Imwe yezvakawanda zvikwaniriso zvebasa remutungamiri weUnited States kusambopotsa mukana wekurumbidza hukuru uye ushingi hwevarume nevakadzi vedu vakapfeka yunifomu. Chinodikanwa chechipiri uye chakakura zvikuru ndechokuti nguva dzose, kana kuti kanenge nguva dzose, kupedza hurukuro yavose nemashoko matsvene aya: โMwari ngaaropafadze mauto edu.โ Ivo, shure kwezvose, mumashoko eMutungamiri Biden, "the yakasimba-simbi musana yerudzi urwu, yakagadzirira kubhururuka munjodzi nechinguva chiziviso kuchengetedza nyika yedu nevanhu veAmerica vakachengeteka. โฆโ
Imwe Mutengo Mudiki Kubhadhara
Musi waFebruary 3, US Special Forces yakaratidza zvakare kuti, kana zvasvika pakurwisa hugandanga, hapana anozviita zvirinani kupfuura mauto edu. An kupambwa kwehusiku pane imwe imba mumusha weSyria akabudirira kubvisa mutungamiriri akanga achangoburwa weIslamic State (IS)โAbu Ibrahim al-Hashimi al-Qurayshi. Zvakakonzerawo kufa kwevanhu gumi nevatatu, kusanganisira vakadzi vana nevana vatanhatu. Kana isu tichizogamuchira nekukoshesa mazwi eMutungamiri Biden, kufa kwavo hakufanire kukanganisa kukosha kwezvakaitwa nemauto edu-nekuda kwehunyanzvi hwavo nehushingi hwavo, uye nehanya inoshamisa yavakaita hurongwa hwavo. Chokwadi, kuedza kwese kwakaitwa kudzivirira kukuvadza vanhu-kana kuti takavimbiswa nevakuru veBiden neWhite House.
Mukutaura kwake paterevhizheni zvichitevera kupambwa uku, Biden akati vanhu vakakuvadzwa neVaQurayshi. Kuti adzivise kubatwa uye kurangwa pamhosva dzake, maQurayshi (anonzi) akaputika mabhomba akakwana kuti azviuraye iye nemunhu wese aigara pauriri hwechitatu, kusanganisira nhengo dzemhuri yake. Nekufa kwake, tinogona kufema kugomera kukuru, tichiziva kuti vadiwa vedu vachave vakachengeteka uye mauto edu, akaropafadzwa naMwari, ari pabasa, usiku nemasikati, achibvisa chero munhu uye chero chinhu chinotyisidzira nyika yekumusha. Biden haana chaainacho kunze kwekurumbidza varwi vakaita basa iri, kumhuri dzinovada nekuvatsigira, uye nenhengo dzemasangano akasiyana ehurumende akaita kuti zvinhu zvifambe sekuronga.
Mutungamiriri haana zvakawanda zvekutaura nezvevasina mhosva vakapwanywa pasi pemasarabhu ekongiri kana kuputika kuita zvidimbu. Mukufambirana nemaitiro eWashington echinyakare parwendo rwedu rwemhiri kwemakungwa rwekurwisa hugandanga, mapoinzi akanyanya ekuti vanhu vekuAmerica vayeuke mundangariro ndewekuti pakanga pasina vanhu vekuAmerica vakakuvara; kupamba kwakabudirira; uye mauto edu haana chaangapomerwa. Isu tinotarisirwa kutenda kufa kwevakadzi ivavo nevana kwanga kusiri munzira ipi neipi yakabatana neyakakura moto inoratidzwa. Zvapupu zvinoti zvakaona zvikopokopo nendege dzehondo dzeF-16 dzichidonhedza mabhomba mauto epasi asati auya. Charles Lister, mutungamiriri wechirongwa cheSyria kuMiddle East Institute muWashington, akatarisa kushanda munguva chaiyo: "Inenge imwe yeherikoputa munzvimbo iyi yakapfura pfuti dzayo dzinorema pachivakwa kweinodarika miniti yakatwasuka." VaLister vakatiwo โZvimwe zvitunha zviri munzvimbo iyi hazviratidzike kunge zvakafa nekuputika. Vanoratidzika kunge varohwa nepfuti huru kwazvo. "
Nechekare nyaya yekupambwa yakagezwa pamwe chete nemashoko ekupemberera kwaPresident, uye ropa remadzimai nevana vakafa. Hongu, zvinogoneka kuti kufa kwavo kwaive mhedzisiro yechiitiko chekupedzisira chaQuryashi chehumbwende nehutsinye-uye kwete "kukuvadzwa kwechibatiso" kwakakonzerwa nepfuti nemabhomba eU.S. Phyllis Bennis, munyori ane ruzivo uye mutungamiriri weNew Internationalism Project kuInstitute for Policy Studies, mibvunzo inotangira. Mukupindura kwake kukuuraya uku, Bennis akati:
Iyo inonzi 'hondo yepasi rose yehugandanga', kubva kwayakatangira, yakaratidzwa nekurwiswa neUS Special Forces, neairstrikes, nemadrones ane zvombo, uye nezvimwe, izvo zvinogara zvichiuraya vanhu vakawanda kupfuura zvinovavarirwa pa'kuuraya mazita. ' yakagadzirirwa nevatungamiri nevakuru vakuru veWhite House.
Chero ani anoteerera kana kuona kutaura kweMutungamiri Biden mangwanani emusi waKukadzi 3 angadai akaomerwa kuyananisa mazwi ake nemaonero akapihwa naPhyllis Bennis. Mukutaura kwaBiden, America ndiyo inobatsira vanhu, ichibvisa magandanga uye kuchengetedza network yavo inosemesa kure. Mauto, achishanda pamwe chete nemasangano edu ehungwaru nevatidyidzani vedu (uye zvechokwadi kuzvipira kwedu kune chikonzero cherunyararo nekupedza hugandanga) kuchengetedza vanhu veAmerica vakachengeteka tichipa gumbeze rekuchengetedza pamusoro penharaunda yepasi rose. Shanduro: Rufu rwevakadzi vana nevana vatanhatu mutengo muduku kubhadhara nokuda kwekutora mumwezve munhu anozvidzika ane mhosva yezviito zvoutsinye husingatauriki uye kudeura ropa. Kuvhiya kwacho kwakabudirira zvisina kukodzera. Vakadzi vana chete nevana vatanhatu ndivo vakaurayiwa. Mwari ropafadzai mauto edu.
