Mudonhwe rose remvura
Tsvuku tsvuku kana yero inoputika kubva kumbeu yemaruva.
Misodzi yose yaichema nevanhu vaiva nenzara uye vasina kusimira
Uye donhwe rose rakateurwa reropa revaranda
Kunyemwerera kunonangana mambakwedza,
Zamu richiita rosy mumuromo memwana mucheche
Munyika yechidiki yamangwana, muunzi wehupenyu.
Uye zvakadaro mvura inonaya
 
Aya mazwi anobva mu "Rwiyo rweMvura" akanyorwa naBader Shaker Al Sayyab mu1960 pakakwirira kwechishuvo chepasirecolonial che "nyika yechidiki yemangwana" muIraq yake yekuzvarwa. Ranga riri dutu remvura zhinji, chokwadi, zvichida rinotsanangurwa zviri nani sedutu rinotyisa kwemakore gumi apfuura, kuvanhu veMiddle East neNorth Africa, uye 2011 yakatiwana muziso rezvakaonekwa naHilary Clinton naAngela Merkel. se  “dutu rakakwana”. Zviri pachena kuti kune shanduko yetectonic munharaunda inotongwa neo-colonial hurumende, yakafanoona naFrantz Fanon makumi emakore apfuura. Muchinyorwa chazvino, Hamid Dabashi, shamwari yakavimbika yaEdward Said, akataura tariro yekuti isu tiri pamharadzano yehutongi hwekoloni:

Mushure mekutaura kwaVaGaddafi musi wa 22 Kukadzi, nhaurwa yepostcoloniality semaziviro atinozviita mumakore mazana maviri apfuura yakasvika kumagumo - kwete nekurova asi nekuridza mhere. Mushure mekutaura ikoko tinoda mutauro mutsva - mutauro we postcoloniality, wakava nemangwanani enhema apo masimba eEuropean colonial akazara ndokuenda, achangotanga. Mushure memakore makumi mana nemaviri ekurambidza uye hutsinye husingaenzaniswi, ari pakati pezvisaririra zveEuropean colonial kuparadzwa kwete chete zviwanikwa zvepasirese asi zvakatonyanya kukosha pakufunga kwakasunungurwa kwetsika. Kune akati wandei ezvisaririra izvi zvichiripo. Vaviri vavo vakadzingwa. Asi zvakadaro hutsinye hwematsotsi uye kunyomba kwakafanana kwevakawanda - kubva kuMorocco kuenda kuIran, kubva kuSyria kuenda kuYemen - kunofanirwa kudzidziswa chiremerera chekubuda kwakanaka, kunyarara kunosimudzira. 

   Dabashi akaenderera mberi nekutaura kuti zvatiri kuona mushanduko dzichangoburwa munyika dzeArab "deferred postcolonial defiance" uye kusunungurwa kwenyika dzeArab, kunyanya North Africa, kubva muhudzvanyiriri hwakasara hwepostcolonialism kuchavhura "nzvimbo itsva yekufungidzira. yerusununguko, yakamepurwa kure nenhema uye yenhema bhinari ye "Islam neMadokero," kana "Madokero neKumwe." Akataura zvakarurama kuti iyi geography inosunungura inoenda kure kupfuura nyika yeArab uye kunyange yeMuslim: “Kubva kuSenegal kuenda kuDjibouti kumukira kwakafanana kuri kutanga. Kutanga kweGreen Movement muIran makore anoda kusvika maviri kumukira kusati kwaitika munyika dzeArab kwave nemhedzisiro inosvika kure mukati meAfghanistan neCentral Asia, uye nhasi kusvika kuChina kune kutya kwepamutemo kwe "Jasmine Revolution."

