Takakumbirwa mabasa maviri nevarongi(1): Chekutanga, tinofanira kupa chiono cheguta rakarurama remunguva yemberi, iro guta richatonga kururamisira mumagariro evanhu (izvo zvinofungidzira imwe nzanga, nzanga yepasi-capitalist) ; chechipiri, tinofanira kuumba zano kuitira kuti tiwane guta iri rakarurama.
Eya, tinoda chiono, asi tinofanira kudzivisa muedzo wokukudziridza muenzaniso wetsika. A normative model is a rationalistic exercise; chirevo chayo ndechekuti isu tinokwanisa kufungidzira nezve mafomu emumaguta emunguva yemberi uye / kana kuti isu tinokwanisa kutara kuti fomu reguta remangwana rinofanira kunge riri sei. Ndinofunga kuti nzira iyi haina kururama uye mune zvematongerwo enyika. Guta chairo remangwana rinofanirwa kurongwa uye kutungamirwa nevarume nevakadzi vakasununguka kongiri, kwete "socialist" gurus, matekinoroji nevakuru vebato vanoita muzita revanhu (kana muzita re "boka revashandi" kana chero) ; nhoroondo pachayo uye kwete dzidziso inofanira kuona kongiri nzvimbo yeramangwana. Nekudaro, isu tinokwanisa uye tinofanirwa kukurukura maitiro uye paramita, nerubatsiro rwatinogona kutaura pamusoro pemubvunzo kuti ndepapi uye pasi pemamiriro api sangano renzvimbo rinogona kukodzera kune humwe hukama hwemagariro.
Guta rakarurama rinoda nzanga yakarurama, asi hukama hutsva hwemagariro hunodawo nzvimbo itsva. Hazvina kunaka kufunga kuti mafomu matsva ega ega anogona kuona hukama hwevanhu (mupfungwa, toti, yeLe Corbusier's ville radieuse), asi zvingave zvisina kunaka kufuratira kuti mafomu enzvimbo anogona kukanganisa hukama hwevanhu. Mafomu emaguta eCapitalist, sangano recapitalist spatial uye capitalist territorial division yevashandi zvakaburitswa necapitalist social relationships kuitira kushandira zvido zvecapitalist. Nzanga itsva inoda nzvimbo itsva, asi iyi nzvimbo itsva haizoputsi kubva kudenga: Inofanira kuvakwa uye kukundwa pahwaro hwekurwa kwakanyanya uye muhurongwa hwekuchinja hukama hwevanhu.
Chii chinonzi nzanga yakarurama? Nzanga yakarurama inofanira kuva nzanga inopa mikana yakaenzana yekutora chikamu muzvirongwa zvezvematongerwo enyika kune nhengo dzayo dzose. Handirevi chete kuenzana kwepamutemo kana kwepamutemo, asi kuenzana chaiko, izvo zvinofungidzira masangano ehupfumi nezvematongerwo enyika anofanirwa kunge akasiyana zvakanyanya neaya aripo pasi pecapitalism uye anomiririra "democracy". Kureva kuti, nzanga yakarurama haionekwi nemidziyo yega yezvigadzirwa, uye hainawo kuratidzwa nekuparadzaniswa kwemaitiro pakati peavo vanotonga nevanotongwa.(2)
Maitiro ezvematongerwo enyika munharaunda yakadaro angangodaro achaitika pahwaro hweimwe rudzi rwedemocracy yakananga; kuronga kwemadhorobha uye manejimendi zvichange zvichitora chikamu zvakanyanya. Kunyange kana iri rimwe guta riine mazana ezviuru kana kunyange mamiriyoni evagari vemo, zvinogoneka uye zvakafanira kugadziridzwa kuitira kuti muitiro wedemocracy yakananga ugoneke. Pane mabasa mana akakosha kuitira kushandura chiratidzo ichi kuti chive chokwadi(3):
1) Kugovera mabasa kunofanirwa kuunzwa nekuwedzerwa. Kutumwa kwakasiyana kwazvo nekumiririra mumweya: Nhume ingori mutauriri kana mutauriri wenzvimbo yemagariro, yeboka revanhu, uye iye ane mandate yakakosha, nepo mumiriri ane simba rekusarudza muzita revamwe vanhu.
2) territorial decentralization inofanira kuwanikwa nepose patinogona napo. Iyo yega nzira yekutonga nekutonga maguta ane mazana ezviuru kana kunyange mamirioni avanhu ndeyekumisa hutongi hwayo zvakanyanya pahwaro hwemakomisheni, zvakanyanya mupfungwa yemafungiro aMurray Bookchin pamusoro pemubvunzo uyu.
3) Tekinoroji nyowani dzekutaurirana uye ruzivo dzinofanirwa kushandiswa. Aya matekinoroji matsva akagadziridzwa nezvido zvecapitalist uye kwete nekuda kwezvinangwa zverusununguko, asi zvinogoneka uye zvakakosha kuagadzirisa kuti ashumire rusununguko rwevanhu pachinzvimbo chekuparadzaniswa nevanhu. Kubva kuna Cornelius Castoriadis kuenda kuna Pierre Lรฉvy, vazhinji vanofunga vakateerera kune ribertarian kugona kweiyi tekinoroji nyowani.