IU.S.: Global Peacemaker kana Global Threat?
Mupfungwa dzangu, hunhu hwaBennis hweUS "hondo yepasi rose pamusoro pehugandanga" sehumhondi huchitora hupenyu hwevasingaverengeki, vasingaverengeki, uye pakupedzisira vasingakoshi vevanhu vari pedyo zvakanyanya nechokwadi. "Hondo yehugandanga," iyo yakatanga pasi peMutungamiri Reagan asi yakabatidzwa zvakare pasi peGeorge W. Bush mushure me9 / 11, haina kumbofambisa chikonzero cherunyararo. Nyanzvi yemitauro inoremekedzwa pasi rose, munyori wenhoroondo, muongorori wezvemagariro evanhu, uye murwiri Noam Chomsky, panguva yekubvunzurudzwa munaGunyana 2021, yakashandura maonero akajairwa echinzvimbo cheAmerica munyaya dzepasi rose pamusoro wayo:
Kunyangwe pasi paClinton, nyanzvi munyaya dzezvematongerwo enyika dzakaona kuti ruzhinji rwepasi rwaitora America se'nyika ine hukasha' uye 'inonyanya kutyisidzira nharaunda dzavo'โฆ Mumakore aObama, sarudzo dzepasi rose dzakaona kuti U.S. kutyisidzira rugare rwenyika, pasina anokwikwidza kunyange ari pedyo.
Kubva 9/11, iyo US mukutsvaga kwayo kwekupedzisira kwekutyisidzira kwegandanga yakapinda munyika mbiri โ Iraq neAfghanistan โ pahwaro hwemanyepo, fungidziro, uye nhema chaidzo; vakapinda mu kuparadzwa kweLibhiya, iyo yakanga yave iri imwe yenyika dzeAfrica dzakasimukira zvikurusa; yakapa mauto eSyria epasirese uye echiIslam nemaoko uye kudzidziswa kuburikidza neakavanzika mapurogiramu anofambiswa neCIA (Timber Sycamore) uye Pentagon (Chitima uye Equip Chirongwa); akarwisa zvinangwa muPakistan neYemen; nguva dzose vakatendeudzira rimwe dama vachipindura kurwiswa kweIsrael nenharaunda dzePalestine vachienderera mberi nekupa Israeri mari inosvika mabhiriyoni matatu erubatsiro rwemauto gore rega rega; uye pasina zvisungo inotsigira Saudi Arabia nevamwe vayo vemubatanidzwa muhondo yavo inoparadza nevapanduki veYemen veHouthi.
Yemen: "Njodzi yeHumanitarian uye Strategic"
Pasinei neCongressal and grassroots kuedza kumisa kufamba kwezvombo kuSaudi Arabia uye kugumisa kutsigirwa kweU.S. kuvharika kweSaudi kweHodeida (chiteshi chengarava chikuru cheYemen paGungwa Dzvuku) chinoramba chiripo; uye vanhu vanotambura hurombo hwakanyanya uye kushomeka kwechikafu semhedzisiro yehondo. Sekureva kwaEbtihal Ghanem, maneja wekudzoreredza hupfumi International Rescue Committee (IRC), "inopfuura hafu yevagari veYemen havakwanisi kuwana chikafu chekurarama, uye huwandu hwehurombo nenzara huri kuwedzera zuva nezuva."
Mukuongorora kwayo kwehondo nemhedzisiro yayo pavanhu veYemeni, IRC inoburitsa zvimwe zvezvikonzero nei dambudziko iri rinofambiswa nekunetsana richizongodzika kana hondo ikasapera uye hupfumi hweYemen huchiramba huchikwira:
20.7 mamiriyoni evanhu vanoda rubatsiro rwevanhu.
15.6 miriyoni [kana kuti inenge 50% yevanhu] vanhu vari kurarama muurombo hwakanyanya.
16.1 miriyoni vanhu vakatarisana ne [yakakosha] kana yakaipisisa mazinga ekushaya chikafu muna 2022.
[chete] 1.2% yehuwandu yakabaiwa zvizere kurwisa COVID-19.
Panguva yekutaura kwake kwekutanga mutemo wekunze, akapihwa muna Kukadzi 4, 2021, Mutungamiri Biden akataura nezvehondo muYemen uye akadana mhinduro yezvematongerwo enyika:
Tiri kuwedzerawo dhipatimendi redu rekugumisa hondo muYemen - hondo yakagadzira dambudziko revanhu uye rakakosha. Ndakumbira timu yangu yeMiddle East kuti ive nechokwadi chekutsigira kwedu chirongwa chinotungamirwa neUnited Nations chekumisa kurwa, kuvhura nzira dzekubatsira vanhu, uye kudzoreredza nhaurirano dzerunyararo.
