Simba remutungamiri wenyika rave pa pathway yekuwedzera kupfuura zvakataurwa neBumbiro reMitemo, uye izvo hurumende inoda, ne, uye yevanhu, sezvo George Washington aive mutungamiri. Kuwedzera ikoko, uko kwakarova mugwagwa mukuru mushure meHondo Yenyika II, kwakawana turbo kuwedzera panguva yekubatana kwemutungamiri wenyika George W. Bush uye Dick Cheney.
Mamwe emasimba matsva akabiwa nevaviri ava kuCongress, matare, nyika, nesu vanhu tiri kushungurudzwa zvishoma munguva itsva yaObama; vamwe, zvikuru; asi zvakatonyanya kukosha, nenzira inoteverwa nevatungamiriri vemazuva ano, zvose dziri kuchengetedzwa, kana dzisina kuwedzerwa, uye nekudaro dzakasimbiswa zvakanyanya panzvimbo yekuti vatungamiri vemangwana vashandise. Kwese kwaunowira pamusoro pezvematongerwo enyika, iwe unogona kupikisa zvakasimba dzimwe sarudzo huru dzevamwe vatungamiri vemangwana. Saka hazvifanirwe kuve zvakaoma kuona mimwe mibairo isingadikanwi inogona kuyerera kubva kusimba remutungamiri wenyika iyo inowedzera kusvika kune mhedziso.
Nhau dzedu dzeterevhizheni nemapepanhau haaite seasingafarire nyaya iyi, zvisinei nekukwenya pamusoro payo nemishumo yevazhinji "czars" Obama akagadza kana hurukuro pamusoro pekukosha kwekuvandudza, kana kungogadzirisa zvishoma, PATRIOT Act. Uye Congress inoita, kana zvichibvira, kunyange isingafarire. Izvo hazvishamise, nekuti takatsiva mapazi matatu ehurumende nemapato maviri, zvekuti chero nguva ingangoita hafu yenhengo dzeCongress dzinotora semutungamiri wavo mutungamiri anofanirwa kuita kuda kweCongress. Uye imwe hafu inowanzoteerera "vatungamiri" vebato ravo muCongress, avo vanofarira zvikuru kusarudza mumwe wavo semutungamiri anotevera. Mapato ose ari maviri ari kuramba achikoshesa masimba emutungamiri wenyika pachawo pamwe nemashandisirwo aanoitwa pari zvino, kana kuti pakasarudzwa mutevedzeri wavo. Munhu wese anoda kugara nhaka yehutungamiriri hwehumambo, kwete kuhumanikidza.
Pasi pemamiriro ezvinhu aya, mari to sika makomisheni ari kuongorora kushungurudzwa kwemutungamiri wenyika, ku nzvimbo kuongorora kwekutonga pamusoro pezvichemo zve "zvakavanzika zvehurumende," muganhu kushandiswa kwekutaura kwemutungamiri wenyika, kana kuti tendera nhengo dzinopfuura sere dzeCongress dzichapihwa "security" pfupiso nebazi guru zvinoratidza kuti hazvisi zvekutanga kune rimwe bato.
Mazuva ano, pfungwa yechinyakare yekutarisa kushungurudzwa kwevakuru kwemitemo iripo kuburikidza ne kuburitswa of subpoenas kana na kunyengera iri, muWashington, inoonekwa zvakanyanya sechirevo chinonyadzisa. Congress yakadzingwa mutongi gore rino uyo akanga abata vashandi vake, asi Jay Bybee, uyo akasaina memos epachivande achiti anyorese zviri pamutemo hondo ine hasha uye kurwadziswa, uye iye zvino ane chigaro chehupenyu hwese paChipfumbamwe Circuit Court of Appeals, anodzivirirwa kubva padanho rakadaro nenhengo yake ichangoburwa mudare repamusoro (uye kusafara kwaizoratidzwa neFox News pakumupomera mhosva).
