bhajeti. Sezvinobvumwa, icho chikamu chidiki chebhajeti pane mamwe madhipatimendi akadzokera kumashure, asi zvakatanga nezvakawanda uye, semhedzisiro, zvekuti shanduko yePentagon yakaverengera ingangoita hafu yemari yehurumende "yakanzurwa" panguva iyoyo.
Zvakadaro ishoma pane iyo yakawanda mari inoshandiswa inoenda kumauto anoshanda-basa. A ichangoburwa tsvakurudzo vakawana kuti 29% yemhuri dzemauto ejunior-level, anoshanda-basa akawana kusachengeteka kwechikafu (kureva nzara) mugore rapfuura, chiratidzo chakasimba chekusagadzikana kwehupfumi hwehupenyu hwemazuva ese hwemauto, kunyangwe pano pamba.
Hazvina kubatsira kuti hondo dzemauto eUS dzaingogara dzichikwevera veruzhinji kutariswa. Chokwadika, 1979 asati asvika, apo Soviet Union yakavhozhokera Afghanistan, zita renyika iyoyo rakanga rakapfupikiswa nokuda kwenzvimbo yaisanyanyozivikanwa nokuda kwavazhinji vokuAmerica kunyange kuwana pamepu yenyika. Uye pamwe izvo zvaive zvichiri chokwadi muna 2020, apo, angangoita makumi maviri emakore mushure mekunge US yapinda munyika iyoyo, kuvepo kweAmerica ikoko kwakawana zvese. maminitsi mashanu ekuvhara panhepfenyuro dzenyika manheru eCBS, NBC, uye ABC.
Makore akanga apfuura, apo chainyanya kukoshesa Iraq kupfuura Afghanistan, ndakapinda musangano we Smedley Butler Brigade yeVeterans For Peace. Ndainyora a nyaya nokuti Boston Globe, izvo zvakaita kuti ndive nyore kunangwa nokuda kwehasha dzevarwi. Somugumisiro, vakanditi ndiite kuti pepanhau reguta redu ridhindwe mushumo wezuva nezuva wokufa muhondo. Ndakatsanangura kuti, semunhu anoshanda akazvimirira, ndaiva nepesvedzero shoma kupfuura zvavaiita uye, zvisingashamisi, kuverenga kwakadaro hakuna kumboitika.
Makore gare gare, sekuyedza kweUS muAfghanistan kwakadonha uye gurobhu uye zvimwe zvitoro zvikuru zvakashambadza chaizvo kuverenga kwemitengo, Ndakazviona ndichinetseka kana avo vese vanovimbika, vane simba vezvenhau masosi vangamboburitsa kuverenga kuti kangani mumakore apfuura 20 makore, pazvingave zvakaita mutsauko, vaive vamhanyisa kuongororwa kwemutengo wekuzvikudza kunopofumadza kwakatsanangura US yekune dzimwe nyika uye. mutemo wemauto mumakumi emakore iwayo. Mhedzisiro yeakaunzi akadaro inogona kunge yakave diki inonyangarika zvakadaro.
Ichokwadi, nenzira, iyo Brown University's Mariro yeHondo Project vakaita basa rinotyisa rekugadzirisa nyaya iyoyo mumakore ehondo asingaperi, asi maakaunti avo aive, hongu, chero chinhu kunze kwechikuru. Kunyange nanhasi, mutsika idzodzo, kuverenga chaiko kuchiri kunetsa kuwana. The New York Times, iyo ichangobva kuburitsa a groundbreaking report pamusoro pekufa kwevanhu muMiddle East kwakakonzerwa neUS airstrikes, yaive stymied nePentagon kwemakore apo vachiedza kuwana magwaro anodiwa e accounting yakadaro, nepo zviremera zvepurovhinzi muAfghanistan zvaiwanzoramba kuti kufa kwevanhu kwakatoitika.