Kunyangwe hazvo VaBiden vachiziva kutambura kwakanyanya kwakatsungirirwa nevanhuwo zvavo veYemen, pakange pasina kugadziriswa kwehondo, uye hazvigone kuuya chero bedzi Saudi Arabia ichionekwa semubatsiri mukuru wekutengesa uye mubatsiri ane hunyanzvi mukuedza kweUS. kudzosera kumashure simba reIran mudunhu. Pane kudaro, iyo US inoramba ichipindirana munjodzi yakaitika Yemen nekusada kupera kwekuvharirwa kweSaudi uye nekuenderera mberi nekupa Humambo rubatsiro rwemauto rwekurebesa kurwa, kuuraya, kufa. Muna Kukadzi we2021, Biden akazivisa kuti US haichatsigira Saudi Arabia nevabatsiri vayo nezvombo zvinogumbura. Zvisinei, revo yeโkugumburaโ yakanga iri (nechinangwa?) yakasiyiwa isina kujeka. Pamusoro pezvo, dzimwe nhengo dzeCongress dzakapokana kuti izvo zvinonzi zvombo zvekudzivirira zvinogona kushandiswa kune zvinogumbura vavengi vemubatanidzwa muYemen. Nepo danho raBiden rakatambirwa sedanho rakanaka rekuenda kurunyararo, US yakaramba ichipa rutsigiro nenzira ye "kuchengetedza uye kugovana nehungwaru. ndege dzehondo dziri kurwisa ndege uye nekumanikidza kuvharika kwemhepo negungwa kweYemen. "
Muna Mbudzi, manejimendi eBiden akazivisa Congress nezvechinangwa chayo chekutengesa Saudi Arabia 280 yepamusoro-soro yepakati-yemhepo-kune-mhepo makombora (akagadzirwa naRaytheon) uye 596 ekuvhura kwemari inosvika mazana matanhatu nemakumi mashanu emamiriyoni emadhora. Mukupindura kushomeka kweCongressional kushora kutengeswa kwezvombo, Biden akati mabhomba haana nzira yekukanganisa nedanho rake rekutanga rekumisa rutsigiro rwemauto kumabasa eSaudi. (Shanduro: Kumusoro kwakadzika; hondo runyararo; miraraungu ine mavara ane mavara.) Muna Zvita policy statement, manejimendi akatsigira kuti "zvombo zvinokandwa zvaisagona kushandiswa kurwisa pasi uye kuti 'Saudi Arabia inoshandisa zvombo izvi kuzvidzivirira pakurwiswa nendege kuyambuka miganhu, senge maHouthi anotakura zvinoputika."
Mwedzi wapfuura, Mumiriri Ilhan Omar (D-Minn.) akataura kuramba kwake kutengeswa kwezvombo kwakarongwa: "Hazvina musoro kutengesa zvombo kuSaudi Arabia ivo vachiramba vachiuraya vanhu vasina mhosva uye kufa nenzara mamirioni muYemen, kuuraya nekutambudza vanopikisa, uye kutsigira uranda hwemazuva ano. .โ Kunyora mukati Foreign Policy, Sarah Leah Whitson, mutungamiriri mukuru weDemocracy yeArab World Iye zvino, anopokana kuti zvombo zvinokandwa zviri chikamu chezvombo zvichashandiswa kusimbisa kuvharirwa kweSaudi kwegungwa reYemen nemhepo:
Muchinda weSaudi Crown, Mohammed bin Salman anoita kunge ari kutevera mutemo wekuranga pamwe chete nenzara Yemeni varwi mukuzviisa pasi. Mhedzisiro, iyo UNICEF yakadana kuti pakukura dambudziko revanhu munyika, rave richiparadza. Mishonga mitsva yeUS inongogonesa Riyadh kuchengetedza iyi blockade, kutyisidzira chero ndege inoda kumhara munyika.
Hondo Yehugandanga kana Hondo of Ugandanga?
Mumwe angave akanyanya kunaka mukugumisa kuti rekodhi yeUS yekutsigira hutongi hwechisimba, hutongi hwejekerere (chero bedzi tine zvinangwa zvegeopolitical zvinotsigira); nyika dzakazvitonga dzinopinda nechisimba seIraq neAfghanistan; uye kuisa zvirango zvinouraya, zvinoparadza hupfumi hwenyika, zvinokonzeresa urombo kunyika dzakanangana neshanduko yehutongi kunofanirwa kuita kuti America isakodzere kutora zita remugadziri werunyararo pasi rose. Asi zvinotowedzera. Pakati pa2018 na2020, iyo US yakaita kurwisa hugandanga munyika makumi masere neshanu. Maererano ne Mariro yeHondo chirongwa chakaitwa nechikwata chekutsvagisa paBrown University's Watson Institute muProvidence, Rhode Island:
Mabasa aya anosanganisira kurohwa kwemhepo uye drone, kurwa-pasi-pasi, zvinodaidzwa kuti "Section 127e" zvirongwa umo US special operations mauto anoronga nekudzora mamisheni emauto, mauto ekugadzirira kana sechikamu chekurwisa hugandanga, uye mashandiro. kudzidzisa nekubatsira mauto ekunze kwenyika.
Maererano World Atlas, pasi rose rine hwerengedzo yenyika 195. IU.S. ine bhutsu pasi uye / kana ndege mumhepo munenge hafu yavo. Kubva pakurwiswa kwehugandanga kwa9/11, George W. Bush's iteration ye "hondo yehugandanga" yave metastasized kuita network yekupikisa uye kurwisa hugandanga mishoni pamwe nekupinda chaiko, kupindira kunze kwemutemo, kuparadza hutongi-shanduko marongero, uye kuisirwa sanctions munyika dzinopfuura makumi maviri (Mune zvimwe zviitiko, zvirango zvoupfumi zvakakonzera kukuvadza kusinganzwisisike kuvagari vemo nokunyima hurumende dzavo zviwanikwa zvavanoda kuchengetedza nekugadzirisa zvivakwa, uye kuwana mishonga yakakosha uye chikafu chevanhu.) Kukura kweizvi kuenderera mberi, kwepasirese, kwemakumi maviri emakore kuedza kuzadzisa "kururamisira" kwezvivi zve20/9 hazvigoneke kufungidzira zvishoma kuenzana - kunze kwekunge zvichienderana nemutengo.