Muna Kubvumbi, Senator Patrick Leahy, sachigaro weSeneti Judiciary Committee, Abvunzwa Bybee kuti apupure, uye mutongi akaramba, sezvakangoita vazhinji vevaimboshanda navo muBush administration aiva mu2007 uye 2008. Leahy angave asingadi kutevera nekupa subpoena iyo kunyange Dhipatimendi idzva reRuramisiro ringaramba kuita. Dhipatimendi razvino, semuenzaniso, rakatendera White House Counsel kuti kukurukura kuteedzera zvishoma nedare redare redare reParamende neaimbove chipangamazano wemutungamiri wenyika Karl Rove. Uye kana Leahy akafanana nenhengo zhinji dzeCongress, haatombofunge icho chisarudzo zvekushandisa Mapurisa eCapitol kuti asimbise subpoena pachake - chimwe chinhu chisina komiti yakaitwa mumakore makumi manomwe neshanu.
Simba rose kuna President
Chero ongororo yekukurumidza yemasimba ari kutaurwa nemutungamiri wenyika iye zvino anofanira kusanganisira simba rekugadzira mitemo, simba rekuita hondo, simba rekushandisa mari, simba rekuita zvibvumirano, simba rekupa kudzivirirwa kwemhosva, simba rekushanda. muchivande, simba rokusora pasina mvumo, simba rokuchengeta pasina mhosva, uye simba rokutambudza.
Mitemo ichiri kugadzirwa neCongress, asi inogona kunyorwazve kuburikidza kusaina zvitupa; kureva kuti, zvirevo zvinozivisa chinangwa chemutungamiri wenyika chekutyora zvimwe zvikamu zvebhiri chairo raari kusaina kuita mutemo. Hapana Congress kana Mutungamiri Obama akarasa zvese zveBush zvakasaina zvitatidzo zvakanyatso shandura mitemo. Chokwadi, Obama yazivisa kuti vari pasi pake vachaongorora masitatimendi eakafanosaina chete pazvinenge zvichidiwa.
Gwaro iri rinogona kufadza avo vanofungidzira kuti hutongi hwaObama hunogara huchiita danho rakanaka pamusoro pekuchengetedza kana kuramba gadziriso yakaitwa naBush kumutemo, asi hapana chazvinoita kubvisa hutungamiri hwesimba rekushandisa nzira yekusaina chirevo. kugadzira zvakare kana kugadzirisa kana kushandura mitemo mitsva. Sezvinoitika, Obama akatoburitsa wake oga kuita mutemo kusaina zvitupa.
MaPresident iye zvino zvakare nguva nenguva ona mutemo wenyika kuburikidza nemirairo yevakuru uye, mukuita izvi, fambisa nyika kunze kweWhite House kwete kuburikidza nemadhipatimendi anotungamirwa nevakuru vakuru vakatenderwa neCongress. Vanowedzerawo daidzira hurongwa hwemitemo kuCongress - uye nhengo dzeCongress neveruzhinji vanogashira pasina kutaura kana kushora kupikiswa kwebumbiro remitemo yedu. Uye ipapo pane zvakavanzika memos.
Mune izvo zvakavanzika memos, magweta aBush muDhipatimendi reRuramisiro ne "mutemo" akawanda zviito zvisiri pamutemo, kusanganisira. hondo ine hasha uye kurwadziswa. Kunyangwe makore eruzhinji achidzoka-uye-kunze pakati peWhite House neCongress pamusoro pemubvunzo wekuti kurambidza kurwadziswa, chero chiitiko chekushungurudza mukutambudza chaive chatove chitsotsi mukodhi yeU.S. Anti-Trture Act, iyo yakasimbisa Gungano Rokurwisana Nekutambudzwa yakasainwa neMutungamiri Ronald Reagan. Nekudaro, zvakavanzika zveDhipatimendi reJustice memos zvakatorwa sezwi rekupedzisira mumutemo, zvisinei kuti mutemo unotii.
