Akaradzikwa Muvhuro, Ndira 28, 2008 mumariro ehurumende ane rukudzo rwakazara rwemauto pamhuri mausoleum kunze kweSolo pakati peJava, aimbove mhare yeIndonesia uye purezidhendi, Suharto, akavigwa zvechokwadi. Asi, nhaka yake yakaongororwa sei munhau dzemuno, dzedunhu nepasirese? Chokwadi, ndeupi mumvuri waakakanda pamusoro peIndonesia kunze kweguva, akafa pamubhedha akakomberedzwa nevakuru veIndonesia neAsia, vasina kunyadziswa mutirongo kana kudzingwa, vanzvenga mhosva yekubira, tisingataure nezvekutyorwa kwekodzero dzevanhu?
Mumwe anogona kutora uye kusarudza kubva mumapepanhau eIndonesia akasiyana seJakarta Post, Suara Merdeka, Sinar Harapan uye Kompas. Vazhinji vanopokana nezvemipiro yake mubudiriro maringe nerekodhi yekodzero dzevanhu. Zvakadaro, Kompas anobata kuti Suharto "anosiya nhoroondo yevatema yenguva yake" uye iyo Jakarta Post yakaenda mberi kunomuti "mutsotsi."
Pamwe vashoma mukati meIndonesia vakashinga kupikisa mariro ehurumende. Kunyangwe Kontras (Vakadzivirirwa Nekutyorwa kwekodzero dzevanhu), sangano rakavambwa negweta rakapondwa rekodzero dzevanhu Munir Said Thalib, vakawira mumutsara pachinhu ichi, kunyangwe vachikurudzira kuti yakanga yave nguva "yekutaura nhaka inodzvinyirira yehutongi hwaSuharto. Zvinodawo kuunza mhondi yeMunir mundege yeGaruda munaGunyana 2005, vanotendwa sevakuru vehungwaru. ("Kematian Soehartoโฆ).
Manzwi ane simba kare pakati pemauto eIndonesia nevagari vepamusoro vanotsvaga kupa mutongi anononoka chinzvimbo che "gamba renyika". Pakati pemapoka emasangano akazvimirira, Indonesia Legal Aid Institute Foundation imwe inopesana nechero mibairo yekufa kune aimbova mudzvanyiriri.
Vanyori vezvekune dzimwe nyika vanga vasina mutsa, kunyangwe - vamwe pakati pavo - vaishandisa nguva refu kuzviongorora pakunyora nezvekuwedzeredza kwaSuharto.
Chokwadi kune rekodhi yaro yakashata pahurumende yeSuharto's Indonesian New Order, sezvaizivikanwa, bepa reMurdoch The Australian yakaronga kuti "Suharto anogona kutorwa semurume akanunura Indonesia kubva mukuora mwoyo, akadzora mafambiro eCommunism, uye akaisa nyika yake. munzira isina chokwadi inoenda kudemokrasi." Greg Sheridan, zvakare muTiye weAustralia ("Asian giant a boon for Australia," 28 Ndira 2008), anonyora kuti mauto eIndonesia "haana mhosva yekuuraya kwakawanda" kwakatevera kubviswa kwechisimba kwa1965, uku ichideredza huwandu hwekuuraya.
Australian (28 Ndira 2008) akapawo nzvimbo kune aimbove Mumiriri weAustralia kuJakarta panguva yekupinda kweIndonesia kuEast Timor. Richard Woolcott, anozivikanwa netambo yakaburitswa kuhurumende yeCanberra, akange akurudzira "pragmatism pamusoro pemusimboti" mukubata nehutongi hweSuharto. Woolcott waxes nostalgic pamusoro pehunhu hwehutungamiriri hwaSuharto zvakanyanya semaitiro ake "aneruremekedzo uye ane hushamwari". Achibvuma "zvikanganiso," Woollcott anotarisira - kana anoshuvira - kuti vanyori vezvakaitika kare, kunyanya muAustralia, vachamutonga zvakanyanya "zvine chinangwa" kupfuura zvazvinoita iye zvino.