Kubva 2001, US yakarwa hondo munyika sere: Afghanistan, Iraq, Pakistan, Yemen, Syria, Libya, Somalia, uye Philippines. Vatsvakurudzi vane Mutengo weHondo Project taura kuti "hondo yehugandanga" inotungamirwa neUS yakadzinga vanhu vanosvika mamirioni makumi matatu nemasere kubva mudzimba dzavo vachitsvaga kuchengeteka. Zvingangoita kuti nhamba yese yevanhu vakadzingwa iri pedyo 49-60 mamiriyoni. Dambudziko revapoteri rinokonzerwa ne "hondo yehugandanga" inofungidzira huwandu hwevanhu vakadzingwa panguva yeHondo Yenyika Yechipiri (1939-1945). Uye kune iyi yakazara isu tinofanira ikozvino kuwedzera pamusoro pemamiriyoni matatu evapoteri vekuUkraine uye vangangoita mamirioni mapfumbamwe VaUkraine vakadzingwa mukati vachitiza mhirizhonga uye kuparadzwa kubva mukupara mhosva kweRussia munyika yavo - hondo yehutsinye ingadai yakadziviswa dai veUS vasina kusarudzwa kudzinga kuchengetedzeka kweRussia vachisimbirira kuti. Ukraine ine kodzero kuzvisarudzira wega kana kujoina NATO. (Ichi chinzvimbo chakataurwa zviri pamutemo na Mumiriri weU.S. muMoscow, John Sullivan, uye Secretary of State weUS, Anthony Blinken, zvisinei nekuramba kweRussia kwenguva refu uye kwakakodzera kuramba kune kumwe kuwedzera kweNATO, mubatanidzwa wemauto eEuropean neNorth America.)
Makumi maviri emakumi maviri e "hondo yehugandanga" (yakashandurwa zvine hungwaru se "mhiri kwemakungwa mashandiro ezviitiko" nekutonga kwaObama) vanga vari mutyairi mukuru wedambudziko ririkuitika, risingapere-mukuona revapoteri. Hondo yave iri imwe nguva refu ichiuraya. Muna 2012, masangano matatu epamusoro-soro ekodzero dzevanhu akadzidza ruzivo rwuripo rwehuwandu hwevakabatwa muIraq, Afghanistan, nePakistan โ nhandare huru dzehondo. Vanachiremba veMutoro Wemagariro, Varapi veGlobal Survival, uye International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War vakagumisa kuti makore 12 ehondo yeWashington pamusoro pehugandanga "yakauraya pamusoro." vanhu mamiriyoni 1.3, nhamba โyaigonawo kuva inopfuura mamiriyoni maviri.โโ The Watson Institute vakaita ongororo yevakakuvara kubva ku2001 kusvika 2021. Basa ravo, rakanangana nerufu muAfghanistan, Pakistan, Iraq, Syria, neYemen, rakagumisa kuti nhamba ingangove yevagari vakafa zvakananga kubva mumhirizhonga yehondo dzakatungamirwa neU.S. nzvimbo dzakabva pa897,000 kusvika pa929,000. Nekudaro, huwandu hwekufa hunofungidzirwa hausanganisi vanhuwo zvavo vakafa nemhedzisiro yekurwiswa kwezvivakwa zvakakosha zvevagari, zvichikonzera kushomeka kwechikafu nemishonga, zvirwere zvinokonzerwa nemvura kubva mukuparadzwa kwezvigadziriso zvemvura uye masisitimu etsvina, uye zvimwe zvinokonzerwa nehondo. .
Iyo Obama Vector: Imwe "Hondo Yevanhu"
Muna 2002, Obama paakanga achiri seneta, akataura pamusangano wekurwisa hondo muChicago mwedzi mishoma isati yatanga kurwiswa neUS kuIraq. Pakutanga kwekutaura kwake, akaita kuti vanhu vazhinji vanzwisise kuti "asingapikisane nehondo mumamiriro ose ezvinhu.โ Chaaipikisa yaive "hondo isina mutsindo ... hondo yekumhanya-mhanya" - sehondo yaiuya muIraq yaizoratidza kuve, zvirinani kuna Obama. Vamwe vatsoropodzi Kuruboshwe vakapomera Obama mhosva nekusaenderera mberi mukupikisa kwake hondo iyoyo. Nekuzvidaidza kuti "mbeveve," akapotsa mukana wekuva mumiriri wechokwadi werunyararo vazhinji vevatsigiri vake vaimutenda. Noam Chomsky, kune imwe, anozvidemba kuti VaObama vakatadza kumisa kupokana kwavo pane chimwe chinhu kunze kwezvikonzero zvepragmatic. Kupinda kweIraq, kwaChomsky nevamwe vanofambira mberi, kwaive nehupombwe uye kusiri pamutemo - kwete kungo "mbeveve." Mutungamiriri waObama "mushandirapamwe rhetoric, tariro uye shanduko, yakanga isina chinhu zvachose,โ maererano naChomsky. "Pakanga pasina kutsoropodza kwetsika kwe Iraki hondo: akaitumidza kuti kukanganisa. "