   Pasina kupokana zvakacherechedzwa naDabashi zviri pachinangwa, zvakafanotaurwa kuburikidza nebasa raSaid naFanon avo vakatora dzidziso dzakadzama dzepostcolonialism zvakanyanya kubva muzvidzidzo zvePalestine neAlgeria. Asi chinhu chimwe chakakosha chinoda kuwedzerwa pane zvakaonekwa naDabashi: chiIslam chezvematongerwo enyika, pasina kupokana, chichaita basa rinotsanangudza mu "nzvimbo itsva yekufungidzira yerusununguko" uye ine mukana wenhoroondo wekushandura bhinari iyo yakatonga zvematongerwo enyika eOrientalist pakati pe "Islam" uye "West". Zviitiko zvemakore gumi apfuura zvakaratidza kuti nhaurirano yechokwadi yekupokana pakati pe“Madokero” nenharaunda dzechiMuslim haigone kuitika kuburikidza nekududzirwa kwevatauriri veWestern Muslim nevafundisi vega, vanonangana nedambudziko rekutaura zvinodiwa nenharaunda dzechiMuslim vateereri vasiri venyika uye vasinganzwiri tsitsi. Chero bedzi boka re "vakaipa" maMuslim richiramba rakatambanuka, uye rinosanganisira vese maIslam kubva kuAl Qaeda kuenda kuMuslim Brotherhood murudzi rwumwe runotyisa, kubatana kwechokwadi pakati pemasangano echiMuslim neasiri maMuslim, uye kunyangwe pakati pevanofunga vechiMuslim pachavo, hazvizoiti. bereka zvibereko. Uye iyo nguva ye "itsva yekufungidzira geography yerusununguko" yaDabashi ichamiswa zvakare. 

Pane iyi pfungwa, kupatsanura kwaOlivier Roy kwevatambi vana vakuru vepfungwa muMiddle East kunonyanya kubatsira. Mapato aya ane maIslam anorwira bato rezvematongerwo enyika; “vanonyanya kukoshesa” vanoda kudzika mutemo weSharia; jihadists vanoderedza mbiru dzekuMadokero kuburikidza nekurwisa kwekufananidzira; uye maMuslim etsika avo vanotsigira tsika dzakasiyana-siyana kana kuzivikanwa kwenharaunda (51). Roy akataura kuti mafambiro mana anowanzo kupesana, zvichiratidza "makakatanwa pakati pedeterrorialization uye deculturation kune rumwe rutivi (magandanga uye multiculturalists), uye reterrorialization uye acculturation kune rimwe (Islamists uye fundamentalists)" (52). Kudyidzana kwenyika dzepasi rose kunotakura pamwe chete nechishuwo chekugadzirisa uye kuve chikamu chenharaunda yakawedzera uye yepasi rose, uye chishuwo chinopikisa chekuisa kuzivikanwa uye tsika sechinhu chakakosha pamberi pehumwe hutsika mhedzisiro yekudyidzana. Nokudaro, kupatsanurana kwechokwadi hakusi pakati penyika neIslam, asi pakati pemasimba anokwevera pakati pedeculturation, iyo inotora chimiro chepasi rose chinowanzobatanidzwa nehupfumi uye hupfumi hwepasi rose, uye acculturalization, iyo inopesana nekuputika kubva pasi rose rekusununguka kwepasi rose uye. kumutsiridzwa kweruzivo rwechivanhu. Iyi ndiyo yakasikwa dialectical process inotsanangura zvakanyanya kusawirirana kuri mukati meMuslim, uye nedzimwe dzakawanda, nzanga. Sezvo Roy akakakavadzana muchidimbu, "Muchidimbu, kune mienzaniso isingaverengeki, asi hapana kuMiddle East kune hondo nevaIslam kune rimwe divi uye vezvematongerwo enyika kune rimwe divi, nepo nhaurirano dzenhau muEurope dzichipa pfungwa yekuti iyi ndiyo huru. musiyano” (60). 

