Kungofanana nejira rakashongedzwa rinoita kuti zvinhu zvakagomara zvipenye, chimiro chakatetepa chemazuva ano cheruzhinji rwezvematongerwo enyika chinofukidza kusaenzana kuri kukura kuri kuvanda pachena. Uye ichi chinoitika chokuwedzera pfuma nesimba chine zvose zviri zviviri zvikamu zveNewtonian naDarwin kwachiri.
Maererano neNewton's mutemo wekutanga of motion: avo vane simba vacharamba vari musimba kunze kwekunge zvaitwa nesimba rekunze. Vapfumi vanongowana pfuma chero bedzi pasina chinovatsausa panzira yavo yazvino. Kana ari Darwin, munyika yekuchinja kwemari, avo vane upfumi kana simba vachaita zvakavanakira kuchengetedza upfumi ihwohwo, kunyangwe husingafadzi mumwe munhu zvachose.
Mubhuku raGeorge Orwell rine mukurumbira ra1945, Animal Farm, nguruve dzinowana simba mukupandukira murimi wevanhu pakupedzisira dzinoisa udzvinyiriri pane dzimwe mhuka pahwaro hweimwe chete. rairo: "Mhuka dzese dzakaenzana, asi dzimwe mhuka dzakanyanya kuenzana pane dzimwe." Maererano nerepublic yeAmerica, kuenzana kwazvino uno kungava: โVagari vose vakaenzana, asi vapfumi vakaenzana zvikuru kupfuura ani zvake (uye vanoronga kuramba vakadaro).โ
Zvirokwazvo, kusaenzana ndiwo mudhuri mukuru wehupfumi pakati peavo vane simba nevasina.
Sezvo mhuka dzepurazi raOrwell dzakaramba dzichiwedzera kuenzana, saka panguva ino munyika ichiri kuda mukana wakaenzana kune vagari vayo, vatatu vekuAmerica iye zvino vane hupfumi hwakawanda sehafu yepasi yenzanga (160 mamiriyoni evanhu), unogona kutaura chokwadi kuti tiri kurarama munzanga iri kuwedzera yeOrwellian. Kana kuti pamwe iri kuwedzera Tawainian imwe.
Mushure mezvose, Mark Twain naCharles Dudley Warner vakanyora chinyorwa cha1873 chinoisa chinyorwa chisingakanganwike panguva yavo uye vaigona kuitawo zvedu. Nguva Yakagadzirwa: Ngano Yanhasi yakaratidza makaro nehuori hwezvematongerwo enyika mushure meHondo yeVanhu veAmerica. Zita rayo rakabata mweya wezvakaratidza kuva nguva refu apo uber-rich akauya kuzotonga Washington neAmerica yose. Yakanga iri nguva yakazadzwa nevashambadziri vembavha, nyanzvi dzekugadzira grifters, uye magitare akapfuma zvikuru ekubhengi. (Pane chinhu chipi nechipi chinonzwika here?) Musiyano mukuru pakati penguva yakashongedzwa yezana ramakore rapfuura neiyi wakanga uri wokuti makororo aya akavaka zvinhu zvinobatika senjanji. Nhasi vashandi vakaenzana ve-mega-vapfumi vanovaka zvinoshamisa zvisingabatike senge tekinoroji uye zvemagetsi mapuratifomu, ukuwo grifter yemutungamiri achisarudza iyo chete hupfumi hutsva hunoonekwa, rusvingo rwakakura kuenda kupi.
Munguva yeTwain, US yakanga ichibuda kubva muHondo Yenyika. Vemikana vaisimuka kubva mumadota emweya werudzi wainge warohwa. Kufungidzira kwenyika, kukwezva kwehurumende, uye zvibvumirano zvine mumvuri zvakakurumidza kuungana kugadzira nzanga isina kuenzana yehurongwa hwekutanga (kusvika kusvika zvino). Nguva pfupi mushure mekunge bhuku ravo rabuda, nhevedzano yekuderera kwehupfumi yakaparadza nyika, ichiteverwa nekutya kwemari muna 1907 mukati. New York City zvakakonzerwa nekunyepedzera-inotungamirwa nemhangura-musika.