Semutungamiri wenyika, VaObama vakagara nhaka hondo dzakatanga neakafanotungamira. Ko iye, saGeorge W. Bush mukati metemu yake yokutanga, aizovimba nemauto epasi nesimba guru remoto kuti aite basa rekuvaka nyika ine ruramisiro uye ine runyararoโnyika yakaparara pashure peimwe? Kana kuti aizotora nzira shoma, ine mwero inoenderana nekwaakabva senyanzvi yezvemitemo uye mudzidzisi wezvemutemo webumbiro? Chero nzira, hondo yepasi rose yehugandanga yaisazoenderera mberi pasi paObama; yaizokura kusvika, pakupera kwetemu yake yechipiri ari pachigaro, 70% yenyika dzese munyika yaizotakura tsoka dzeU.S. Special Forces ichiita kurwisa-hugandanga uye kupiswa-mumumvuri wemhondi. Kwegore rega rega rehutungamiri hwake, mauto eUS airwa kune imwe nzvimbo pasi rose. Kunyangwe akabudirira kudzikisa huwandu hwemauto akamira munzvimbo dzakaita seIraq neAfghanistan, uye akapedzisa misheni yehondo munzvimbo mbiri idzi, akabvumidzawo kurwisa kwendege uye kurwiswa kwevakuru vemauto mune zvishoma. nyika nomwe panguva yake ari muhofisi: Afghanistan, Iraq, Syria, Libya, Yemen, Somalia nePakistan. Uye zvakadaro, Obama akanzwisisa kuti nyika yaisagona kuramba iri muhondo zvachose. Muna 2013, vakati, "Kuedza kwedu kuputsa masangano emagandanga kunofanirwa kuenderera mberi. Asi hondo iyi, sehondo dzose, inofanira kupera. Ndizvo zvinokurudzirwa nenhoroondo. Ndizvo zvinodiwa nedemocracy yedu. "
Obama haana kungowedzera hondo chete; akabudirira kuita kuti chive chisiri chiitiko, chimwe chinhu icho vanhu veAmerica vaisafanira kufunga zvakanyanya pamusoro pacho kana kuteerera zvakanyanya. Hondo yakanga ichiri kupfuurira, asi majaya nemhandara vashoma zvikuru, vakaurawa munharaunda imwe yehondo kana kuti imwe, vakanga vachiuya kumusha vari mumabhokisi akavharidzirwa. Vanhu vakanga vachiri kufa muhondo iyi, asi chero vanga vasiri "vanhu vedu," kufa kwavo kwaisava nhau dzepeji rekutanga. Chinangwa chakakosha chekutonga kwake kwaive kuratidza US semutakuri wehondo yemunhu. Hatingacha (zvisina rusaruro?) kubhomba nyika dzakanangwa kana kutumira mauto akashongedzerwa nezvombo kuti abvise mhirizhonga uye kuunganidza vanofungidzirwa kuti magandanga. Kwete, nzira itsva yekurwa hondo yepasi rose - isina muganho munguva uye munzvimbo, uye yakakomborerwa nerubatsiro rweMvumo yeKushandisa Mauto Echiuto (AUMF) yakapfuura neCongress musi waGunyana 18, 2001 - yaive yekuvimba zvakanyanya nendege isina munhu, ine zvombo. , kureva, drones, uye akadzidziswa zvakanyanya Special Forces zvikamu, anozivikanwawo seSpecial Operations Forces, seHondo yeDelta Force neNavy SEALs. Vanhu vaivepi muchitsauko chitsva ichi che "hondo yekutya"? mumwe angabvunza. Kutanga, takavimbiswa kuti ma drones edu aizoshanyira gehena uye kutongwa chete pazvinangwa zviri pamutemo, kureva, zvinangwa izvo kuvapo kwemagandanga uye / kana mabasa ehugandanga zvakanga zvisina kujeka. Kuramwa kwaizove kwekuvhiya uye chaiko pasina kana "kukuvadzwa kwechibvumirano". Vakaipa chete ndivo vaizobudiswa kunze, nepo vafudzi vembudzi, vafudzi, varimi, mhuri, vaenzi vemichato, vana vaigona kuita mibato yavo yezuva nezuva vasina kukuvadzwa, uye nyika yaizotitenda nokuda kwetarisiro nokutarisira kwatakaita hondo nako. Kunyangwe vavengi vedu vane hasha vaizofanira kuziva hunhu hwedu uye kuomerera kwedu kune yakakodhwa, inozivikanwa pasi rese (asi yakanyanya kushorwa) mitemo yehondo.
Kuenzanisa huwandu hweairstrikes pasi peBush II nenhamba iri pasi paObama inoratidza kuti "tariro neshanduko" mutungamiri aivimba nemadrones kupomera hondo yehugandanga. Hondo yeDrone, pamwe nekuita kwekuvanda kwakaitwa neSpecial Forces, yakachengeta vanhu vakakuvara vaverengera yakaderera uye yakabatsira kurongedza hondo dzepashure-9/11 sedzisina kusimba, dzimwe nzira dzehunhu kune yakazara-panhandare yehondo. Paive ne57 drone kurohwa mukati memakore masere aBush ari muhofisi; pasi paObama, nhamba yakakwira kusvika pa563 pakati pa2009 kusvika pakupera kwa2015. Zvizhinji zvekuramwa mabasa uku kwakaitwa muPakistan, Somalia, neYemen.
Takanga Tisiri Isu (kana Kuti Zvaiva?)
Izvi hazvirevi kuti mamwe marudzi ezvombo akanga asingachashandiswi muโhondo yokutyisaโ. Pamusoro pema drones anouraya, ndege dzehondo, uye Special Ops, mauto eUS akaenderera mberi nekukanda zvombo zvechikepe munzvimbo dzinofungidzirwa kuti dzakasimba dzemagandanga kana misasa. Musi waZvita 17, 2009 hutongi hwaObama hwakabvumidza kutangwa kwezvombo zvinokandwa kurwisa nzvimbo mbiri dzinofungidzirwa kuti dzine mhirizhonga muYemen. Mvumo yekurwiswa yakauya zvakananga kubva ku Oval Office kunyangwe manejimendi akatanga kusada kutaura pachena bvuma mutoro. Mukuru weCIA, David Petraeus, akataura kuti al-Qaeda muArabia Peninsula "yabuda senzvimbo ine ngozi kwazvo muJihad yepasi rose." John Brennan, akashanda sechipangamazano mukuru waObama wekurwisa hugandanga, akati sangano iri ranga riri kuronga kurwiswa kwete muYemen chete asi muU.S. Seneti Yemauto Anoshanda Dare akati, "Isu tinoona [al-Qaeda muArabia Peninsula] seyakanyanya kutyisidzira nyika."
