Kuti utaure nekukurumidza, chinyorwa ichi chine zvikamu zvinotevera:
Nhanganyaya: Kisimusi paGrafitos
Chikamu I: Kuberekwa uye Kuvandudzwa kweChirongwa cheSocialist Guayana
i) VeVenezuela's Worker Control Movement
ii) Iyo Nationalization yeSidor uye Kuzvarwa kweChirongwa cheSocialist Guayana
iii) Saka chii chinonzi PGS?
iv) Kufambira mberi kweChirongwa cheSocialist Guayana 2009 - 2012
Chikamu II: Chivimbiso, Zvematongerwo enyika uye Matambudziko ePGS
i) Gakava reKudzora Kwevashandi veVenezuela
ii) Mauto Ezvematongerwo enyika Anopokana Kudzora Kwevashandi muGuana
iii) 2012: Kuwedzera Kusawirirana Kweveruzhinji pamusoro peChirongwa cheSocialist Guayana
mhedziso
Nhanganyaya: Kisimusi paGrafitos
Ndichipinda muimba yebhodhi yakapfava, ndakakwazisa vashandi vekufekitari yeGrafitos del Orinoco ndisati ndagara pasi kuti ndiite bvunzurudzo. Pabhodhi chena pedyo nesuo, chisarudzo chazvino uno chegungano refekitari yavashandi chakanga chichiri kuoneka: kana vaizozvibhadhara vamene bhonasi yokupera kwegore. Zvichida zvisingashamisi, vashandi vakanga vasvika pakubvumirana kunenge kwabvumiranwa, nomumwe chete wevashandi vefekitari makumi mashanu nevashanu asina kuvatsigira.
Ruzha rwenyama ichirira pabarbeque, mumhanzi wesalsa uye kuseka zvakanyura mukati kubva muchivanze chefekitari pazasi. Yaiva pati yeKisimusi yaDecember 2011 yevashandi nemhuri dzavo, uye vaiva nezvakawanda zvokupemberera. Nekubvuma kwavo, mushure mekurwisana kwenguva refu neaichimbova bhosi uye nekuedza nekukanganisa maitiro ekudzidza mukuzvibata, vashandi veGrafitos vakakwanisa kubatanidza imwe yefekitari yepamusoro uye yakabudirira yevashandi mudunhu reGuyana, kumabvazuva. Vhenezwera. Ndakanga ndamboshanyira fekitari ine varwiri muna Kubvumbi 2011, uye sechikamu chekuferefeta kwesangano rinodzorwa nevashandi mudunhu iri, ndakanga ndadzoka kuzoona kuti vashandi veGrafitos vakanga vachirarama sei.[I]
Kurwira kutonga kwevashandi muGrafitos kwakatanga mukutanga kwa2009, apo aimbove shefu akaramba kutaurirana chibvumirano chitsva nesangano revashandi uye akaedza kuvhara fekitori, achienda nemichina. Mukupindura, vashandi vakatanga basa refekitari iro rakatora mwedzi misere. Nokuda kwezvikonzero zvoupfumi vashandi vakawanda vaifanira kusiya kurwisana uku, ne18 chete yakasara mubasa apo hurumende yeVenezuela yakapindira ichifarira vashandi. Bazi rezvevashandi reVenezuela rakaburitsa "chisungo chekugara kwenguva pfupi kuti kambani imutsirwe", izvo zvakazopa fekitori kuvashandi kuti vatarise sezvavanoona zvakakodzera.
Vashandi vakabva vaitirana nharo kuti fekitari yaifanira kufambiswa sei, uye vakasarudza kuti chinangwa chacho chinofanira kunge chiri muenzaniso wekuzvibata kwevanhu pamwe chete nevashandi pachavo: kutonga kwevashandi. "Takataura kuti kutonga kwevashandi kwaiva kuti vashandi vanodzora fekitari", akatsanangura Henry Escalon, mutungamiri wekambani akasarudzwa. Chinzvimbo cheEscalon chiripo chete kuzadzisa chisungo chepamutemo chekuve nemutungamiri wekambani, sezvo iye pachake achida kujekesa.
Kanzuru yevashandi yakagadzwa, iyo kubva munaGunyana 2010 yakakakavadzana kuti vangaronga sei kutonga kwevashandi fekitori. Escalon nevamwe vashandi vakatsanangura kwandiri kuti pakutanga vakanga vasina kugadzirira kuzvitarisira. Imwe yezvikanganiso zvakaitwa kwaive kuedza kuita sarudzo yese mumusangano wefekitari nevashandi vese, inova "changamire" inoita sarudzo paGrafitos. Izvi zvakaratidza kusashanda uye "kuneta" vashandi, Escalon achisimbisa kuti "kuita musangano kubvumirana kutenga sikuruu, kwete, ndiko kuwira mugomba". Zvakadaro, mukuita nharo uye kuedza mhando dzakasiyana "takadzidza pataienderera mberi".