Hupo uye Simba
Muna 2004, apo Iraq Veterans Against the War (IVAW) ichangotanga, ndakasumwa kune boka diki revakaodzwa mwoyo asi vakatsunga vevechi vechidiki, vakazara nezvavo zvinoshamisa uye vaine chinangwa chekuita zvinhu nenzira yavo. Nepo vaifarira mauto ekutanga anotungamirwa nemauto ehondo yenguva yeHondo yeVietnam, vaida kuzviita zvese nenzira itsva. "Tiri kuvandudza vhiri," Eli Wright, mumwe murapi wechidiki, akange ashanda kuIraq, akandiudza kuti, "Asi isu tiri kugadzira vhiri rakanaka zvakanyanya, ndinofunga." Ndakarohwa.
Pakutanga, avo vachangobva kuumbwa vanopesana nevarwi vaifunga kuti hutsva hwekuvapo kwavo muhondo-pakutya America hwaizokwana. Naizvozvo, vaitaura uye vaitaurazve nyaya dzavo kune chero ani zvake aiteerera: nyaya dzekupambwa kusina kururama uye zviito zvechipurisa izvo vakanga vasina kugadzirira zvakakwana uye vasina kudzidziswa; hutsinye hunoparadza mweya vakazviwana vabatanidzwa; uye nekuziva kwavo mambakwedza, kunyangwe vachiri muIraq, kuti havachakwanisa kuve bato kune chimwe chazvo. Nditendei, varwi ivavo vakataura nyaya dzine simba uye dzinobaya mwoyo, asi zvakanga zvisina kukwana.
Muchidimbu nezve simba nezvisungo zvekutaura ngano, Jonathan Gottschall anocherekedza kuti, mungano dzatinotaura, tinowanzo kupatsanura vanhu kuva vatatu vatatu vakatsvinda vemagamba, vanyajambwa, uye vakashata. Trope yangu yenguva refu yaive yekuti isu - izvo zvandinoreva isu maAmerican - takabvumira avo vanorwa hondo dzedu dzisingaperi kuti vave. chete magamba kana vakakuvadzwa - vekare kushinga, vekupedzisira kunzwira tsitsi - asi hapana chimwe. (Sezvinobvumwa, dzimwe nguva vashandi verunyararo vaive nekuvaona sevanhu vakaipa, asi kunyangwe kukwikwidza kusingadzivisiki kwechinzvimbo, mapoka evarwi vehondo nemauto aiwanzozivana semakomuredhi-anopesana nemaoko.) IVAW yakasimbirira kuwedzera. mutungamiriri kune dichotomy iyoyo, sezvavaiedza kuchinja pfungwa nenhoroondo.
Paunenge uchiedza kuita izvozvo, kana kupesvedzera mutemo, mikana yako yekubudirira inokura kana uine chinangwa chakajeka, chaicho chaunogona kutsigira nekukurudzira uye kuvaka mubatanidzwa. Zvino, kana wazviwana, unogona, hongu, kutaura kukunda. Chinangwa chikuru cheIVAW chaive chekuunza mauto kumba nekukasika. Icho chinangwa chaive chekupedzisira (zvakawanda kana zvishoma) zvakawanwa, kunyange zvazvo zvichidhura zvikuru uye pave paya kupfuura zvavaive vachida, zvichiita kuti ive chinhu chipi nechipi kunze kworukundo rukuru; uyewo, pakupedzisira, zvakanga zvisina zvakawanda zvokuita nevarwi vechidiki ivavo.
Zvazvinoreva zvinogona kunge zviri kumwewo. Nyamavhuvhu apfuura, pakati pemhirizhonga yeUS kubva kuAfghanistan, ndakateerera kune Podcast nezvekuita zvematongerwo enyika uye zvemagariro sezvakaita Rashad Robinson, purezidhendi wesangano rekururamisira kwemarudzi, Rudzi rweKuchinja, aisiyanisa kuvepo ("retweets, shout-outs from the stage") nesimba ("kukwanisa kushandura mitemo" )
Zvingave zvakaoma kuunza mufananidzo uri nani weiyo musiyano pane Camp Casey, musasa waAugust 2005 wemhuri dzemauto anorwisana nehondo, varwi vehondo, uye vatsigiri vavo. Yakanga yakatatarika mugoronga muCrawford, Texas, mamaira mashoma kudzika mugwagwa kubva kupurazi reMutungamiriri wezororo George W. Bush. Kuratidzira kwavo kwakaita nhau dzakakosha kwemavhiki mashanu iwayo, se nhepfenyuro pasi rose yairatidza nyaya dzinobaya mwoyo dzevanaamai mukuchema uye vakarwa hondo vachichema, mifananidzo yetende chena ine mifananidzo, uye kubvunzurudzwa naCindy Sheehan ane mwanakomana wake, Casey, akaurayiwa muIraq gore rakanga rapfuura. Vezvenhau vakamuzodza Kuchemedza-Mai-mukuru uye nhau dzakashuma dzimwe nguva vaitoita kuti varatidziri vapedzisire hondo, vaunze mauto-mharidzo kumba.