Mune kumwe kurwiswa, imwe kana kupfuura zvombo zvakaburitswa kubva pasi pegungwa kana ngarava yehondo yeAmerica muGungwa reArabia. Chinangwa chavo chaive Saleh Mohammed al-Anbouri, murwi anonzi aitora nekudzidzisa varwi kubva kunyika dzakasiyana siyana kuti vave nhengo yeal-Qaeda muArabia Peninsula (AQAP), chitsauko chenzvimbo yeal-Qaeda network yakakura. Al-Anbouri aigara kual-Maโjalah, musha une makomo kumaodzanyemba kweYemen, nomudzimai wake nevanakomana vana. Mhuri iyi yaive chikamu chedzinza reAl-Anbouri kana dzinza. Iye nevamwe varume vemumusha uyu vaichera tsime apo chombo cheBGM-109D Tomahawk cruise missile chaive nemabhomba emapoka chakarova musha. Amnesty International yakazoita ongororo yavakawana humbowo hunoratidza basa reUS mukurwiswa uku: zvikamu zvemissile zvakagadzirwa muUS uye zvidimbu zvemabhomba esumbu. Maererano ne ripoti rakabudiswa neAmnesty International, โimwe neimwe [bhomba reboka rinoputika] kuita zvimedu zvesimbi zvakapinza zvinopfuura 200 zvinogona kukonzera kukuvara kusvika kure ne150m. Zvinhu zvinopisa zviri mukati mebhomba zvinoparadzirawo zvimedu zvezirconium zvakagadzirirwa kuisa moto pazvinhu zviri pedyo zvinobvira.โ Iyi chaiyo mhando ye missile inogona kutakura 166 cluster mabhomba; panguva yekurwiswa, iyo US chete yaive nemakomba eBGM-109D mune yayo arsenal.
Kurwiswa uku kwakauraya al-Anbouri nevamwe gumi nevatatu vanonzi inhengo dzeAl-Qaeda. Reports vachibuda muYemen vakati kurwiswa kwese kuri muna Zvita 17 kune Air Force yenyika. Mutungamiri Obama vakadaidza Ali Abdallah Salih, mutungamiri weYemen, kuti vamukorokotedze nekubudirira kwake kuchengetedza al-Qaeda muArabia Peninsula, pasina kubvuma-panguva iyoyo-basa rakaitwa neUS mukurwiswa kwezvikepe zviviri. , kuwedzera kwakajeka kwehondo muYemen.
Kushevedzera kwekukorokotedza kubva kuWhite House uye kuburitswa kwenhau kwakajairwa kurwiswa kwakanangana nerufu rwevanofungidzirwa kuti magandanga uye kubudirira kwehurongwa hwaObama "kuuraya kwakavavarirwa" kurwisa hugandanga. Kunyatsoteerera kwakapiwa kune vamwe vakafa apo musha wavo wakarwiswa nemazvombo. Maererano ne Amnesty International, vagari 41 vomumusha weAl-Maโjalah vakaurayiwa mumangwanani-ngwanani emusi waDecember 17. Vakafa vaisanganisira vakadzi 14 nevana vanenge 21. Gotwe aingova negore rimwe chete. Vashanu vevakadzi vacho vaiva nepamuviri apo zvombo zvakawana chiratidzo chavo. Hapana weava vakabatwa aive nehukama neal-Qaeda.
Jeremy Scahill, mutori wenhau weAmerica anoongorora, akasangana nevamwe vevakasara. Mumwe mukadzi akarangarira nguva yakarova zvombo:
Kuma6 vainge vakarara ini ndichigadzira chingwa. Pakaputika pfuti ndakafenda. Ndakanga ndisingazivi kuti chii chakaitika kuvana vangu, mwanasikana wangu, murume wangu. Ini chete ndini ndakasara neharahwa iyi nemwanasikana wangu.
Scahill akataurawo nemutungamiri wedzinza akashanyira nzvimbo iyi ndokutsanangura zvaakaona:
Kana mumwe munhu ane moyo usina simba, ndinofunga anodonha. Unoona mbudzi nemakwai kwese. Munoona misoro yevakaurayiwa pano nepapo. Unoona vana. Uye hamuzivi kuti nyama iyi ndeyemhuka here kana kuti ndeyevanhu. Kusuwa kukuru, kusuwa kukuru.
Yemen neAfghanistan: Izvo "Hondo Yekutyisa" Yakaita
Kupondwa uku kwakaitika makore gumi nematatu apfuura. Asi kurwa muYemen kunoenderera mberi. Kunyangwe kupindira kwakananga kweUS mukurwisa al-Qaeda muArabia Peninsula (AQAP) kuri kushoma pane zvayaive makore apfuura (AQAP yakaumbwa muna 13), hondo yevagari vemo, yave mugore rechinomwe, iri kungowedzera chisimba. . Muna 2009, mubatanidzwa wenyika dzechiArab unotungamirwa neSaudi Arabia wakapindira muhondo yevagari vemo. Chinangwa chavo chikuru chave chekukunda boka revapanduki reShia muYemen rinonzi Houthis uye kudzoreredza hurumende yeMutungamiri Abed-Rabbu Mansour Hadi, akadzingwa kubva pachigaro neHouthis uye ave kugara muhunhapwa kuSaudi Arabia. ((VaHouthis ndevebazi reShia Islam rinozivikanwa seShia Zaidi. Vanotenda kuti chete muzukuru wakananga waMuporofita Muhammad ndiye ane kodzero yekutungamira maMuslim.) MaSaudis anotya kuti kutonga kweHouthi kweYemen kuchaita kuti nyika ive pasi pevaMuslim. muvengi ane simba zvikuruโIran.โ Vacherekedzi vakawanda, zvisinei, vanodavira kuti simba reIran harina kunaka zvachose. yekutambudzika kune kuvharirwa kwakadzikwa neSaudi uye kurova kwemhepo kunoenderera, kunotsigirwa neUS, kunodzokorora. Gwaro richangoburwa raburitswa neUNICEF rinoburitsa mhedzisiro yehondo Yemeni vana:
Yemen inoramba iri imwe yematambudziko makuru ekubatsira vanhu pasi rose, nevanhu vanosvika mamirioni makumi maviri nenomwe vanoda rubatsiro, kusanganisira vana vangangosvika mamirioni gumi nematatu. โฆ Vana vanopfuura 23.7 13 vakaurayiwa kana kuremara kubva pakatanga kurwisana, uye zviuru zvevamwe vakapinzwa muhondo. Vana vanosvika miriyoni maviri vakatamisirwa misha yavo. ... Zvichakadaro, dambudziko renzara reYemen rave kutowedzera kumucheto kwenjodzi. Pakazosvika Kurume 10,200, vanhu vanosvika mamiriyoni gumi nenomwe nemazana mana vangada rubatsiro rwechikafu, nechikamu chiri kukura chehuwandu hwevanhu vari kurarama nemwero yekukurumidza yenzara.