4) Mafomu matsva enzvimbo anofanirwa kugadzirwa. Mamiriro emazuva ano echiGiriki ikozvino (musanganiswa wemusika nenzvimbo yekuungana yezvematongerwo enyika) nechiGiriki ecclesiasterion (chivako chakavakwa senzvimbo yemisangano yezvematongerwo enyika yevagari) inofanira kuumbwa uye kuvakwa.
Mumwe mubvunzo unokosha ndewemamiriro enharaunda iyo guta riripo. Tinofanira kukurira kushorwa kuri pakati peguta nemaruwa, zvinova zvakajairwa necapitalism, pamwe nekupikisa pakati pebasa renjere neremaoko. Tinogona kukurira uku kupokanidzana nemhando mbiri dzezviyero: Kutanga, โkusvibiriraโ guta, ndiko kuti, kuedza kuriita kuti rive risinganyanyi kuva rakagadzirwa, risina kunaka, risina kusvibiswa zvishoma; chechipiri, zvinodikanwa kuparadzira zvivakwa uye mikana yetsika nehupfumi munzvimbo, kuitira kuti nzvimbo dziri kunze kwemaguta edu makuru anhasi awedzere kukwezva vanhu. Vazhinji vanofunga vekare vakazvipira kufungisisa nezvemubvunzo uyu - vanhu vakadai saFriedrich Engels, Piotr Kropotkin naEbenezer Howard -, asi vanyori vemazuva ano vanoenda kuruboshwe vakaisa hanya zvakanyanya kune dambudziko iri, kana kune nzvimbo mune zvese. Muyaichimbova Soviet Union makanga muchiedza kumakore ekuma1920 kuti mufungezve nezvenzvimbo uye sangano renzvimbo mumashoko matsva, kunyanya pasi pekufemerwa kwemashoko aEngels pamusoro penyaya iyi mune mamwe mabasa ake (akadai seThe Housing Question); avo vanodaidzwa kuti "desurbanists" vakaedza kugadzira imwe spatial modhi yakasarudzika kune iyo capitalist. Zvisinei, Stalinist pragmatism yakaderedza kuedza uku kuita madota, uye iyo yainzi "socialism chaiyo" yainyanya kunetseka nekupfuura capitalism kusvika pamwero mukuru mumataurirwo ayo pane kukunda masimba ekugadzirwa kwecapitalist (kusanganisira nzvimbo).
Ehe, chete pahwaro hwehukama hutsva hwemagariro zvinogoneka kushandura spatiality zvakanyanya. Zvisinei, hatifaniri kumirira chimurenga chine mbiri kuti chitange kushandura zvinhu; kutaura zvazviri, hatidi chete unyanzvi hwokuronga, asiwo tactical mano. Izvo zvine hungwaru zvinodikanwa kukoshesa zvakanaka zvimwe zviridzwa uye nzira dzinogona kushandiswa pano uye ikozvino, kunyangwe mune yakajairika mamiriro ehteronomous status quo pasi pe capitalism uye inomiririra "democracy". Zvishandiso izvi uye nzira dzekutora chikamu kuronga nekutungamira, senge Porto Alegre yekutora chikamu mubhajeti pamwe nemidziyo yakagadziridzwa kana kutorwa maererano neBrazilian dhorobha rekuvandudza nzira inozivikanwa se "urban reform"(4), inogona kutibatsira kugadzirira nzira itsva. social order.
References
Souza, ML de (2000): Kubudirira Kwemaguta paBasi reKuzvimirira: Politico-Philosophical uye Ethical Framework yeUrban Planning uye Management. Ethics, Nzvimbo uye Zvakatipoteredza, Vol. 3, n.ยฐ 2, 187-201.
โโโ- (2001): Iyo Brazilian Way of Conquering the โRight to the Cityโ: Kubudirira uye Zvipingamupinyi muNhambo Yakareba yakananga kune โUrban Reformโ. AVAIL, n.ยฐ 147, 25-31.
โโโ- (2002): Mudar a cidade. Uma introduรงรฃo critica ao planejamento e ร gestรฃo urbanos. Rio de Janeiro: Bertrand Brasil.
Purofesa paFederal University yeRio de Janeiro. E-mail: [email inodzivirirwa]
(1) Ichi chinyorwa chakabudiswa musi wa25 January muWorld Social Forum (Porto Alegre) muhurongwa hwechiitiko "Hupenyu mushure meCapitalism" (panel "Guta").
(2) Hurongwa hwezvematongerwo enyika-huzivi hwekuronga nekutonga kwemadhorobha kwakagadzirwa neni mumabasa akati wandei, zvakanyanya pasi pekufemerwa nepfungwa dzaCornelius Castoriadis pamusoro pekuzvimiririra kwemunhu uye kwemubatanidzwa (inonzi "purojekiti yekuzvitonga"). Ona, semuenzaniso, Souza (2000) uye Souza (2002).
(3) Zvimwe pamusoro pemabasa mana aya anogona kuwanikwa mubhuku rangu rekupedzisira (Souza 2002).
(4) Ona, nezvezvirongwa izvi uye zviridzwa, Souza (2000, 2001, 2002).
ZNetwork inopihwa mari chete kuburikidza nerupo rwevaverengi vayo.
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