Achizevezera achipfuura mumotokari achienda kunounganidza mari, Mutungamiri Bush haana kuvateerera, uye hondo muIraq yakaenderera mberi kwemamwe makore mashanu nehondo. kufa yevamwe vanakomana nevanasikana vanenge 2,700 100,000 vavanaamai vokuAmerica vari kuchema. Asi mwedzi wakatevera, apo pakati pe300,000 neXNUMX Camp Casey vatori vechikamu, veterans, nevatsigiri vavo vakaungana kuti vafora vachirwisa hondo nemudhorobha reWashington, DC, hurumende yakamanikidzwa kubvuma, zvichida kekutanga, kuvapo kwekupikisa hondo muIraq. Nezvemamiriro ezvinhu, National Park Service yakafungidzira ipapo kuti, pamvumo dzinosvika zviuru zvitatu zvayaipa kuratidzira paNational Mall gore negore, vangangosvika gumi nevaviri vakakwezva vanhu vanopfuura zviuru zvishanu.
Nyaya dzehuvepo uye mumakore mashoma akatevera Camp Casey, apo varwi vehondo pavakanyanya kushanda, vakadzidza kuita kuti vaomerwe kufuratira. Vakabva vapa zita reboka ravo Nezve Chiso uye vatorazve chinangwa nezvinangwa zvaro, asi dambudziko risingaperi kune vanoita zvematongerwo enyika nderekuchinja kuvepo kuve simba.
Sei Anti-Hondo Movement isina Kubata?
Muna February 2003, vakawanda se vanhu mamiriyoni 10 vakapinda mumigwagwa munyika makumi matanhatu vachitsutsumwa nekupinda kweUS kuIraq. Asi kana kurwiswa ikoko kwakaitika, ainyanya kuve mapoka ane hukama nemauto, dzimwe nguva akabatanidzwa nemamwe masangano erunyararo, akaita kuti vanopikisa varambe vari vapenyu. Nei, kunyanguvezvo, vakatadza kushandura kuvapo kuva simba? Nei vakawanda vekuAmerica vasina kutora mushandirapamwe wekupedza hondo mbiri dzisina maturo? Nei tisina kudzidza?
Ini handiite chirevo chekupindura mibvunzo iyoyo nenzira yakadzama. Zvakadaro, heino kubaya kwangu pazviri.
Ngatitangei nezviri pachena: the migumisiro yeuto rose-vanozvipira. Chikamu chidiki chete chevaAmerica, vakazvisarudzira uye vakaisa pfungwa mune dzimwe nzvimbo dzenyika, vakabatanidzwa zvakananga uye vakakanganiswa nehondo dzedu dzezana ramakore remakumi maviri nerimwe. Vakaiswa nguva nenguva, havana kutenderera munharaunda senzira yemauto ekutanga ehondo uye, sezvo hondo yakawedzera kugadziridzwa uye. Automated (kana drone-ified), kwave kune vashoma vakakuvara vekuAmerica kuyeuchidza munhu wese munyika ino kuti taive muhondo muAfghanistan neIraq. Kumauto, kutiza kubva kuhondo zvakare pasina mubvunzo kwakaderedza Kuramba kuuraya kwomunhu uyewo kupikisa kuhondo idzodzo mukati memauto pachawo.