Mamiriro akafananidzwa kana asina kuipa aripo muAfghanistan. Kuwedzera dambudziko iro makore makumi maviri ehondo yakaitwa nemubatanidzwa wemauto anotungamirwa neUS mune imwe yenyika dzine hurombo muAsia, hutungamiriri hweBiden hunoramba kubvisa zvirango izvo zviri kupa kuti hupfumi hweAfghan hwudzikire. mitengo yezvinhu zvakakosha uye masevhisi, uye kuita kuti hupenyu hwevanhuwo zvavo veAfghan huwedzere kusatsungirirwa. Avo vanotsigira zvirango vanoti imhinduro yakakodzera kuhurumende yeTaliban nekutyorwa kwekodzero dzevanhu, kunyanya kubata vakadzi. Sezviri pachena, mupfungwa dzevashandi veDhipatimendi reHurumende, mutemo wekutemera zvirango zvehupfumi zvakakomba haungonyaradzi maRepublicans aipikisa kubuda kweUS kubva kuAfghanistan uye vanoona kubviswa uku sekupa hutongi hunovengwa; mutemo wezvirango ucharatidzawo vanotsoropodza kuti hutongi hweBiden hunoziva kutamba bhora rakaoma neTaliban nekuvanyima chero zviwanikwa. Zvingatove kuti mamwe mashoma ane fungidziro yevakuru veWashington vanofungidzira kuti zvirango, zvisinei nenhamo yazvinoburitsa, zvinozopedzisira zvaita kuti maTaliban aimbe rwiyo rwakasiyana (sekungoita kwavakaita hutongi hweBa'athist hweIraq ive muenzaniso wehutongi hune tsitsi). Pakupedzisira, sezvo hupfumi hweAfghan hunoramba huchidzikama semotokari yakaputsika pasi pechitsigiro chisingaregi chekupwanya mota, maTaliban haachazotyora kodzero dzevanhu, uye vakadzi vanozonakidzwa nerusununguko rwavanofanirwa kuwana.
Zvisinei, iyi paradhiso isati yasvika, vanhu, uye vanhu bedzi, zvikurukuru varombo, ndonda, vakwegura, vaduku zvikuru, vacharipa mubairo wokuzvidza kwavatungamiriri vavo vakadzi, kusashivirira, uye kunzwisisa kwakamonyaniswa kworudzidziso rwavafundisi. kuzviti kudzidzira. Pazvirango zvose zviriko zvino, chakanyanya kunetsa, chakaipisisa kutorwa kwehupfumi hwenyika โ madhora mabhiriyoni manomwe agara muU.S. Federal Reserve. Mari iyi inomiririra 7% yehupfumi hweAfghanistan. Biden akakurudzira kupa hafu yemari kumhuri dzevakabatwa na40/9 nevamwe vese inotsigirwa nemasangano anobatsira pasi rose. Izvozvo zvinonzwika sechibvumirano chakanaka here? Zvingave kana mari iyoyo isiri yeCentral Bank yenyika uye dai yaive yedu chaiyo kuita sezvataida. Zvirango zvakatemerwa Afghanistan "zviri munzira kutora hupenyu hweveruzhinji mugore rinouya kupfuura zvanga zvaitwa. akaurayiwa by 20 makore ehondo. "
David Miliband, mukuru weInternational Rescue Committee, akataura nezvekutyisidzirwa kwevakawanda nzara muAfghanistan panguva yeuchapupu hwake pamberi peSeneti yeUS muna Kukadzi:
Nhasi, Afghanistan inyika ine nzara, kwete nyika ine urombo chete. Chikonzero chikuru chedambudziko renzara iyi itsika yezveupfumi pasi rose iyo yakagamuchirwa kubva muna Nyamavhuvhu, uye yakamisa mafambiro emari kwete kuvashandi vehurumende chete, asi mumapato akazvimirira muAfghanistan zvakare.
Miliband akasimbisawo mishumo yekuti maAfghan vari kutengesa nhengo kuitira kuti vatengere mhuri dzavo chikafu sezvo kukosha kwemari kwadzikira nechikamu chimwe muzvina. Maererano neUN World Food Program,
Vana vanofungidzirwa kuva miriyoni imwe vari kutambura neโkushaya zvokudya zvinovaka muviri kwakakombaโ gore rino. Vana vanoshaya zvokudya zvakakwana zvichida kufa nezvimwe zvirwere, kunyange kana vachigona kuwana macalorie akakwana uye zvinovaka muviri kuti vararame. Nechekare, 98 muzana yechiverengero chavagari vapasi haisi kuwana zvokudya zvakakwana.
Uye maererano ne mukuru webazi rezvehutano yakanyorwa mumushumo weHuman Rights Watch kubva munaKurume 17, 2022,
zvishoma Mumwe mucheche mugumi mucheche weAfghan achangozvarwa kubva muna Ndira 1 akafa - pamusoro pe13,000 yakazara - kuwedzera kunofungidzirwa kuti kunowedzera nekushaya chikafu chinovaka muviri, zvirwere zvine chekuita nenzara, uye kuparara kwebazi rehutano hwenyika. 95 muzana vevanhu havana zvekudya zvakakwana uye vana 3.5 miriyoni vanoda rubatsiro rwekudya kunovaka muviri.
Iyo U.S. ine mhosva zvachose nekuda kwemamiriro ezvinhu aya? Kwete. Zviito zveTaliban zvakatowedzera dambudziko remagariro nehupfumi zvakatonyanya kuipa nekusanaya kwemvura, COVID-19, uye kukakavara pakati pemapoka akasiyana eAfghanistan.