Kubva mukupera kwema1890 zvichienda mberi, mubhangi ane simba kwazvo pasirese, JP Morgan, akadanwa kakawanda kuti abvise nyika iri padanho rehupfumi. Muna 1907, Secretary of Treasury George Cortelyou akamupa $ Miriyoni 25 mukubhadhara mari yechibatiso pachikumbiro cheMutungamiri Theodore Roosevelt kuti vagadzikane Wall Street uye vadzikamise vagari vane shungu vachiedza kubvisa mari yavo mumabhanga akatenderedza nyika. Uye izvi zvakaitwa naMorgan - nekubatsira shamwari dzake nemakambani adzo, achibvisa mari pamusoro pake. Kana ari mabhanga ari kunyanya kunetseka akabata mari dzevanhuwo zvavo? Zvakanaka, vakapeta. (Mimvuri yekunyungudika kwa2007-2008 uye kubhadhara chero munhu?)
Vakuru vemabhanga vakagamuchira mari iyi kubva kuhurumende vakaenderera mberi nekuita Tsaona ya1929. Hazvishamisi kuti fungidziro zhinji nehunyengeri hwakatangira. Mumakore iwayo, munyori wemabhuku F. Scott Fitzgerald ukabatwa mweya wenguva yekusaenzana kunotyisa mukati Iyo Gatsby Guru apo mumwe wevatambi vake anoti: โRegai ndikuudzei pamusoro pevapfumi zvikuru. Vakasiyana newe neni.โ Zvimwe chetezvo zvinogona kutaurwa nanhasi kana zvasvika pamukana uri pakati pevasina uye vane-vakawanda.
Mari inopesana nePfuma
Kuti tinyatsonzwisisa chimiro chekusaenzana munguva yedu yemakore makumi maviri nekutanga, zvakakosha kuti tinzwisise mutsauko uripo pakati pehupfumi nemari inowanikwa uye kuti ndedzipi mhando dzekusaenzana dzinobva pane chimwe nechimwe. Zvichitaurwa zviri nyore, mari yaunowana imarii yaunoita maererano nebasa rakabhadharwa kana chero kudzoka pakudyara kana midziyo (kana zvimwe zvinhu zvaunazvo zvine mukana wekuchinja mukukosha). Pfuma inongova kuunganidzwa kwakakomba kwezvinhu izvo chaizvo uye chero kudzoka kana kuonga pavari. Kuwanda kwehupfumi hwaunayo, zviri nyore kuve nemari yepamusoro yegore.
Ngatisiyanei nazvo. Kana uchitambira $31,000 pagore, muhoro wepakati kumunhu ari muUnited States nhasi, mari yaunowana ingave iyo mari inobvisa mitero inosanganisirwa (inosanganisira yemubatanidzwa, yenyika, kuchengetedzwa kwevanhu, uye Medicare). Paavhareji, zvinoreva kuti iwe waizosara uine nezve $26,000 dzimwe mari dzisati dzatanga.
Kana hupfumi hwako huri $1,000,000, zvisinei, uye iwe unoisa iyo muakaundi yekuchengetedza uchibhadhara. 2.25% kufarira, unogona kugamuchira inenge $22,500 uye, pashure pemitero, wosara neinenge $19,000, nokuda kwokusaita chinhu chipi nechipi.
Kuisa zvese izvi mumaonero, vepamusoro 1% veAmerica vava kuenda kumba, paavhareji, kanopfuura makumi mana emari yepasi 40%. Uye kana iwe ukananga pamusoro pe90%, iwo manhamba anongowedzera zvakanyanya. Chikwata chidiki ichocho chinoenda kumba kupfuura 198 nguva mari yepasi 90% muzana. Naivowo vanazvo upfumi hwakawanda sezvo nyika iri pasi pe90%. "Pfuma," sezvakataurwa naAdam Smith zvechinyakare makore mazana maviri nehafu apfuura The Wealth of Nations, โisimba,โ chirevo chisingawanzoratidziki sechinyakare, zvinosuruvarisa.
Nyaya Yechidzidzo: Pfuma, Kusaenzana, uye Federal Reserve
Zviripachena, kana iwe ukagara nhaka hupfumi munyika ino, iwe uri pamberi pemutambo ipapo. MuAmerica, chikamu chetatu kusvika kuchidimbu chehupfumi hwose nhaka pane kuzvigadzira. Maererano a New York Times Kuferefeta, semuenzaniso, Mutungamiri Donald Trump, kubva pakuzvarwa, vakagamuchira zvinofungidzirwa $ Miriyoni 413 (mumadhora anhasi, kureva) kubva kuna baba vake vaaida uye mumwe $ Miriyoni 140 (mumadhora anhasi) muzvikwereti. Haisi nzira yakaipa yekuti "muzvinabhizinesi" atange kuvaka humambo (hwe kubhuroka) ndiyo yakava nzvimbo yedanidziro yemutungamiri wenyika iyo oozed kufambisa nyika chaiko. Trump akazviita, nemamwe mazwi, nzira yechinyakare - kuburikidza nenhaka.