VaObama vakaraira Dhipatimendi reJustice kuti risamhan'are avo vari padanho repamusoro-soro rekugadzira memos, kunyangwe inobvumidzwa kufunga - kungave kuine chinangwa chakakomba kana kwete - chekugona kupomera vashoma vashoma vevashandi vepasi vakarasika kupfuura mitemo isiri pamutemo inotsanangurwa mumamemo. Izvi hazvingopi chete kusadzivirirwa kumatsotsi ane mukurumbira, kudzoreredza nzira - kutanga kumusoro - iyo US yakatora paNuremburg hondo mhosva dzehondo mushure meHondo Yenyika II, asi ine mukana wekugadzira muenzaniso unotyisa weramangwana. Kana mutungamiri wenyika achigona kushandisa dhipatimendi rake rekutonga kuti anyore mhosva nekungokumbira gweta kuti rinyore memo, saka ndiani angakahadzika kuti mutungamiri ane chimwe chinhu chiri kusvika nesimba rakakwana?
Mapurezidhendi, kwete Congress, vanoita zvehondo izvozvi, vangave kana vabvunza memo yaJay Bybee panyaya iyi. Vanoita hondo pasina congressional kuzivisa kwehondo, vachishandisa mabhiri asina kujeka kuchengetedza kunyepedzera kubatanidzwa kwekongiresi - uyezve ivo havatomboteedzera mazwi akatsanangurwa mune izvo zvibvumirano. Zvisiri pamutemo (pamwe nezvisiri pamutemo) sezvazvingave, hondo idzi dzinogona kuwedzerwa kupinda sezviri pachena mabasa anosanganisira kuvaka mabhesi makuru emauto umo dzimwe hondo dzinogona kutangwa. Mukuita izvi, mercenaries anowanzo tora nzvimbo yevarwi, uye se "vega makondirakiti" ivo ipapo Shandisa zvakatonyanya kubva kumusangano weCongress kana mutemo.
Kurwisa Iraq, Mutungamiri Bush akapedza mari isina kugoverwa chinangwa ichocho. Akazvipawo simba rekuendesa mari mu "bhajeti dema" kunze kwekuda kwevose kunze kwenhengo shoma dzeCongress, uye saka vashandise mabasa epachivande akasainwa nevakuru vake. Ehe, mabhajeti makuru epachivande ari pasi pemutungamiri wenyika hachisi chinhu chitsva, kunyangwe akakura nekufamba kwemakore. Uyewo hadzisi dzebumbiro remitemo kana kuti dzinogarisa.
Musi wa6 Gumiguru, vatungamiriri vemapato maviri aya vakasangana neMutungamiri Obama uye, neakaundi yeSeneti Majority Mutungamiriri Harry Reid, muzivise kuti aigona kupedza, kuderedza, kuchengetedza, kana kuwedzera hondo muAfghanistan nePakistan sezvaaiona zvakakodzera. Seneti yakavhota svondo rapfuura kuti risadaidze mutungamiriri wehondo Stanley McChrystal kuti apupure pachena nezvehondo irikuenderera mberi kusvika. pashure mutungamiri anosarudza mutemo wake wehondo, izvo zvinoreva mutemo wehondo kwatiri tose. Mazuva maviri gare gare, mukupokana kunokatyamadza, Sachigaro weKomiti yeImba Yekugashira David Obey. akasunungurwa chirevo chinoratidza kuti, zvinopesana nezvose zvaakanga ataura kwemakore, anoona kuti Congress ine simba rekusarudza kusabhadhara hondo idzodzo uye nekudaro kudzipedza.
Sezvo hutungamiri hwavo hwakanga huchipera, George W. Bush akapedzisa chibvumirano chisiri pamutemo (kunyangwe chaidaidzwa kuti Status of Forces Agreement) nehurumende yeIraq inogarwa neUS kwemamwe makore matatu ehondo ikoko pasina kunzwa kuda kudiki kwekuti itenderwe neSeneti. Kubva ipapo, mauto eUS akatyora mutemo wegwaro iro, ukuwo vatungamiriri varo vakakosha vakaramba kutaura pachena chinangwa chavo chekuramba vari muIraq kunze kwekupera kwe2011, kukanganisa kwakajeka kwechibvumirano. Zvichakadaro, iyi White House yakashandisa chibvumirano sevhavha yekugara zvisiri pamutemo kweIraq, panguva ino, mauto e120,000 eUS uye makumi ezviuru zvevashandi vepachivande.
Ko Congress Yaputswa?