Hondo muUkraine: Njodzi Imwe Munyika Yekutambudzika Kusingataurwi uye Kushungurudzika
Kubva munzira iyo nhepfenyuro huru dzenhau pano uye kune dzimwe nzvimbo munyika yose dziri kufukidza kurwisa kwemauto eRussia muUkraine, munhu angagumisa nenzira ine mufungo kuti hondo yomuEastern Europe ndiyo hondo inotyisa zvikuru, inosuruvarisa zvikuru, uye ine utsinye zvikuru kubvira Hondo Yenyika II. . (Zvinogona kunge iri imwe yenjodzi zvakanyanya sezvo kumwe kutadza kana kutadza kuverengera divi kungakonzeresa Hondo Yenyika III uye mukana wekushandisa zvombo zvenyukireya, izvo zvinonyatso kutaura kupera kwebudiriro yemunhu kana kusiri kupera kwehupenyu hwese paPasi. .) Asi tichifunga nezvokudikanwa kwakakwana kwokuderedza ngozi dzinoparirwa noutsinye hweRussia uye kutambura kukuru uye kudeurwa kweropa kwakavapo, tinotii kuvanhu vedzimwe nyika uko makore erwisano nokupindira kweU.S. zvakakonzera kutambura kwakafanana? MuYemen, Syria, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Libya, neSomalia, kudoma dzimwe dzenzvimbo dzakaparadzwa, US yaita zvishoma zvekupa sehumbowo hwechinangwa chedu chekupedzisira, chekuteerera mutemo. Maitiro edu ekupikisa uye kushandiswa kwezvombo zvepamberi, uye mutemo wedu wekutemera zvirango zvehupfumi zvawedzera huwandu hwevapoteri, zvakakonzera kufa kwemazana ezviuru zvevanhu, uye zvakapa chishandiso chakachengeteka chekupinza basa kumapoka emauto anobira avo vanogona. vakapukunyuka kurwisa kwakaitwa nendege dzakashongedzerwa nezvombo kana kuti zvinokandwa asi vakaona vadiwa vavo vachipeperetswa zvidimbu uye vanogona kuwana bedzi nyaradzo yakashata mukutarisira kutsiva.
Mwoyo wavo usingagutsikane nedambudziko remhuri dzeUkraine dzichiona dzimba dzavo nemaguta zvaitwa mirwi yemarara anopfungaira, hupenyu hwavo hwabviswa, vana vavo vachishungurudzika, zvazvino, zvaimbova chokwadi zvinofanofungidzira, zvava kudonha pasi pavo. Biden, isu tinoziviswa, hazvigone kubatsira asi kuisa mukati mekutambudzika kwevanhu. Izvi zvinogona kutsanangura ake asingatarisirwi, asiri-script kutaura kuti Putin haagone kuramba ari musimba. Chete munhu ane moyo wakakweretwa pane zviri kuitwa nemaRussia muUkraine anogona kutaura zviri kuturikira nevakawanda sekudaidzira kwe "kuchinja kwehurumende" kugumisa kuponda. Pamwe. Pamwe kwete. Chero zvazvingava, Biden haasi oga. Pasi rose, kutaura kwakawanda uye kwakasiyana-siyana kwekubatana kwechokwadi nevanhu vekuUkraine kunotaura kushushikana kukuru uye chishuwo chechokwadi chekumisa hondo.
Munharaunda yangu yechitendero (Quaker), nhengo dziri kutsvaga gwara rekutaura nezvehondo nevana vavo. Iri ibasa rinorumbidzwa uye rinodikanwa, uye chiratidzo cherudo rwedu nehanya nehutano hwepfungwa hwevana. Nharaunda yose iri kutsvaga nzira dzekupindura kune kusawirirana-nzira dzinoenderana nemaitiro nemaitiro eQuaker. Pamusangano uchangoburwa paZoom, imwe nhengo yakatenda kuti "nyika yakabatana" mukupokana nekupinda kweRussia uye kunzwira tsitsi vanhu veUkraine.
Asi zvino ndinobvunza, kuri kupi kuchema kwekushungurudzika uye kupererwa kumhuri dziri muAfghanistan uko kuramba kweUS kuburitsa mabhiriyoni emadhora emadhora mumidziyo kunotyisidzira kuunza kutambura kwakanyanya kuvanhu? Sei vanhu vakawanda vasiri kutsamwiswa nedambudziko revanhu muYemen, iro hurumende yedu inogona kuita zvakawanda kudzikisa nekupedza kutsigira kwayo Saudi Arabia? Tuka maRussia nekuda kwekupinda kwavo kwehutsinye muUkraine asi panguva imwe chete rangarira kupindirwa kweUS muIraq nemazana ezviuru zvehupenyu husina mhosva hwakarasika, uye mhirizhonga yakavhiringa nyika pakatanga hondo yevagari vemo uye boka rine hutsinye husingafungidzirwe. akaberekerwa mumhirizhongaโIslamic State, kana kuti Da'esh sokuzivikanwa kwainoitwa munharaunda.
Iyo "nzira yemisodzi" inotaurwa mumusoro wechinyorwa ichi inogona kunge yakatanga muIdlib, asi nekuverenga kwangu, kwayakabva kuri pano, "rudzi runokosha." Patinofunga nezvevanhu veUkraine uye tichinzwa tatsamwiswa nechisimba uye kukurirwa neshungu, zvakanyanyisa here kuti tizvibvumire kuyeuka vamwe vanhu vari kune dzimwe nyika uko manomano ehurumende yedu pachedu akasiya nzira refu misodzi, makoronga emabhomba, vanhu vakatiza misha, vana vanorwara uye vari kufa, uye miriyoni kana kupfuura vakafa. Tinogona kunge tisina simba pamusoro pemurwi weRussia, asi pane zvakawanda zvatingaite imo muno, munyika yedu, kubatsira kudzoreredza humwe huwandu hwevanhu pabasa reAmerica pasirese.
George Capaccio munyori uye muratidziri zvino anogara muDurham, North Carolina mushure mekubva munzvimbo yeBoston. Mumakore ezvirango zvakatemerwa neUS kuIraq, akaita nzendo dzakawanda kuIraq, achiuya nemishonga uye zvedzidzo zvaidiwa. George anotenda mhinduro uye anogona kusvikwa neemail: [email inodzivirirwa]
ZNetwork inopihwa mari chete kuburikidza nerupo rwevaverengi vayo.
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