Mukushingairira kwake kukuru kuzivisa dambudziko renyika kumuganhu wekumaodzanyemba, iyo yakashongedzwa mamirioni-akatendeuka-bhirioni-akatendeuka-mutungamiri anopa asi mumwe wemienzaniso yakawanda yerekodhi rekushandisa zvisizvo simba. Zvinosuruvarisa, munyika ino, vanhu vashomanana vanofunga kusaenzana kwerekodhi (iyo ichiri kukura) seimwe rudzi rwekushungurudzwa kwesimba, rumwe rudzi rwemadziro makuru, munyaya iyi kuchengetedza kwete veCentral America asi vagari vakawanda veUnited States kunze.
The Federal Reserve, bhanga repakati renyika iro rinoraira mutengo wemari uye rakatsigira Wall Street mushure medambudziko remari ra2007-2008 (uye kubvira), rakazotaura kuti mazinga akanyanya ekusaenzana inhau dzakaipa kune nyika yose. Sezvakataurwa naSachigaro weFed Jerome Powell panguva imba horo muWashington mukutanga kwaFebruary, โTinoda kuti budiriro igovane zvikuru. Tinoda mitemo kuti zviitike. " Zvinosuruvarisa, iyo Fed yakabatsira zvakanyanya kuwedzera kusaenzana kwehurongwa iko zvino kwakadzika mune zvemari uye, nekuwedzera, hurongwa hwezvematongerwo enyika. Munguva pfupi yapfuura tsvakurudzo bepa, Fed yakaita, zvishoma, yakasimbisa migumisiro yekusaenzana kuhupfumi, ichiratidza kuti "kusaenzana kwemari kunogona kuunza kudiwa kwakaderera, kuderera kwemari, kuwedzera kwechikwereti, uye kusagadzikana kwemari."
Mushure mekudonha kwehupfumi hwenyika, zvisinei, iyo Fed yakazvitora kudzikisa mutengo wemari kumabhanga makuru nekucheka mibairo kusvika zero (vasati vazokwidza kusvika 2.5%) nekutenga $4.5 trillion muTreasury uye mortgage bond. kuidzikisa zvakare. Zvese izvi kuitira kuti mabhanga akwanise kukweretesa mari zviri nyore kuna Main Street uye kukurudzira hupfumi. Seneta Bernie Sanders akadaro zvisinei, โFederal Reserve yakapa mari inodarika madhora zviuru gumi nematanhatu mukubatsira kwemari kumamwe masangano makuru ezvemari nemakambani muUnited States nepasireseโฆ kuzvisarudzira kwako pachako kune vamwe vese."
Hupfumi hwave huchitsika mvura kubva ipapo (kunyanya zvichienzaniswa nemusika wemasheya). Kukura kwechigadzirwa chegore negore hakuna kudarika 3% mune chero gore kubva padambudziko remari, kunyangwe seyero yemusika wemari nekatatu, zvichiwedzera mukaha wekusaenzana munyika. Hapana chimwe cheizvi chaifanira kunge chichishamisa, sezvo yakawanda yemari yakawedzera yakananga kumabhangi makuru, vatengesi vakapfuma, uye vanofungidzira. Vakabva vaishandisa kuisa mari mumisika yemastock uye mabhondi, asi kwete muzvinhu zvingave zvakakosha kune vese vekuAmerica kunze kwemadziro makuru ehupfumi.
Mubvunzo ndewokuti: Sei kusaenzana uye hurongwa hwehupfumi husina kunaka huri kusimbisa zvakafanana? Sekutanga, avo vanokwanisa kuisa mari mumusika wemasheya wakakurudzirwa nemitemo yeFed vakawedzera hupfumi hwavo zvakanyanya. Kusiyana neizvi, avo vanovimba nehupfumi kuti huvatsigire kuburikidza nemuhoro uye imwe mari yakadzikira. Vanhu vazhinji havana, hongu, vanodyarwa mumusika wemasheya, kana chaizvo mune chero chinhu. Havakwanisi kuva. Zvakakosha kuyeuka kuti pedyo 80% wehuwandu hunorarama mubhadharo wekubhadhara.
