Panzvimbo inosvika 18,000 maeka emapurazi, 59 mamaira kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumadokero kweBaton Rouge, mitsetse mirefu yevarume, kunyanya veAfrica-America, vanorima minda pasi pezuva rinopisa reLouisiana. Varume vanotanha donje, gorosi, soya bhinzi nechibage. Vanoshandira mapeni, chaizvo. Varindi vane zvombo, kunyanya vachena, vanokwira nekudzika mumitsara vakatasva bhiza, vakarinda. Pakupera kwevhiki refu rebasa, mushumo wakashata wechirango kubva kune gadhi - ingave yechokwadi kana yenhema - inogona kureva kupera kwevhiki kushanda nesimba muminda. Purazi rinonzi
Chiitiko ichi hachisi chiono chemazuva ekurima kare kare. Ndicho chokwadi chemazuva ano chezviuru zvevasungwa pakuchengetedzwa kwakanyanya kweLouisiana State Penitentiary, neimwe nzira inozivikanwa se.
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Mwalimu Johnson, akapedza makore gumi nemashanu ari musungwa mujeri uye zvino anoshanda semunyori mukuru weCapital Post-Conviction Project yeLouisiana, akabvumirana.
"Ndinozvitaura chokwadi
Panyika yakambogarwa nemunda wevaranda,
Mapurazi akawanda ejeri,
Sezvo fungu rekuratidzira rakamanikidza utsinye hwemapurazi ejeri kuti huonekwe muma1970, zvimwe zvakachinja: PaAngola, somuenzaniso, chisimba chemujeri chakaderedzwa zvikuru. Asi kusvika pamwero mukuru, nyaya dzepamutemo dzakarongwazve. Madhipatimendi ehurumende anotsiurwa ava kuratidza basa repapurazi remujeri semikana yedzidzo kana yemabasa emaoko, kusiyana nekungoita zvehusungwa. The Alabama Department of Corrections web site, semuenzaniso, inotaura kuti "Chirongwa Chekurima" "inobvumira vasungwa kudzidziswa maitiro ekushanda uye inovabvumira kukudziridza hunyanzvi hwekutengesa munzvimbo dzinoti: Kurima, Kuchengeta Mhuka, Vegetable, nyama, nemukaka. processing."
Sekureva kwewebhusaiti yeAngola, "shanduko huru" yakashandura jeri kuita "yakagadzikana, yakachengeteka uye ine bumbiro". Mazhinji ezvirongwa zvekutenda kuAngola akawana mitambo yakawanda yenhau, kusanganisira zviri muThe Washington Post uye The Christian Science Monitor.
Cathy Fontenot, mubatsiri wemujeri weAngola, akaudza Truthout kuti jeri rava kuzivikanwa zvakanyanya se "jeri rine hunyanzvi uye rinofambira mberi."
"Mutariri wejeri anoti zvinotora chikafu chakanaka, mushonga wakanaka, yakanaka prayerin' uye yakanaka playin' kuti uve nejeri rakanaka," Fontenot akadaro, achitaura nezvemukuru wevarindi, Burl Cain. "Angola ine zvese izvi."
Nekudaro, iyo makeover yanga isina kukwana, sekureva kwevasungwa nevamiriri vavo.
"Dzizhinji dzechinjo idzi ndedzerunako," akadaro Johnson, akasunungurwa kubva kuAngola muna 1992 uye, mune chinzvimbo chake chitsva semumiriri wekodzero dzejeri, anoramba achikurukurirana nevasungwa veAngola. "Muminda yemazuva ose, varanda vaingopiwa zvokudya zvakakwana, zvipfeko uye pokugara kuti vave mari kune muridzi. Izvi zvakafanana nejeri reLouisana."
Mihoro yevashandi vejeri rekurima neindasitiri haisati yavepo kana ichienzaniswa neyemuhoro wepasirese. Vasungwa veAngola vanobhadharwa chero kubva pamasendi mana kusvika makumi maviri paawa, maererano neFontenot. Vashandi vezvekurima vanowira pamucheto wakaderera wechiyero chemuhoro.
Uyezve, vasungwa vangangochengeta hafu yemari yavanoita, maererano naJohnson, uyo anoti imwe hafu inoiswa muakaundi yokuti vasungwa vashandise “kuzvigadzirira” pashure pokunge vasunungurwa.