Kunze kwekunge bhinari iyi isingabudiriri yakagadziriswa, maMuslim haambofa akagamuchirwa sevadyidzani vakaenzana munharaunda yezvematongerwo enyika. Zvinonakidza kuziva, semuenzaniso, kuti matatu ekutanga emapoka aRoy ese akakandwa se "vakaipa" vaMuslim, pasina mutsauko pakati pavo. Kuvakwa uku kweboka guru revaMuslim “vakaipa” manyepo anoramba akamira kubatanidzwa kwechokwadi nenharo dzinobva kunyika zhinji dzeMuslim –  vanoti tsika dzechiIslam zvechokwadi dzinogona kupa imwe nzira kana “zvematongerwo enyika anopikisa”. Panyaya iyi, Alastair Crooke's Resistance: Essence yeIslamist Revolution   Mupiro wakasiyana uye unokosha sezvo uchitarisa pakuongorora zvakarongwa huzivi, tsika, tsika, chitendero, hupfumi, pfungwa, nyika uye zvematongerwo enyika tsika dzeIslamism. Crooke akatarisana nekusiyana kwehuzivi uye tsika pakati peIslamism uye tsika dzekuMadokero dzakashandurirwa mune zvematongerwo enyika dzinoshanda nevanhu vakati wandei vane simba vakasanganisira Sayyed Qutb, Mohammed Baqer al-Sadr, Musa al-Sadr, Ali Shariati, Sayyed Mohammad Hussein Fadallah. , Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, Sayyed Hassan Nasrallah, and Khaled Mesha'al. Crooke akapokana kuti maIslamist anotsvaka kudzoreredza imwe pfungwa - imwe yakatorwa kubva kune yayo yega tsika dzehungwaru iyo yaizomira ichipokana neWestern paradigm uye nekudaro inomiririra kupinduka kwakazara kwepanyika capitalist liberalism. Kuna Crooke chimurenga chechiIslam chinopfuura zvematongerwo enyika; iko kuedza kuumba ruzivo rutsva - zvinopikisa, ruzivo rwemashure ekoloni.
 
Zvakadaro, pakati pevaturikiri vepashure pekoloni, pane kushomeka kwekuda kuita zvematongerwo enyika Islam. Anouar Majid, semuenzaniso, akacherechedza kuti chiIslam hachina kubatanidzwa mukukakavadzana pamusoro pekutonga kwekoloni nekuti gakava iri rinobva pane zvepasi rose zvedzidzo izvo zvakawedzera "kure kwechiIslam" uye nekudaro yakaisa miganhu padzidziso dzekubatanidzwa uye. yakawedzera chitendero chekuti kuwirirana kwepasirese kunoramba kusingabviri kwete nekuda kwehukama hwecapitalist asi nekuda kwekupokana kwetsika (3). Akapikisa chokwadi  "kuti dzidziso yepostcolonial yanga isingatarisire mubvunzo weIslam muhupfumi hwenyika, inofumura kutadza kwayo kubatanidza hutongi hwakasiyana hwechokwadi muchiratidzo chechokwadi chepasi rose" (19).
 
Chokwadi, kune nhaka yakareba yekusiya Islam kunze kweiyo post colonial theorization. In Kufukidza Islam, yakatanga kudhindwa muna 1981 uye  yakadhindwazve muna 1997,  Said akapenda mufananidzo unotyisa weIslam yezvematongerwo enyika: muAlgeria, kupomerwa chiIslam chezvematongerwo enyika nokuda kwe “zviuru zvenyanzvi, vatori venhau, maartist nevanyori [avo] vakaurayiwa”; muSudan, akataura nezvaHassan al Turabi  so“munhu ane utsinye anoshamisa, muSvengali naSavonarola akapfeka nguwo dzechiIslam”; muEgypt akanyora nezvoukama hwechiMuslim neJamát Islamiya, so“hune chisimba zvikuru uye husingachinji kupfuura humwe”; muPalestine akapokana kuti Hamas neIslam Jihad "vakachinja-chinja kuva mienzaniso inotyisa uye yakafukidzwa nenhau yekunyanyisa kweIslam"(xiii). Pamwe chete, runyorwa rwaSaid  rwemaIslamist rakanga riri boka rakafanana revanhu vane mhirizhonga - risiri boka rinovimbisa revaratidziri vaigona kukanganisa shanduko chaiyo munharaunda. Semuyenzaniso, shamhu dzakafara dzaakapenda nadzo Muslim Brotherhood neJamát Islamiya sechimwe chete uye zvakafanana zvinokatyamadza uye zvinongonyepa sezvo pfungwa dzemapoka maviri aya dzakatosiyana, kunyanya maererano nekushandiswa kwechisimba. Said anti-Islamism inonyanya kuoneka mumafungiro uye mutauro waaishandisa kutaura nezveHamas. Funga nezvekutanga kunyorwa kwaakaita kuHamas mu1993: 