Mambure mhedzisiro: an acute post-financial-dambudziko kuwedzera kwehupfumi kusaenzana - pamusoro pekusaenzana kwemari yaive yepasirese asi kunyanya ichokwadi muUnited States. Vashandi vepamusoro 1% vasingavimbi nemihoro yekuwedzera hupfumi hwavo vakabudirira zvinoshamisa. Ivo, shure kwezvose, zvino varidzi kudarika hafu paupfumi hwose hwenyika hwakaiswa mumasheya uye mari idzodzi, saka musika wemasheya uri kukwira unovabatsira zvisingaenzaniswi. Ndicho chikonzero nei iyo Federal Reserve subsidy mitemo kumabhangi eWall Street yakangowedzera hupfumi hwakanyanya hwevashoma ava vakanyanyisa.
The Ramifications Kusaenzana
Ndaza yezvakashata zvinobva mukusaenzana kwakadaro irefu zvirokwazvo. Sekutanga, chinhu chega icho ruzhinji rwevanhu vekuAmerica vane chikamu chikuru kupfuura icho chepamusoro 1% igomo rechikwereti.
Vakaderera 90% ndivo vane rombo rakanaka rezvikamu zvitatu kubva muzvina zvechikwereti chemhuri chenyika. Zvikwereti zvemba, zvikwereti zvemotokari, zvikwereti zvevadzidzi, uye chikwereti-kadhi rechikwereti zvinowanda pa rekodhi-yakakwira $ 13.5 trillion.
Zvino ndiko kungotangira pasi panotsvedza. As Inequality.org mishumo, hupfumi uye kusaenzana kwemari zvinokanganisa "zvose kubva pamakore anotarisirwa kurarama kusvika pakufa kwevacheche uye kufutisa." Kusaenzana kwepamusoro kwehupfumi uye hutano husina kunaka, semuenzaniso, kuenda maoko nemaoko, kana kuisa imwe nzira, kusaenzana kunokanganisa hutano hwese hwenyika. Zvinoenderana nezvakawanikwa muzvidzidzo, kusaenzana kwemari kuri, mupfungwa chaiyo, kurwarisa vanhu vekuAmerica. Sechidzidzo chimwe chete chiisei, โNzvimbo dzehupfumi dzinorwara uye dzisina kusimba [dzinobatsira] dzinotungamirira kuzvirwere kana kushayiwa kana kuti miviri kana pfungwa dzisina kudzikama.โ
Zvadaro pane Social Security, yakatangwa mu1935 semubatanidzwa wemubatanidzwa kune avo vanoshaya vakabhadharawo muhurongwa kuburikidza nemutero pamuhoro wavo. Nhasi, vashandi vese vanopa 6.2% yemari yavanotambira pagore uye vashandirwi vanobhadhara imwe 6.2% (kusvika pachikamu che $132,900) kupinda muSocial Security system. Avo vanogadzira zvakatopfuura izvozvo, kunyanya mamirioni uye mabhirioni, havafanirwe kubhadhara mari yakawanda pane yakaenzana. Mukuita, izvo zvinoreva nezve 94% yevashandi vekuAmerica nevashandirwi vavo vakabhadhara 12.4% yakazara yemuhoro wavo wepagore kuSocial Security, nepo vamwe 6% vaibhadhara kazhinji chidimbu chidiki chemari yavaitambira.
Zvinoenderana neyake zvazvinoreva nezve mari yake ye2016, semuenzaniso, Mutungamiri Trump "vakapa 0.002 chete muzana yemari yavo kuSocial Security muna 2016." Izvi zvinoreva kuti zvingatora zvinenge 22,000 vamwe vashandi vanotambira muhoro wepakati wekuUS kuti vabhadhare zvaasingafanire kubhadhara. Uye iyo yakakura kusaenzana kwemari munyika ino, iyo yakawanda mari iyo avo vanoita zvishoma vanofanira kuisa muSocial Security system pachiyero. Mumakore achangopfuura, zvinoshamisa $ 1.4 tiririyoni vaigona kunge vakapinda muhurongwa uhu, dai pakange pasina zvekupokana mubhadharo waifarira vapfumi.
Kusaenzana: Dilemma ine Global Implications
America yakanaka pakugadzira mamirioni. Iyo ine yakanyanya kuwanda kwazvo, kutaura pasi rose, pa41%. (Imwe 24% yekirabhu yemamionaire inogona kuwanikwa muEurope.) Uye 1% yepamusoro yevagari vemuUS vanowana kakapetwa makumi mana paavhareji yenyika uye yavo inenge 38.6% yehupfumi hwose hwenyika. Nhamba yepamusoro mune chero imwe nyika yakasimukira ndeye "chete" 28%.