Kunze kwechokwadi chekuti masendi maviri paawa anogona kusaunganidza yakawanda yehomwe yekutanga, pane chimwe chinhu chakajeka pamusoro peurongwa uhwu: nekuda kwedzimwe nzira dzakaomarara dzekupa mutongo munyika, vasungwa vazhinji vemuAngola havamboburitswa. Makumi mapfumbamwe nemanomwe muzana vachafira mujeri, maererano neFontenot.
(Sezvineiwo, zita rekuti "inofambira mberi" rinogona kushanda kuAngola, maererano nedzimwe nzvimbo: MuTexas, Arkansas neGeorgia, mapurazi mazhinji emajeri haabhadhare chero chinhu.)
Vasungwa veAngola vanoshanda mazuva masere maawa. Nekudaro, sezvo basa rakawedzerwa richigona kurairwa sechirango che "maitiro akaipa," maawa anogona kuungana zvakanyanya kupfuura muganhu iwoyo, aimbove musungwa Robert King akaudza Truthout.
“Vasungwa vakashanda mumunda, dzimwe nguva maawa 17 chaimo, kuchinaya kana kuti kuchinaya,” anoyeuka kudaro King, uyo akapedza makore 29 ari oga muAngola, kusvikira asunungurwa muna 2001 pashure pokunge aratidza kuti akanga asina mhosva yaakanga akasungirirwa.
Zvakajairika kuti vasungwa veAngola vashande maawa makumi matanhatu neshanu pasvondo mushure mekunge mishumo yekuranga yaiswa, sekureva kwaJohnson. Asi, mishumo iyi haingoratidzi kuti musungwa akatyora chero mitemo. Johnson anotsanangura varindi vachinyora mishumo svondo risati rasvika, vachigadzira zvirevo zvezviitiko, vobva vazadza mazita evasungwa neChishanu, dzimwe nguva zvisina tsarukano. Vasungwa ivavo vaizopedza kupera kwevhiki kwavo vari muminda yedonje.
Kunyange zvazvo vanhongi vedonje vane michina inenge yava kushandiswa munyika yose mumapurazi emazuva ano, vasungwa vokuAngola vanofanira kukohwa nemaoko, vachidzokorora tsika yaiitwa mumunda wacho vasati vasunungurwa.
Sekureva kwaMambo, maitiro aya akavharidzirwa nemafungiro akadzika midzi echiremera cherudzi.
"Varindi vaitaura nevasungwa sevaranda," King akaudza Truthout. "Vanokuudza kuti mupurisa aigara ari right, nyangwe zvodii."
Munguva ye1970s, vasungwa vaigara vachirohwa kana "kuiswa mugomba" pasina chikonzero, King akadaro. Ikozvino, masimba evarindi akanyanya kuvanzwa, asi vanoramba vachidyiswa nefungidziro yerusaruraganda, sekureva kwaMambo.
Johnson akatsanangura vamwe vevarindi vachena vaipisa michinjikwa pamakwenzi ejeri.
Zvizhinji zverusaruraganda urwu rwakanyanya kunobva munzira iyo yekutanga hurongwa - uye kunyangwe huwandu hwevanhu - hweAngola nenzvimbo dzayo dzakaramba dzakamira kubva pamazuva euranda, maererano naPegram. Pashure pokunge munda wacho wachinjwa kuva jeri, vaichimbova vatariri veminda nevazukuru vavo vakachengeta mabasa avo ose, vachiva vakuru vakuru vetorongo uye varindiri. Iyi nzanga yevatariri vechichena, inonzi B-Line, iri panhandare yepurazi, vose vari vaviri vari pedyo nevasungwa uye vakaparadzana zvachose navo. Pamusoro pebasa ravo remujeri, vasungwa vekuAngola vanoitira vagari veB-Line basa remahara, kubva pakucheka huswa kusvika pakucheka vhudzi kusvika pakuchenesa Prison View Golf Course, ndiyo yega kosi munyika umo vatambi vanogona kuona vasungwa vachishanda vachitamba gorofu.
Chimwe chicherechedzo chetaundi, iyo Angola Prison Museum, zvakare inofambiswa neakawanda zvizvarwa zveAngola vagari. Imyuziyamu inoratidza "Old Sparky," chigaro chemagetsi chemuouki chakashandiswa pakuurayiwa kuAngola kusvika 1991. Vashanyi vanogona kutenga hembe dzinoti, "Angola: A Gated Community."