Kuburikidza nemaitiro aya ekuedza uye kukanganisa, vashandi veGrafitos vakasvika pamuenzaniso wavo wezvino wehutungamiriri hwekubatana. Nepo gungano refekitari ravashandi vose richiramba riri sangano rakazvimirira rekuita zvisarudzo, matare anosarudzwa kubva pakati pevashandi kuti atarise nzvimbo dzakati dzefekitari, dzakadai semari nokugadzira. Komisheni inogonawo kusetwa kuti itarise mune chaiyo nyaya kana dambudziko. Escalon pachake ane komiti yevashandi vasere vanotarisa zviito zvake kuti ave nechokwadi chekuzvidavirira. Mwedzi mitatu yega yega gungano refekitari rinosangana, uko makomisheni nemutungamiri wekambani vanodzoka kumusangano mukuru, uye mubatanidzwa wefekitari wefekitari unogonawo kusuma zvikumbiro, semuenzaniso pamubhadharo uye mamiriro.
Sarudzo dzakakosha dzinoitwa mugungano, uye mushandi wese ane izwi nevhoti. Mienzaniso yesarudzo dzakatorwa dzinosanganisira kuita mari mukutenga bhazi kuti ripe vashandi zvekufambisa, uye kubvumirana pamusoro pemitengo iyo zvikamu zvegraphite zvinogadzirwa nefekitari zvichatengeswa kuSidor steel plant, mutengi mukuru weGrafitos. "Kureva kuti pano, hapana chinoitwa pasina vashandi, vashandi vese vane hushoma kana huwandu hwekutora chikamu," akatsanangura mumwe wenhengo dzekomiti, Cesar Barreto. Uyewo, mushandi ari wose anobhadharwa zvakafanana (asati atambira, mukuru wefekitari aiwana mari yakapetwa ka15 kupfuura yomushandi), kubva kuna “purezidhendi” kuenda kumuchenesi, uye vashandi vanogona kuchinja nzvimbo kana vachida, zvichibatsira kukunda kupatsanurwa kuri pakati pemashandisirwo emaoko neakangwara. labour.
Chokwadi, vashandi vanonzwa kuti vakakwanisa kugadzira manejimendi inobvumira vashandi kuti vazvironge zvine demokrasi, uye vanoda kutsigira mamwe mafekitori munzvimbo yakafanana, sechikamu cheboka rekutonga kwevashandi reVenezuela. "Kune zvimwe zvakaitika kune vamwe veshamwari padanho renyika, [asi] ndinofunga isu tiri mamwe emakambani akakosha anodzorwa nevashandi muVenezuela, uye tiripo kuti tiperekedze vamwe vatinoshanda navo mugakava rimwe chete kuti tirambe tichisimudzira pfungwa iyi [ye. kudzora kwevashandi]," akadaro Cesar Barreto.
Vagere zvakanaka muimba yebhodhi umo munguva yakapfuura vaigona kupinda chete nemvumo yemuridzi wefekitari, vashandi vakarondedzera zvikomborero zvoupfumi, zvepfungwa uye zvenzanga kumuenzaniso wedemocratic mushandi wekudzora wehutungamiri hwefekitari, zvichienzaniswa neyekare hierarchical capitalist modhi pasi pomukuru. Vachikurudzirwa nepfungwa yekuve varidzi vese, vashandi vakakwanisa kukwidza zvigadzirwa (vakandiudza muna Kubvumbi 2011 kuti vaive vatyora rekodhi yavo yekugadzira). Neizvi, uye mubhadharo wakaenzana uye uchikwira unonakidzwa nemushandi wega wega, hupenyu hwavo hwehupenyu hwawedzera. Vashandi, kekutanga vakakwanisa kuwana zvikwereti zvemba kana kuva nemotokari, uye vakawana mabhenefiti matsva semabhonasi eKisimusi pamwe nekutengera vana vavo matoyi.
Zvakadaro zvinopfuura zvikomborero zvenyama, kwave kune zvakakosha-zvinowanikwa uye kuwedzera kwehutano hwemamiriro ekushanda, kusanganisira pfungwa inokura yokuti vashandi chikamu chepurojekiti yakafanana yakabatana nemaindasitiri makuru enharaunda. “Hatichauyi kuzotengesa simba redu rekushanda kwemaawa masere. Isu tiri chikamu chehubhu inosimudzira kugadzirwa kwemaindasitiri ekutanga [eGuayana]…takasimudza pfungwa, uye tave nepfungwa yekuti tiri vega,” akadaro Escalon. Cesar Barreto akataura kuti hukama pakati pevashandi hwakanga hwachinja sei, achiti “kusati kwambotambudzwa nasabhuku. Iye zvino kune rusununguko. Pfungwa yekuyanana, mukuenzanisa nemamwe makambani, yakasimbiswa ”. Kuenzanisira pfungwa yavo, vashandi vacho vakandipa muenzaniso wepakaitika tsaona mumwe wavaishanda navo muna November 2011. Vashandi vose vakapa mihoro yemazuva maviri kuti imubatsire kupora, chiito “chinobva pamwoyo,” sokutaura kwakaita mumwe mushandi aivapo. . Sekuona kwaBarreto "uku kubatana uye kushamwaridzana kwave kuzvivaka kwakakosha uye kwakakosha" pakushanda hupenyu mufekitori.
