Inenge pasi rose yakanga yashora kurwiswa kweMumbai kwaMbudzi 2008. Hugandanga hwakadai, zvakare, hwakatiyeuchidza kukosha kwazvakaita kurwisa masimba ehugandanga hwemakominisiti nemhirizhonga yezvematongerwo enyika muIndia subcontinent. Asi chinowanzofuratirwa kana kuti kudzvinyirirwa idi rokuti kune zvikonzero zvakadzika zvinoparira malaise inoputika muchimiro chezviito zvechisimba zvakadaro; iyo isina kugadziriswa nyaya yeKashmir ndiyo inonyanya kukonzeresa kushuvira uye hasha dzemamiriyoni evanhu.
Zvisinei, kudzokorora mantra ye "hondo yekutya" sezvakaitwa neBush Administration kwemakore masere apfuura apo kuronga nekutanga hondo huru dzechisimba hazvitiswededze sendi imwe pedyo nekugadzirisa dambudziko remhirizhonga uye kutya munharaunda yedu. Mukupesana, nyengedzo dzenhema dzakadaro dzakaitwa uye dzinoitirwa kuvanza hondo dzoutsinye ndokuvamba hwaro hwokuwedzera chisimba nokudeura ropa. Chinangwa chikuru ndechekusimudzira zvido zveumambo uye kutonga. Iyo inonzi "hondo yekutya" haisi hondo yekurwisana nehugandanga; zvakapesana, kwave kuri kuenderera mberi kwemutemo wehurumende yeAmerica kune zvinangwa zvayo kuMiddle East nekumhiri. Zviripachena chero kuedza kwakakomba kurwisa hugandanga kunongofunga nezvezvikonzero zvekutyisa, uye kwete kungogutsikana nezviratidzo zvinooneka.
Nyaya isina kugadziriswa yeKashmir yakachengeta India nePakistan panzira ine njodzi yekunetsana kubva 1947, apo raj yeBritish yakasvika kumagumo uye sechiito chekupedzisira cherudo kune vadzorwi vavo vatongi vehumambo vakabvuma kupatsanura India pamwe nemitsara yenharaunda yaizofanira. ratidza bhokisi rePandora kuzvizvarwa zvinotevera. Takanga taona kubata kwavo kaviri mukuita apo vaipa maropafadzo avo nerutsigiro pano neapo uye nekushata kwakawanda pese pazvaikwanisika kunyanya pavaicheka miganhu pakati penyika mbiri dziri kusimukira. Vagamuchiri venyasha vakadzoreredzwa mumhando: mutevedzeri wekupedzisira Lord Mountbatten akaitwa Gavhuna Mukuru wekutanga weFree India! Urongwa uhwu hwakanyatsogadzirwa hunobatsira hwakashanda chinangwa chayo zvakanaka kune imwe nyika zvichidhura imwe.
Panguva yekuparadzaniswa, nyika yemuchinda yeJammu neKashmir yaitongwa nemutongi wechiHindu Dogra, Maharaja Hari Singh aive muzukuru waGulab Singh, kwaari maBritish, pasi pemitemo yeChibvumirano cheAmritsar (1846). akanga atengesa mupata wose weKashimiri. Nekuti ruzhinji rweKashmir rwaive rweMuslim, zvaifungidzirwa kuti Kashmir yaizobatana nenyika itsva yePakistan. Pakashmiris kubva kune yakazozivikanwa seAzad Kashmir uye varwi vedzinza kubva kuNorth Western Frontier Province yePakistan pavakatanga mhirizhonga kuhurumende kuunza kumanikidza kuna Hari Singh kuti abatane nePakistan, akakumbira Lord Mountbatten rubatsiro, akabvuma. kupa rubatsiro rwemauto kana mutongi akabatana neIndia. Ndiko kwakatanga hondo yokutanga pakati peIndia nePakistan iyo yakazomira muna 1949 apo Sangano reSangano Romubatanidzwa Wenyika Dzapasi Pose rakanga richangobva kuumbwa rakaronga kurega kurwa. Mutsara weKudzora wakagadzwa uyo wakaramba uri muganho pakati peKashmir inodzorwa neIndia ne 'Azad' (Yemahara) Jammu neKashmir (asi inonzi Kashmir inogarwa nePakistan nemaIndia).