Marilyn Burger, achinyora muNew York Times (Ndira 28) anobvumira kuti kutonga kwake "kwakanga kusiri pasina chaakwanisa kuita," asi kubudirira mune zvehupfumi kwakavharidzirwa ne "huori hwake hwakapararira uye hukuru; hutongi hwehudzvanyiriri, hwechiuto; uye kudeurwa kweropa kwevazhinji akatora simba. Nhoroondo yenguva refu inoratidza kuti mauto, ayo aidzorwa naSuharto, kunyanya Strategic Reserve Command, akaronga kuuraya pakati pehafu nemiriyoni vanofungidzirwa kuti macommunist kusanganisira mhuri dzese pamwe nekugara kwenguva refu kweChinese mukudeura ropa kwa1965-66. Mukuwedzera, 750,000 100,000 vakasungwa mukuparadza, uye vanosvika 14 1980 vakasungwa pasina kutongwa kwemakore gumi nemana akatevera. Tichitaura nezvaCornell purofesa uye nyanzvi yekuIndonesia Benedict Anderson, mukutanga kwema4,000, pakati pe9,000 ne200,000 kazhinji matsotsi asi kusanganisira vezvematongerwo enyika vakave vavariro yezvikwata zverufu zvinotsigirwa nemauto paJava. Vanosvika mazana maviri ezviuru vakafa nekuda kwekurwisa kwaSuharto kuAmerica kwaimbove koloni yePortugal yeEast Timor. The New York Times mutauri haadimburi mazwi. Zvichida nzvimbo yaidzivirira kuverengerwa kuzere kwehuwandu hwekuuraya uye kutsakatika kwevanopikisa vezvematongerwo enyika, vanorwira kodzero dzevanhu, vatsigiri vevashandi, vezvematongerwo enyika, varwiri veMuslim, nevamwe kwemakumi emakore.
Muchidimbu chisina kusaina, "Indonesia uye nhaka yeSuharto," iyo Financial Times yeLondon (28 Ndira 2008) yakanga isina kunyatsojeka, asi inoshamisika kana vakabatsirika nehuwori hwenguva yeSuharto, kureva boka revarwi nevemabhizinesi vachiri. shandisa simba nhasi, ndadzidza chero chinhu kubva pakudonha kwaSuharto. "Zvichava nyore kupedza huwori kana mhosva dzemushakabvu Suharto, hama dzake uye shamwari dzake dzikasatsvairwa pasi pekapeti mukuedza kwakashata kupisa nhaka yake."
Mukati memakore makumi matatu nemaviri ehutongi hweSuharto's New Order, Japan yaive nyika huru yeIndonesia ine chikwereti chimwe chete, investor, uye mutengesi. Nepo, vezvenhau vekuJapan vakashuma kufa kwaSuharto, hapana bepa rinotungamira reJapan rakasarudza kunyora pamusoro pekupfuura kwake. Mutauro weChirungu weJapan Times une chinyorwa, "Kurangarira VaSuharto" (32 Ndira 31), yakayeuchidza vaverengi veko kuti "Japan yaive mutsigiri akasimba wehutongi hwake [hwaSuharto] uye yakave mupi mukuru kuIndonesia yehurumende yepamutemo. rubatsiro uye rumwe rubatsiro rwemari." Ichitsanangura nhaka yake se "yakaipa, Japan Times inoda kuongororwa kwe "zvakaitwa naVaSuharto nevanhu vepedyo naye."
Hazvishamise kuti tsikirira munyika dzeASEAN dzinowanzoona Suharto's New Order mumifananidzo mikuru yechengetedzo inopesana nehondo yaakarwa nevagari vemuIndonesia. The Bangkok Nation (30 June 2008), somuenzaniso, vachibvuma kuti Suharto yaiva "gangaidzo," yakarongwa kuti "Kunyika dzeSoutheast Asia, Suharto yakaonekwa seinounza kugadzikana nerunyararo." Zvirokwazvo aya haasi maonero akagovaniswa mukati akagarwa East Timor. Chii chaizvo chaive mipiro yaSuharto kurunyararo rwedunhu, mumwe anoshamisika.
Nyenyedzi (Ndira 30), yekuMalaysia, yakataura zvisina tsarukano mazwi eaimbove Mutungamiriri Mahathir kuti aive nechikwereti kuna Suharto nekupedza "hondo yekurwisana" yakarwiwa neakamutangira, anopokana neWestern Sukarno, achipesana neBritish- yakagadzirwa Federation yeMalaysia.