Muna 1992 pandakanga ndiri ikoko, ndakasangana kwenguva pfupi nevatungamiriri vevadzidzi vashoma vanomiririra Hamas: Ndakafadzwa nepfungwa yavo yekuzvipira mune zvematongerwo enyika asi kwete zvachose nepfungwa dzavo. Ndakavawana vane mwero zvikuru pakugamuchira chokwadi chesainzi yemazuva ano, semuenzaniso… vatungamiriri vavo vasinganyanyi kuoneka kana kushamisira, manyoro avo anodzokorora maturakiti ekare erudzi, zvino akanyorwa nedimikira re“chiIslam” (Zvematongerwo enyika Zvekubvisa 403). 

Gare gare, aizodaidza Hamas 'kupokana "" chisimba uye mafomu ekutanga ekupikisa. Iwe unoziva, izvo Hobsbawn anodana pre-capital, kuyedza kudzokera kumafomu emunharaunda, kudzora maitiro emunhu nepfungwa dzakareruka uye dzakareruka dzekudzikisa ”(Simba, Zvematongerwo enyika, uye Tsika 416). Mune imwezve bvunzurudzo, yakadhindwa zvakare mune Zvematongerwo enyika uye Tsika, Said akapindura kumubvunzo wekuti zvaimunetsa here kana kuti kwete kuti basa rake raiwanzotaurwa nemaIslamist:
 

Chokwadi, uye ndagara ndichitaura kunetseka kwangu nezvenyaya iyi. Ini ndinoona maonero angu achidudzirwa zvisizvo, kunyanya paanosanganisira kutsoropodza kwakakura kwemafambiro echiIslam. Kutanga, ini ndiri wenyika; chechipiri, handivimbi nemasangano echitendero uye chechitatu handibvumirani nemaitiro aya, nzira, kuongorora uye kukosha (437). 

Zviripachena, kunyangwe Said akadzivirira chiIslam kubva mukurwiswa kwemaimpiriyasi uye nyika, zvaive zvakamuomera kuti aone chero nzira dzinofambira mberi mukufamba kweIslam kuramba. Kutaura chokwadi, zvakadaro, izwi raSaid rakazonyanya kujeka mubhuku rake rekupedzisira Humanism uye Democratic Criticism; zvakajeka, iyo post 9 / 11 nyika yakashandura mazwi eSaid asi kwete nzvimbo yake yepakati - iyo yekudzivirira Islam kubva kune imwe nyika maonero asi kwete kuita zvakadzama mupiro Islamism inogona kuita kune zvidzidzo kana kuchinja kwevanhu. 