Kukanganisa kumisa kurwa, muna 1948, India yakaendesa nyaya yacho kuSecurity Council yeUnited Nations ichirwisa Pakistan. Nekuda kweizvozvo, Security Council yakatora zvisungo zvitatu muna 1948 na1949 izvo zvakabvumawo kodzero dzevanhu veKashmir pamusoro penyika mbiri idzi dzairwa. Zvinoenderana nezvisungo, India nePakistan dzaifanira kuita sarudzo muKashmir kuitira kuti vanhu vasarudze remangwana ravo. Mutungamiriri weIndia, Jawaharlal Nehru, akavimbisa kuti vanhu veJammu neKashmir vachawana rusununguko kana runyararo rwadzorerwa. Kurwa kwakati kwapera, haana kuchengeta shoko rake; kana zviga zvezvisungo hazvina kumbozadzikiswa. Hurumende yeIndia yakapa chinzvimbo chakakosha kuKashmir icho chaibvumira kuzvitonga kwemukati. Izvi zvaifungwa kuti vanhu vagadzikane apo mutongi weKashmir akabatana neIndia. Asi vimbiso yekuita plebiscite haina kuchengetwa uye hurumende dzeIndia dzakatevedzana dzakaramba dzakaomerera kuti Kashmir chikamu chakakosha cheIndia, uye zvese zvaidiwa nevanhu veKashmiri zvekupikisa kana kuzvidza chigaro cheIndia zvakaunzwa senyaya dzemukati meIndia. Hapana wechitatu akabvumidzwa kutaura akamiririra vanhu veKashmiri kana kutaura zvavanoda zviri pamutemo pasi peUN Charter kana zvisungo zveUN. Zvichakadaro India nePakistan dzakarwa pamusoro peKashmir imwe hondo muna 1965.
Zvichemo zveKashmiris zvaive zvaungana mumakumi emakore. Kashmiris akapokana kuve pamutemo kwekugara kweIndia uye muna 1989 vakatanga kurwa nezvombo kuti vadzinge vagari. Kusungwa kwevanhu vakawanda, kutsakatika uye mhirizhonga zvakatevera mushure mekurwiswa kwemauto. India yakatumira varwi vanopfuura zviuru mazana mashanu kuti vadzvinyirire maMuslim eKashmiri.
Zvinoenderana neakaondedzerwa maakaunzi mauto eIndia akauraya vanhu vangangosvika zviuru makumi manomwe nenomwe uye hutsinye huwandu hwese, asi masosi eKashmiri akaisa huwandu hwevakaurayiwa vangangoita zviuru zana. Mukurwisana uku, vashoma veKashmiri Hindu, maPandits, vakavawo vapanduki; maererano nehurumende yenyika vanopfuura 78,000 100,000 vakatiza mumupata. Vakapotera muJammu uye vamwe vakatizira kuIndia. Mamiriro ezvinhu ayo maPandits akagara pasi kubva pakubva kwavo anga achisiririsa. Asi zvinonyaradza kuona kuti zvikamu zvese zvevaMuslim veKashmiri nehutungamiriri hwavo vave kuteterera kuti hama dzavo dzechiHindu dzidzokere kumusha kwavo.
Pashure pemakore 18 ekutonga kwechiuto kwoutsinye, hurumende yeIndia yakatarisana nemamiriro ezvinhu matsva. Kashmir Jehad Council yakadana kuti kurwa kwepfuti kupere uye yakakumbira kune vese varwi verusununguko kuti vashandise nzira dzisiri dzemhirizhonga uye dzerunyararo kuti vasunungurwe kubva kuIndia. Kushevedzera kweAzadi (rusununguko) kuri kuwedzera izvo pfuti dzeIndia nemauto avo evapambi havakwanise kunyura. Asi vatongi veIndia varatidza kusada kuteerera kune vanhu uye vakachengeta mauto akasimba pamupata weKashmir.
Kupokana kweKashmir kwakonzera kusuwa nekuparadza kusingaverengeki muKashmir, zvese muhupenyu nepfuma. Yakave zvakare chikonzero chikuru chekunetsana pakati peIndia nePakistan sevakwikwidzi. Kudonha kukuru kwezviwanikwa kwakaitwa nenyika mbiri idzi pakuvaka mauto uye nhangemutange yezvombo kusanganisira kutora mabhomba enyukireya mhedzisiro yekunetsana kwavo pamusoro peKashmir. Propaganda yehurumende imwe neimwe yakanangana nerumwe ruvengo rwakagadzirwa, kusavimba uye ruvengo muhuwandu hwenyika idzi kurwisa "muvengi wavo anofa". Izvi zvaenderera mberi kweanopfuura makumi matanhatu emakore uye hapana magumo mukuona. Izvi zvakasvibisa pfungwa dzevanhu veIndia nePakistani. Nekuda kweizvozvo tinoona kupolarization yezvematongerwo enyika uye kusawirirana kusingagumi pakati pevanhu vanomira munzira yekugadzirisa nyaya dzakaita seKashmir uye kugadzirisa hukama pakati pevavakidzani vaviri ava. Mukuwedzera, chimwe chinoitika chinotyisa chave chiri kuwedzera kwevanyanyisi vezvamatongerwe enyika nevechitendero muIndia nePakistan.