Sezvakataurwa muSingapore's channelnewsasia.com, (30 Ndira 2008), Singapore "Minister Mentor" Lee Kuan Yew akanyora mutsamba yake yenyaradzo, "Handina kupokana kuti nhoroondo ichapa Pak Suharto nzvimbo yerukudzo munhoroondo yeIndonesia apo basa rehupenyu hwake. inodzidzwa mumaonero akadzikama.
Maonero ezvidzidzo akakamurwa. Australia inyika imwe umo Indonesia iri paradar skrini. Jamie Mackie, doyen weAustralian Indonesianists (uye purofesa wevanyori wezvidzidzo zveIndonesia payunivhesiti yeMelbourne muna 1967) achinyora Australian (Ndira 28), inorumbidza zvakaitwa naSuharto mune zvoupfumi, asi anotiwo akagamuchira asingadembi dzidziso yokuti mugumo unoruramisa nzira. Pakazara, kutonga kwenhoroondo kuchave kwakaoma, anopfupikisa, sekungotonga nekufamba kwenguva kunongochinja-chinja. Kunyangwe mukurumbira wake ukasimuka, anowedzera, zvinoenderana nekuita kwese kwevatevedzeri vake kusanganisira, kubva 2004, Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono.
Damien Kingsbury weAustralia's Deakin University, anopikisa kuti zvino "Suharto aenda, sezvakaita pesvedzero yake inononoka" ( The Age, Ndira 29). Eya, munhu angada kufunga kudaro, asi zvirokwazvo mauto aakarera haana kurega masimba awo akasiyana-siyana. Tao Duanfang achinyora muChina's Zhongguo Wang nhau portal (28 Ndira) inotaura zvakadzokorodza, zvinoti nhaka yenguva yeSuharto "haizogadziriswe nekutsakatika kwenguva yeSuharto kana Suharto pachake." (Ona "Asian Press Bid Suharto Farewell.") Haana kutsanangura, asi zviri pachena kuti zvaizosanganisira kuvharwa kwenyaya dzekodzero dzevanhu, kubva kuAceh, kuenda kuEast Timor, kuPapua uye kuJava, tisingarevi mhosva dzehupfumi dzakaparwa nemhuri yeSuharto.
Asina kudhonza zvibhakera, Jeffrey Winters wekuNorthwestern University anonyora mukati Topica, rondedzero yekurukurirano yeemail, kuti, "kutyisa kwe1965 kunoramba kusinganzwisisike nekutya kunyangwe nhasi kunzi communist." Achifananidza Suharto nemudzvanyiriri wePhilippine Ferdinand Marcos, akafa mukunyadziswa uye kutapwa, Winters anopokana nharo yekuti kuzvipira kwekodzero dzevanhu kwaive mutengo waifanirwa kubhadharwa mukusimudzira hupfumi, Winters anozivisa, "Kukuvadza kwehutongi hweSuharto kuchasvika kure. kunze kwemabhenefiti echinguvana ayakaburitsa," (29 Ndira 2008), muchidimbu chirevo chehudzvanyiriri hwemabviro eIndonesia anogumira mahydrocarbons, pamwe chete nezviwanikwa zvemasango anopisa.
Mapoka epasi rose ekodzero dzevanhu, mamwe acho akateedzera hutongi hweNew Order kwemakumi emakore, akasimudza mazwi awo. Carmel Budiardjo, wekuUK-based Tapol, Indonesian Human Rights Campaign, uye iye pachake musungwa wezvematongerwo enyika kwemakore matatu pasi peSuharto kusvika asunungurwa pasi pekumanikidzwa kweBritish, anonyora kuti, kusiyana nekuurayiwa kwevamwe vatongi kubva kuPinochet kusvika kuPol Pot, "Sukarno aigona. kuvimba nezvikomborero zvake izvo, kunze kweNetherlands uko Indonesia yaive nyaya yaizivikanwa, aigona, uye akaita, kutiza nekuuraya kwebhuruu pasina zvakawanda zvepasirese kucherechedza. " (http://tapol.gn.apc.org).