Tevere, yakashongedzwa sezvazvingave munyika ino kukudza veterans vehondo dzedu (ndinokutendai nebasa renyu!), sokunyunyuta kwakaita Kelly Dougherty, mukuru mukuru weIVAW, “Tinouya kumba uye munhu wose anotibata maoko uye anotidana magamba, asi hapana anoda kutiteerera.” Nyaya dzehushingi, maronda anotyisa, uye kunyange post-traumatic stress syndrome dzaigamuchirwa. Ongororo, nzwisiso, kana kuti chipupuriro pamusoro pezvaiitika chaizvoizvo munzvimbo dzehondo? Kwete zvakanyanya.
Folk muimbi, murongi webasa, uye vet, "Utah" Phillips akacherechedza kuti kuva nendangariro refu ndiyo pfungwa hurusa muAmerica. Nezvinhu zviri muchirongwa chenhau zvinogara kwenguva pfupi-pfupi zvisati zvatsiviwa, manejimendi anowedzera kuoma kunyadzisa, uye veruzhinji vanovhota vachijaira kunyeperwa, kunyangwe ndangariro pfupi yakava dambudziko.
Kusanzwisiswa kwenhau dzemuno mumakore aya kwakatowedzera dambudziko. Kutaura kushoma kwenzvimbo kwaireva nyaya shoma pamusoro pevanhu vatingangoziva kana mienzaniso yekuti zviitiko zvenyika zvinokanganisa sei hupenyu hwedu hwezuva nezuva. Pro-war PR, inotsigirwa zvirinani uye yakabatana kupfuura chero boka rehondo ringatarisira kuve, rakazadza gaka. Fungai varwi vari kumhan'arira munhandare dzebhora pazviitiko zvemitambo kusvika pakushamisika kwemhuri nemisodzi uye kuzvikorokotedza kupembera kubva panzvimbo. Pakati pe2012 ne2015, Pentagon rwakabhadharwa pro sports zvikwata zvimwe madhora 6.8 miriyoni kugara uye kakawanda kukudza mauto. Zvichakadaro, vezvenhau vakanyanya kuita kuti zvinyanye kuoma kuti mapoka erunyararo awane hunyanzvi kuburikidza nekushandisa maitiro maviri ekuratidzira kana zvematongerwo enyika ekunze, nyanzvi yezvemagariro evanhu Sarah Sobieraj akaongorora zvinoshamisa mubhuku rake. Soundbitten.
Mamiriro ekuratidzira kwezvematongerwo enyika akachinja zvakare. Sezvo ruzivo rwaiparadzirwa uye rwakagovaniswa zvakanyanya kuburikidza nesocial media - activism nenzira ye hashtag, tweet, uye Instagram - kuronga kwakawedzera kuve kwechokwadi uye kushomeka kwenharaunda. Pakupedzisira, pasinei nekupikisa pamusoro peUnited States kuva a nyika inoda rugare, mauto mumakore ano aratidza kuti haawanzove mudiwa webipartisan, nepo, tichitaura nhoroondo, mhirizhonga yakaiswa mumapfupa eAmerica.
Zvimwe, zvisinei, kushaikwa kwekupokana kwakasimba kuhondo dzisingaperi kwaisava chinhu chitsva, asi chimwe chinhu chakafanana nechakare. Zvinosuruvarisa kuti kunetsana hakungoperi nekuti vanhu vanofora vachirwisana navo. Kunyangwe iyo yakakura kwazvo Vietnam yekurwa hondo yaingova yekumanikidza imwe chete mukupedza kupokana ikoko. Gwaro rehondo rinotungamirwa nezvinoitika pasi uye, kusvika padanho diki, pabhokisi rekuvhota. Zvinogona kuitwa nesangano rekurwisa hondo kubatsira kutungamira kupindurwa kweveruzhinji, izvo zvingave, zvigunwe zvakayambuka, kuchengetedza nyika kubva kuhondo kune imwe nzvimbo uye kuchengetedza chimwe chizvarwa chevarwi kubva pakudzokorora zvikanganiso zvemakore makumi maviri apfuura.
Copyright 2022 Nan Levinson
Bhuku razvino razvino raNan Levinson ndiro Hondo Haisi Mutambo: The New Antiwar Soldiers uye Hwendo Rakavakwa. A TomDispatch yakajairwa, anodzidzisa utori venhau uye kunyora ngano paTufts University.
ZNetwork inopihwa mari chete kuburikidza nerupo rwevaverengi vayo.
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