Kukura kwemhirizhonga yechitendero neyezvematongerwo enyika muIndia nePakistan haisi itsva. Asi chiri chitsva kugamuchirwa kwakawanda kwemaitiro ekunyanyisa mumagariro nezvematongerwo enyika enyika mbiri idzi. Vaparidzi nevaprista vakuru vecommunalism noruvengo vanopesvedzera zvematongerwo enyika makuru.
MuIndia, mamwe mapato ezvematongerwo enyika akabatana zvakanyanya nevechiHindu varwi vezvematongerwo enyika vezvematongerwo enyika kana Hindutva. Iyo Sangha Parivar isangano reamburera remapato ese eHindutva. Chinangwa chakavimbiswa cheHindutva chave chekusimbisa hukuru hweHindu uye communalism yechiHindu muIndia nekuzivisa India nehutongi hweHindu. Masangano echiHindutva anopesvedzerwa neRashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) inomirira hutongi hwevaHindu. Bharatya Janata Party (BJP) ndiro bato rinotungamira rezvematongerwo enyika muIndia rinomirira dzidziso yeHindutva uye Hinduising nyika yese. Jawaharlal Nehru akamboyambira kuti kana fascism ikasvika muIndia, yaizosvika muchimiro checommunalism huru (Hindu). Mashoko ake nenyevero aitove echiporofita.
Hongu, chinangwa chikuru cheHindutva chave chiri maMuslim echiIndia pakutanga, achiteverwa nemaHindu epasi-aimbonzi "Untouchables" (!) uye zvino anonzi Dalits-, uye maKristu. Vanopfuura mamiriyoni 150 maMuslim echiIndia iboka rechitendero muIndia. Kubva mamiriro ezvinhu asina kunaka akakonzera kuparadzaniswa kweIndia muna 1947, maMuslim echiIndia apinda mukumanikidzwa kukuru. Pashoma napashoma vakazviwana vamene vari patsitsi dzevaHindu, vakasarurwa mune zvematongerwe enyika uye vakaparadzaniswa munzanga munyika yavo vamene. Kunyange chimiro chavo chenyika nokuvimbika zvakava fungidziro. Ivo "vaMuslim kutanga", saka vangave sei "maIndia echokwadi"? Uye, nei vari muIndia yeHindu zvakadaro kana vasingadi India kana kunyunyuta nezvemamiriro avo ezvinhu muIndia? Vanogona kungorongedza voenda. Ivo ma'Pakistanis' uye vanofanirwa kutamira kunyika yavo!
Maonero akadai uye kusimukira kwezvematongerwo enyika muIndia kwakasiya maMuslim echiIndia ari mumamiriro ezvinhu akaoma zvikuru. Muna 1992, mauto echiHindu akaparadza Babri Mosque yezana ramakore regumi nematanhatu muAyodhya apo zviremera zvehurumende zvakamira zvisina basa. Mutungamiriri weIndia panguva iyoyo akavimbisa kuvakazve mosque. Yakavimbiswa haina kuchengetwa. Panzvimbo pezvo temberi yakasimudzwa panzvimbo yemosque yakaparadzwa iyo yakamutsa bongozozo rechitendero uye zvido zvevanhu. Vanhu zviuru zvitatu, kunyanya maMuslim, vakaurayiwa mumhirizhonga yakazotevera.
Zviuru zviviri zvevaMuslim zvakaurayiwa muna 12002 muGujarat, iyo yaive mhirizhonga yakazara neropa yakaitika pasi pehurumende yenyika inotungamirwa neBJP. Vatongi veNew Delhi havana kupindira kumisa kuurayiwa kwevaMuslim.
Kurwiswa kwenzvimbo tsvene dzeMuslim nevanhu kwakawedzera mumakore achangopfuura. Mune kumwe kurwiswa kuchangobva kuitwa nevaratidziri veHindutva pamusikiti mumwe lieutenant-colonel wechiHindu weuto reIndia akasungwa nokuda kwokubatanidzwa kwake mukurwisa kwacho.