Sezvo nyaradzo dzanga dziri kuuya kumudzvanyiriri wekupedzisira kubva kuWashington kuenda kuCanberra, kuSingapore, kuTokyo - vese vakamutsigira zvakanyanya panguva yekutonga kwake - asi vachisvika kuEast Timor, pakati pevatungamiriri venyika, Mutungamiriri weNew Zealand Helen Clark, sezviri pachena, vakamira parutivi vachizivisa kuti, nekuda kwenhoroondo yekodzero dzevanhu yakanonoka yemudzvanyiriri, aisazosaina bhuku renyaradzo.
Kusiyana neizvi, Mumiriri weUnited States kuIndonesia, Cameron R. Hume, akarumbidza Suharto nekuwana "budiriro inoshamisa yehupfumi nemagariro." Mumashoko angadai akafadza kutevedzana kwehutungamiri hweUS, akarumbidzawo aimbove mutungamiri weIndonesia nekuchengetedza hukama hwepedyo neUnited States achitora chikamu chakakosha muNon Aligned Movement uye mukuvamba kweAssociation of Southeast Asian Nations. Kubvumira kuti panogona kunge paine "kumwe kukakavara" pamusoro penhaka yake, Ambassador akakoshesa Suharto se "munhu ane nhoroondo." (Press Release, Ndira 27, 2008)
Asi zviri pachena kuti ichi chaive chirevo chenyika icho chakaita kuti Generali ave nesimba uye vakamutsigira nemari inodarika bhiriyoni imwe yemadhora muzvombo, kusanganisira zvechiuto zvakashandiswa mukupambwa kweEast Timor. Zvakajeka, iyo inoremekedzwa French magazini, Le Monde Diplomatique (29 Ndira 2008), inopa kuti mazwi eAmbassador anogona kungotsanangurwa se "humour noir," kana tikakonzera kufa kwe500,000 kwa1965 uye mazana maviri ezviuru akafa muEast Timor. "Mais pour Washington, il fut un allie fidele 'bastard, but one of our bastards,' selon le dicton en vogue a la CIA". [Asi kuWashington, aive shamwari yakavimbika, "mwana wemuharare, asi mumwe wevashata vedu," muCIA achitaura yenguva iyoyo].
Sezvo bazi reJapan Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Press Conference, 29 Ndira 2008) mutevedzeri wemunyori wenhau achifungisisa - kana kuti, zvisinganzwisisike - akacherechedza kufa kwaSuharto, "Vazhinji vedu tinoramba tichipupurira kuguma kwenguva munhoroondo yeAsia" (Tanaguchi Tomohiko. , Musangano wevatori venhau, 29 Ndira 2008). Nguva inosemesa, chokwadi, asi ndiwo magumo echokwadi here? Kana kuti mutongi weIndonesia akabudirira here kupfuudza baton kuchizvarwa chinotsiva icho chichakudza nhaka yake kwete mumashoko chete, asi pamwe, zvakanyanya kutyisa, muzviito.
Zviripachena, pasina kuzvidavirira, democracy itsva yeIndonesia inomira pajecha risina kudzika. Sezvakaita nyaya yeEast Timor, iyo United Nations yakadzora kusimudzira International Tribunal kutonga vapari vemhosva dzevanhu kuti vabvumire Indonesia kuti ivakezve hurongwa hwayo hwekutonga, zvaifungidzirwa uye zvaitarisirwa kuhurumende yeJakarta kuti ichaita. kuita kugumisa tsika yekusarangarirwa. Zvinosuruvarisa, chokwadi chekuti Suharto, mhuri yake, uye shamwari (Suharto Inc), kusvika parizvino vanzvenga kutongwa inoratidza kuti mauto eIndonesia ari kutonga nhasi akundikana vanhu vayo uye vashuviro vepasi rose vane vazhinji.
Geoffrey Gunn akatanga kushanyira Indonesia muna 1967 ari mudzidzi wemutauro wechiIndonesian. Iye munyori (naJefferson Lee) weA Critical View yeWestern Scholarship uye Journalism paEast Timor (Journal yeContemporary Asia Press, Manila, 1994) uye mubatsiri weJapan Focus. Akanyora chinyorwa ichi kuJapan Focus.
ZNetwork inopihwa mari chete kuburikidza nerupo rwevaverengi vayo.
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