Nekudaro, nepo iyo US ichizvikudza nezve epic mazinga ekusaenzana, iriwo maitiro epasirese. Funga izvi: nyika vakapfuma 1% vane 45% yehupfumi hwese pasi pano. Mukupesana ne, 64% yehuwandu (neavhareji yemadhora gumi muhupfumi kuzita ravo) inobata isingasviki 10,000%. Uye kuwedzera mufananidzo wekusaenzana zvakanyanya, hupfumi hwenyika gumi muzana, avo vane madhora zviuru zana mumidziyo, vane 2% yehupfumi hwepasi rose.
Chikwata chemabhiriyoniire ndipo pachiri chaipo, zvakadaro. Sekureva kweOxfam, yakapfuma kwazvo 42 mabhiriyoni vane hupfumi hwakabatanidzwa hwakaenzana nehwevarombo makumi mashanu muzana vevanhu. Iva nechokwadi, zvisinei, kuti muzana rino rakashongedzwa mune kusaenzana kunyangwe pakati pemabhirioni. Mushure mezvose, gumi vakapfuma pakati pavo vane $ 745 bhiriyoni muupfumi hwepasi rose. Vanotevera 10 pasi pezita vane chete $ 451.5 bhiriyoni, uye unombozvinetserei kuverengera gumi anotevera kana wawana mufananidzo?
Oxfam zvakare munguva pfupi yapfuura Zvinonzi kuti โnhamba yemabhirioni yakada kupetwa kaviri, nebhirioni mutsva akasika mazuva maviri oga oga pakati pa 2017 na 2018. Vava nepfuma yakawanda kudarika kare apo inenge hafu yevanhu vasina kumbopukunyuka urombo hwakanyanya, vachirarama nemari isingasviki $5.50 pazuva. โ
Inopera Sei?
Muchidimbu, vapfumi vari kungopfuma uye zviri kuitika nenhoroondo yenhoroondo. Zvakatonyanya kuipa, mumakore gumi apfuura, pakanga paine imwe mari kune vakapfuma zvechokwadi. Vaigona kuwanda pazvinhu zvakaderedzwa nekuda kwedambudziko remari, nepo vazhinji vezera ravo kune rumwe rutivi rwemadziro makuru ehupfumi vakaderedzwa nehupfumi nekudonha kwa2007-2008 uye havasati vasvika. kupora zvizere.
Zvatakaona kubva ipapo ndezvekuti mari inoramba ichikwira ichikwira nemabhangi uye fungidziro huru, nepo hupenyu hwehupfumi hweavo vasiri pamusoro pecheni yechikafu chemari hwakaramba hwakamira kana kuipa. Mugumisiro wacho, chokwadika, kukukura kusaenzana kworudzi urwo, murutivi rukurusa rwezana ramakore rapfuura, rwaigona kuva rwakaratidzika kuva rusingafungidziriki.
Pakupedzisira, isu tese tichafanirwa kutarisana negore dema iro rinokanda pamusoro pehupfumi hwese. Vanhu chaivo munyika chaimo, avo vasiri pamusoro, vasangana nemakore gumi ekusagadzikana kukuru, nepo kusaenzana kwezera rino rinopfuura-rakashongedzwa rine chokwadi chekuumba nyika yakashata iri pamberi. Mune mamwe mazwi, izvi hazvigone kupera zvakanaka.
Nomi Prins, a aimbova mukuru weWall Street, ndiwo TomDispatch dzose. Bhuku rake razvino ndere Collusion: Mabatiro eCentral Bankers Akabira Nyika (Mabhuku eNyika). Ndiye zvakare munyori we Vese Mabhengi ePresident: Iwo Akavanzika Mabatanidzwa Anotyaira Simba reAmerica nemamwe mabhuku mashanu. Kutenda kwakakosha kuenda kumuongorori Craig Wilson nebasa rake rakanaka pane ichi chidimbu.
Chinyorwa ichi chakatanga kuoneka paTomDispatch.com, weblog yeNational Institute, iyo inopa kuyerera kwakadzikama kwemamwe masosi, nhau, uye maonero kubva kuna Tom Engelhardt, mupepeti wenguva refu mukutsikisa, co-muvambi weAmerican Empire Project, munyori we Kupera Kwekukunda Tsika, seyenoveli, Mazuva Ekupedzisira Ekudhinda. Bhuku rake razvino ndereRudzi Rusina Kugadzirwa Nehondo (Haymarket Books).
ZNetwork inopihwa mari chete kuburikidza nerupo rwevaverengi vayo.
dhoneta