MuPakistan, mapato ezvitendero akasimba akanzwa kusungirwa kudzora chiIslam, asi haasati ambowana rutsigiro rwakawanda muruzhinji. Kusafamba zvakanaka kwavo kwesarudzo musarudzo dzakasiyana siyana kwaratidza pachena izvozvo. Nekudaro, vafundisi vechiMuslim vechiPakistani vakawana mukurumbira wakawanda nekuda kwekubatana kwavo kwezvitendero. Vaparidzi vechiSunni vanonangidzira hasha dzavo kuโvasingatendiโ vechiShia uye vaparidzi vechiShia vanodzorera kupfurikidza nokudana maSunni kuti โvasingatendiโ! Izvi zvinotungamira kudenderedzwa risingaperi remhirizhonga uye mhirizhonga muzita reIslam. Asi njodzi inounzwa nemapoka echiIslam anopikisa mukumutsa mhirizhonga neruvengo haina kupokana. Zvakadaro, mabatirwo evaIndia evaMuslim veKashmiri uye nyaya yeKashmir isina kugadziriswa nekuda kwekusatendeka kweIndia kunoshorwa pasi rose nevePakistani vese; zvinopawo mukana kumapoka echiuto akaita saLasher-e-Taiba nevamwe vanokurudzira vateveri vavo kuti vatsivire zvichemo zvevanonamata navo vekuIndia mumaoko evarwi veHindutva pamwe nekutsigira rusununguko rweKashmir kubudikidza. nzira dzose, kusanganisira chisimba. Izvi ndizvo chaizvo zvakaitika mwedzi wapera mukurwiswa kweMumbai.
Kwemakumi matanhatu emakore apfuura India yakachengetedza kugara kwayo kweKashmir Valley nekunyengera kwezvematongerwo enyika uye nechisimba chemauto. Kupondwa kwevaMuslim veKashmiri nemauto eIndia uwandu hwemhosva dzehondo pasi pemutemo wenyika dzakawanda; zvisinei, mutoro wekupedzisira weiyi genocide policy iri nevatongi veNew Delhi. Kana hurumende yeIndia ichida kuenderera mberi nekugara kweKashmir uye kutarisirawo kuti vanhu veKashmir vachafanosiya zvavanoda kuti vasununguke nekuti vakatarisana nesimba guru remauto nerehupfumi seIndia, iro rakawedzera kudyidzana kwaro nemamwe masimba emaimpiriya seAmerica neZionist Israel. , ipapo chinhu chimwe ndechechokwadi: mamiriro acho ezvinhu achawedzera kuipa; kumanikidza nokutyisa zvichawanda.
MaMuslim emamiriyoni gumi emuMupata weKashmir anoda rusununguko kubva kuhutongi hwehutongi hwemaIndia uye hudzvanyiriri. Nzira yakanakisa yasara kuIndia ndeyekumbozorora negwara rayo rekare, uye kubvuma kune kodzero yekuzvisarudzira yeKashmiris. Izvi hazvizonetese India; pachinzvimbo, zvicharatidza simba Indian democracy uyewo unhu mativi Indian tsika tsika.
Kana vanhu veMupata weKashmir vakasarudza kubatana neIndia kana Pakistan, kana kuti vakasarudza kuzvitonga kuzere kunofanira kunge kuri kwavo kusarudza. Hazvinei kuti ndechipi chisarudzo chavanoita kuti vaone remangwana ravo sezvakarongwa nezvisungo zveUN vanofanira kunge vari ivo voga. Nekudaro, zviri kure nechokwadi kuti vachasarudza kujoina Pakistan, asi kana vakadaro izvo hazvifanirwe kunetseka India. Mumamiriro ezvinhu akadaro, Hindu Jammu uye Buddhist Ladakh zvechokwadi vachabatana neIndia. Nokudaro, nedanho rakachenjera uye neushingi vatungamiri veIndia vanogona kugadzira mamiriro ezvematongerwo enyika umo nguva itsva yehukama hwakanaka hwevavakidzani pakati peIndia nePakistan inogona kushanda kana vakabvumira vanhu veKashmir Valley kudzora magumo avo pachavo panzvimbo yekubatwa zvisina hunhu uye. kunyadziswa pamaoko enyika yeIndia nemauto ayo. Kamwe chete pfupa guru rekukakavara pakati peIndia nePakistan rabviswa ipapo vaviri vaimbova vakwikwidzi uye "vavengi" vanogona kuva shamwari uye kuisa pfungwa pamatambudziko ehupfumi hwevanhu vavo mukati memhepo ine rugare. Sangano rakazvimirira uye rinozvitonga muKashmir Valley richaunza tariro uye kunaka kune vavakidzani vayo. Nekubvisa dambudziko guru risati ragadziriswa reKashmir iro rakakuchidzira ruvengo uye rakakonzera kukuvadzwa kusingaenzaniswi, nyika mbiri idzi dzichakwanisawo kutakura masimba ecommunalism uye manyawi echitendero ari kunetsa India nePakistan.
ZNetwork inopihwa mari chete kuburikidza nerupo rwevaverengi vayo.
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