Pasinei neantebellum MO, hurongwa hwebasa hweAngola hahuputsi mutemo. Kutaura zvazviri, inobvumirwa zviri pachena neBumbiro reMitemo. 13th Amendment, iyo inorambidza kumanikidzwa kushanda, ine caveat. Inoti, "Hapana huranda kana huranda hwekuzvidira, kunze kwekunge chirango chemhosva apo webato anenge abatwa nemhosva, ichavapo mukati meUnited States."
Icho chirevo chine nhoroondo yekunyengedzwa, sekureva kwaFordham Law Purofesa Robert Kaczorowski, uyo akanyora zvakanyanya nezvekodzero dzevanhu uye Bumbiro. Mushure mekunge 13th Amendment yaitwa, yakatanga kushandiswa kururamisa maitiro euranda, maererano naKaczorowski. MuMaodzanyemba mose, vaichimbova varanda vaisungwa nokuda kwemhosva duku (vagrancy, somuenzaniso), kubhadhariswa faindi, uye kupfigirwa mutorongo apo vaisagona kubhadhara faindi dzavo. Bva, varidzi veminda vaigona kupa faindi yacho mukutsinhana nebasa romusungwa, zvikurukuru richipfuuridzira uranda.
Kunyangwe kudhirowa kwepedyo kwakadaro kwehusungwa hwepachivande kwakabviswa, 13th Amendment ichiri kubvumidza huranda husingaite.
"Vasungwa vanogona kumanikidzwa kushandira hurumende vasingadi, uye izvi ichokwadi mudunhu rega rega," Kaczorowski akaudza Truthout.
Mumakore achangopfuura, vashandi vakatanga kutarisa kune 13th Amendment kunze kwevasungwa, maererano naPegram. MaAfrica-America akasungwa zvisina kuenzana; mumwe muvarume vatatu vatema anga ari mujeri pane imwe nguva muupenyu hwake. Naizvozvo, vanhu vemuAfrica-vekuAmerica vane mukana wakakura wekuva pasi pehunhapwa husingaite.
"Ndingave nekutenda kwakawanda mukugadziridzwa uku dai zvisina kujeka zvekuti hurongwa hwedu hwekutonga kwehutsotsi hunosarura nenzira iri pachena," akadaro Pegram.
Varwiri vemajeri vakaita saJohnson vanotenda kuti pakupedzisira, kusandura zvachose mamiriro ezvinhu munzvimbo dzakaita seAngola zvinogona kureva kushandura Bumbiro reMitemo - kugadzirisa 13th Amendment kubvisa huranda hwemunhu wese.
"Ini handina fungidziro yekuti iyi inzira iri nyore," Johnson akadaro. "Vanhu vazhinji havana basa nezviri kuitika mumajeri. Zvingave zvakaoma, asi handingati hazviite."
Kunyangwe pasina kuvandudzwa kwebumbiro remitemo, dzimwe nyika dzakabvisa mapurazi ejeri ega. MuConnecticut, uko mapurazi aive akapararira makore ekuma1970 asati asvika, mapurazi akabviswa, zvishoma nekuda kwekubatana kunofungidzirwa kweuranda. "Vasungwa vazhinji vechitema vaiona basa repapurazi mumamiriro ezvinhu aya sepedyo neuranda kuti vade kutora chikamu," maererano nemushumo wa1995 kuConnecticut General Assembly.
Parizvino, kunyanguvezvo, purazi rejeri riri kurarama uye riri muLouisiana. Uye kuAngola, vasungwa vakawanda vanogona kutarisira kuvigwa panzvimbo yavanorima. Makuva maviri, Point Lookout 1 ne2, akarara panzvimbo yejeri. Hapana anonyatsoziva kuti vangani vasungwa vakavigwa mune yekare, sezvo, pashure pokunge mafashamo akukura guva rokutanga reAngola muna 1927, mitumbi yacho yakavigwazve muguva guru ravose.
Point Lookout 1 ikozvino yakazara, uye nehuwandu hwevasungwa veAngola vakafanirwa kufira mujeri, Point Lookout 2 iri munzira, maererano naMambo.
"Angola yakakura kwazvo," King akadaro. "Vane nzvimbo yakawanda yekuviga vasungwa vazhinji."
ZNetwork inopihwa mari chete kuburikidza nerupo rwevaverengi vayo.
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