Kana zvakawanda kutya kuti Bush anogona kuregerera vari pasi pake mhosva akazvipa mvumo, kubvumirana pakati penhengo dzeCongress nevadzidzi kwaive kuti aikwanisa, kutaura zvazviri, kuita chinhu chakadaro. Mune dzimwe nzira zvakaitwa naVaBush naObama zvakaipisisa. Nekubatsira kukuru kubva kuCongress nenzira yemabhiri akaita se Military Commissions Act uye FISA Amendments Act, vakashanda kupa kudzivirirwa kwemhosva vasina kana kudoma mazita evapari vemhosva kana kuburitsa pachena zvavakaita. Dhipatimendi raObama reJustice ikozvino kukakavara, kukwidza, kana kukwidza zvakare zvakasiyana-siyana dare Muzviitiko kuchengeta chakavanzika kushungurudzwa kwevakuru vakuru vehurumende uye corporations akabatanidzwa mukurwadzisa nekusora pasina chikonzero. Munguva pfupi yapfuura, Dhipatimendi reJustice kunyange vakakavadzana kuti, kana zvasvika pakuramba ruzivo kudare kana kuruzhinji, makambani ekufonera anofanirwa kutorwa sechikamu chebazi rehurumende yemubatanidzwa, uye kutanga kwegore rino manejimendi. kunzarwo hurumende yeBritain nekuguma kwekugoverana kwehungwaru kana yakaratidza humbowo hwekutambudzwa.
Mutungamiri Obama zvakaziviswa kuti achangoti kodzero yekuvanza ruzivo kubva kudare nekuda kwekuti zvakakosha "zvakavanzika zvehurumende" zvinobatanidzwa mushure mekunyatsoongorora nemagweta kuDhipatimendi reRuramisiro. Uku kungave kuvandudzwa mukati memakore eBush - kwete chaizvo chiyero chakaoma kusvika - asi zvakanyanya danho iri richiri kupa simba rimwechete kune rimwe bazi kunze kwemukuru, kunyangwe magweta aObama anoita "zvakavanzika zvehurumende" mukuyedza. kuvharidzira nyaya dzese dzedare, kwete pamusoro pezvikamu zveruzivo.
Kunyangwe hazvo mutungamiri wenyika uyu ari kubvisa matunhu ane mwero aitaurwa neakapfuura, hapana chaari kusiya kana zvasvika pamasimba emutungamiri wenyika pachawo. Semuenzaniso, mutungamiri wenyika akati achasunungura White House matanda evashanyi (sezvo hutongi hweBush hwakange husina), kwete izvo zvakatorekodhwa, kusanganisira izvo zvine marekodhi ekushanya kwevakuru veinishuwarenzi yehutano, kana chero matanda emangwana ayo. he anofunga kuti angaisa pangozi "kuchengeteka kwenyika." Izvo zvinopa shanduko yerudzi, zvisinei zvine mwero, asi zvinosiya zvachose mumaoko emutungamiri wenyika kuti asarudze kuti ndeapi matanda ekusunungura.
Hutungamiri uhu hune chokwadi akasunungurwa mamwe ezvakavanzika memos aishandiswa naBush Dhipatimendi reJustice kupembedza kurwadzisa uye kusambogovana neruzhinji, asi chete kana vakamanikidzwa nematare. Dhipatimendi reJustice, chokwadi, rakarwisa zvakanyanya kusunungurwa kwavo uye rakagadzirisa zvikamu zvakakosha zvavo risati razvizivisa pachena.
Bush akati kumutungamiri wenyika simba rekusunga vanhu pasina mhosva kana maitiro emutemo - ndokuzorishandisa. VaObama vakamira pamberi peBumbiro reUnited States muNational Archives muWashington uye akadaro simba rimwechete, mukutyora kodzero ye habeas corpus yakawanikwa mugwaro riya rakabvaruka nerakasakara. Director weCentral Intelligence Leon Panetta uye chipangamazano wemutungamiri wenyika David Axelrod vane zvakafanana yakajekeswa kuti mutungamiri wenyika achiri kutaura simba rekuita "nzira dzakaomarara dzekubvunzurudza" asi anosarudza kusaishandisa. Kurwadziswa nenzira iyi kwakashandurwa kubva muhutsotsi kuita sarudzo yepolicy, ine meseji yaitarisirwa kunge iri yekuti tinogona kumisa kurwadziswa kwekanguva nekusarudza kusarudza maDemocrats. Iyi inharaunda ine njodzi.