Imwe chinjo yave iri basa refekitari munharaunda. Sezvo Barreto akatsanangura, "Kunze kwekuvandudza mararamiro evashandi, tinoda kubatsira munharaunda, tichiona kuti zviwanikwa zvatinogadzira zvakagadzirirwa nzanga". Pamwe chete nekupa maindasitiri eVenezuela ane nyika uye kutsigira nezvematongerwo enyika mamwe mapurojekiti ekudzora vashandi, Grafitos inogovera chikamu chezviwanikwa zvayo kunharaunda dzakasiyana siyana nemagariro. Izvi zvinosanganisira rubatsiro kumapoka emunharaunda, mari yemidziyo yechikoro, uye zvipo kune zvikonzero zvepasi rose sekubatsira vapoteri muHaiti mushure mekudengenyeka kwenyika kwaJanuary 2010.
Kupfuura dzimwe nguva inonyengera maitiro ekugadzira yavo yekudzora yevashandi modhi, fekitori yakatarisana nematambudziko ehupfumi, ezvematongerwo enyika uye emutemo. Nezvehupfumi, fekitari yaida mari yakawanda mushure mekunge aimbove muridzi wayo aramba kuisa mari kwemakore achimhanyisa michina yaivepo pasi. Nekuda kweizvozvo, mimwe michina yemufekitari iyi yakare uye vashandi vakatofanira kuisa mari yakawanda mukuivandudza. Zvematongerwo enyika, Escalon akatsanangura kuti semugumisiro wevashandiwo zvavo "kubva pasi" vachitora mabasa ekutonga uye basa rose rekufambisa fekitori, kazhinji kunze kwenhamba dzine chekuita nechirimwa vakabata vashandi nekushaikwa kwekuzivikanwa uye ruremekedzo. “Vakangoti kwatiri, “torai magweta [kuti atarise nyaya dzemutemo kana kuti manejimendi], hamuzvikwanisi”. Zvakanaka, takavaratidza zvakasiyana. Iyi ndeimwe yemafekitori akabudirira kwazvo uye zvakaitika muGuyana ”akadaro, nekugunun’una kwechibvumirano kubva patafura.
Nyaya yepamutemo yevashandi iyi yaive yekuti pakupedzisira chinzvimbo chavo chaive padanho renguva pfupi kubva kubazi rezvevashandi rehurumende, asi rakamutsiridzwa kakawanda, izvo zvakasiya mukana wekutorwa nemuridzi wega pane imwe nguva mune ramangwana. Chaidiwa nevashandi i full nationalisation: uko fekitori yaive yehurumende kudzivirira buyout, asi ichitungamirirwa nevashandi pasina kukanganiswa. Semukana ungavapo, danho iri rakaziviswa nehurumende mazuva mashoma mushure mekushanya kwangu kwaZvita 2011 kuGrafitos, nevashandi vachindiudza kuti vaigutsikana nehurongwa uhwu. Zvechokwadi, ikozvino nekuchengetedzwa kwepamutemo kubva kuhurumende, fekitari ichiri kushanda yakasimba pasi pemuenzaniso wayo wekutonga kwevashandi.
Mubvunzo wekupedzisira wandaive nawo kuvashandi wakatarisa maonero avo ekuti zvinokwanisika here kuve neruzhinji rwevanhu vasina hutongi hwejekerere muhupfumi. Cesar Barreto akapa kupindura, achiti:
“Ndinofunga kuti nhoroondo munyika dzedu takatengeserwa pfungwa dzenhema dzedemocracy, hutongi hwejekerere apo vashoma vanotora sarudzo dzehupfumi dzinobata ruzhinji. Ini ndinotenda kuti socialism inouya kuzogadzirisa hupfumi, ndiko kuti, apo munhu wese anobatanidzwa mukuita sarudzo pamusoro pezviwanikwa, zvehurumende nemasangano ayo: kwete kuramba ichitungamirwa nevashoma vanotora mukana wezviwanikwa zvinogadzirwa neruzhinji. . Parizvino tinoona muSpain, muEurope, kutsamwira munzanga pamusoro penyaya dze "democracy" dziriko ikoko. Kuno muVenezuela tiri kuita nhamburiko yakakosha yekutsiva hukama uhwu, iyo demokrasi yekare, nehurongwa hwegutsaruzhinji: kuitira kuti sarudzo dzifambiswe kumusoro kubva pasi, kwete kudzikiswa kubva kumusoro. Ndinofunga iyi ndiyo kiyi yekutanga kushandura zvinhu. ”
Chikamu I: Kuberekwa uye Kuvandudzwa kweChirongwa cheSocialist Guayana
i) VeVenezuela's Worker Control Movement
ZNetwork inopihwa mari chete kuburikidza nerupo rwevaverengi vayo.
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