Zvichida vatungamiri havangatarisirwi kuti vadzosere masimba akawanikwa nebazi guru, asi hatifaniri kutarisira here kuti Congress ishande kuti ivadzosere panzvimbo yedu? Alberto Gonzales paakasiya basa segweta guru, akazviita nekuti rondedzero iri kukura nekukurumidza yenhengo dzeCongress yakasaina bhiri remutongo mumwe chete rairaira Dare reJudiciary Committee kuti riferefete zvikonzero zvekumupomera. Maonero akadaro kuna Mutongi Jay Bybee anogona kutanga dzorera simba veCongress kuti vazvisimbise mune dzimwe nzvimbo zvakare, vachimanikidza Dhipatimendi reJustice kuti ritevedze mutemo, uye zvichigonesa kuzivisa pachena ruzivo rwakawanda kuburikidza nema subpoenas anobatanidzwa mukunzwa kupi nekupi kwekupomerwa mhosva, izvo zvisingabvumidze zvirevo zve "ropafadzo yekutonga." Ruzivo rwakakwidzwa mudare redzimhosva fanira kugadzirwa, kana kuti kutadza kuiburitsa kungava imwe mhosva isingarambiki.
Vazhinji vedu vangangoona mutungamiri wedu aripo semurume akanaka kupfuura mumiriri wedu wekongiresi. Izvo hazvichinje chokwadi chekuti kufurira mutungamiri, kana seneta, kuburikidza nedzvinyiriro yepasi kwakaoma zvakanyanya pane kufurira nhengo yeImba yeVamiriri.
Ichi hachisi chitsva chakawanikwa. Mushure mezvose, handizvo here, muchidimbu, nei Imba yakapihwa simba rechikwama uye simba rekupomera? Kuve padyo nepasi, muviri iwoyo, nemasikirwo awo, uchave wakanyanya kutendeseka kudzvinyiriro yedemocracy uye gwara. Kana isu tichida zvakare kuve neruoko chairwo mukugadzira marongero enyika yedu, pfuti yedu yakanaka - zvinobvumwa ichiri nzira yekukwira - ndeyekutarisa munhu anotimiririra muImba.
Nehurombo, isu tinofanirwa kumanikidza mumwe nemumwe wavo kuita chimwe chinhu chaakasvika pakutya pamwe chete: kutora simba ravakapihwa pakutanga uye kwete pachinzvimbo chebato ravo, asi rebazi ravo rehurumende, reBumbiro reMitemo ravakapihwa. akapika mhiko, namadzishe orudzi urwu; isu vanhu. Zvikasadaro, nhaka huru yemakore aObama ichave, seyavakafanomutangira, ichava slide kubva ku republic kupinda muhumambo uye nekuenderera mberi kwehutungamiriri hwehumambo.
David Swanson akashanda semunyori wenhau weKucinich kuMutungamiri muna 2004, anotungamira AfterDowningStreet.org webhusaiti, uye ndiye mugadziri we Impeachbybee.org. Bhuku rake idzva Kwayedza: Kubvisa Hutungamiri hweImperial uye Kugadzira Mubatanidzwa Wakakwana (Nyaya nomwe Press). Iye zvino ari kutenderera nenyika achitsvaga bhuku. Unogona kuziva kuti kushanya kuchange kuri mudhorobha rako riini nekudzvanya pano.
[Chinyorwa ichi chakatanga kubuda Tomdispatch.com, weblog yeNational Institute, iyo inopa kuyerera kwakadzikama kwemamwe masosi, nhau, uye maonero kubva kuna Tom Engelhardt, mupepeti wenguva refu mukutsikisa, muvambi we iyo American Empire ProjectMuvambi Mugumo Wekukunda Muitiro, uye mupepeti we Nyika Maererano neTomdispatch: America muNew Age yeHumambo.]
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