Haisi tsaona kuti Said akaona Fanon segamba rakangwara, kunyangwe akange asingafarire saFanon nezvebasa remhirizhonga mukumukira. Fanon, zvisinei, aive nehukama hunonakidza neIslamism iyo yakadzvinyirirwa kuburikidza nekugadzwa kweiyo postcolonial theory iyo yakagadzirwa kubva pabasa rake. Kunyangwe aive mutsigiri wenyika, Fanon akagadzirisa bepa reFLN El-Moudjahoid, nokudaro vachitsigira chimurenga chakanga chataurwa sea jihad. Mutsamba yakanyorerwa Ali Shariati, nyanzvi dziri seri kwechimurenga cheIran uye muturikiri wevaChe Guevara naFanon, Fanon akataura kushushikana kuti chitendero chinogona kuve chipingamupinyi pakubatana kwenyika yechitatu asi akakurudzirawo Shariati kushandisa zviwanikwa zveIslam kugadzira mubatanidzwa. nzanga itsva yakaenzana: "femera mweya uyu mumuviri weMuslim Orient" (qtd muSlisli). Fanon aive akajeka nezve pesvedzero yechiIslam papfungwa dzake nezviito mune rimwe remabhuku ake asingazivikanweKufa Kweukoloni, yakatanga kubudiswa se L'an cinq de la revolution algerienne muna 1959. Makanga muri mubhuku iri raakanyora zvakananga nezve“shamwari dzake dzechiMoslem” (165) uye akarondedzera musangano unofadza waakaita nevaMuslim nemaJuda muAlgeria uyo wakamutsa kukudziridzwa kwemifungo yake pamusoro pechisimba se“kuwedzeredza kwakaitwa kuti kubvire. kuwandisa kwehutongi hwevapambepfumi” (165). Fanon akarondedzera kurwisana kwake kwomukati nokugamuchira chisimba sorutivi rwuri madikanwa rwehondo yeAlgeria uye kuti, pakupedzisira, akapwiswa sei nomukurukuri wechiJudha pamusangano  uyo akamunyengedza ne“basa rokutenda” iro rakanga riri “rokuda nyika, nziyo uye rudo”  (166). Sezvineiwo, Fanon akafungawo nezvezvaakarerekera uye chokwadi chekuti ainyatsogutsikana nemuJudha kupfuura muMuslim, achiti "Ndakanga ndichiri nekusaziva kwakawanda kunopesana nemaArabu mukati mangu" (166). Munyika yose Kufa kweColonialism, Fanon akatsanangura kuti dzidziso yake yekukosha kwechisimba yakadzama sei kuburikidza nehurukuro dzake nevaMuslim uye akataura nezve "kungwara kwavo nekudzikamisa", achiti "zvishoma nezvishoma ndakanga ndava kunzwisisa zvinorehwa nehondo uye kukosha kwayo" (167). . Achifunga nezvekutambudzika kwake kwemukati mukuve nhengo yeFLN, Fanon akanyora: 

Kurerekera kwangu kuruboshwe kwakaita kuti ndiende kunharidzano imwe cheteyo nevanorwira nyika vechiMuslim. Asi ini ndainyanya kuziva nzira dzakasiyana dzataive tasvika nadzo chishuwo chimwechete. Independence hongu ndakabvuma, asi independence ipi? Takanga tichizorwa here kuti tivake nyika yechiMoslem ine utsinye, youbati ushe hwaMwari yakanga isingafarirwi nevatorwa? Ndiani angati tine nzvimbo muAlgeria yakadai? (168) 

Mhinduro kumubvunzo uyu yakauya zvine hungwaru kubva kune mumwe waanoshanda naye weFLN uyo akadzokorora kuti zvaive kune vanhu veAlgeria kusarudza. Uye iyi ndiyo mhinduro imwechete iyo nyika dzeMuslim dzeMiddle East neNorth Africa dzinoda kutaura nhasi.

Zvinofadza kuona kuti kufana kuchangobva kuitwa pakati pechimurenga cheArab nechimurenga cheEastern Europe, Central neSouth America muma1980. Tinofanira kuyeuka, zvisinei, kuti kufamba kune demokrasi muCentral neSouth America yose yakabatikana zvikuru nedzidziso yerusununguko yeKaturike. MuBrazil, somuenzaniso, masangano ezvitendero akaita rutivi rukuru mukushanduka kwawo uye Workers Party (PT), iyo ine masimba panguva ino, yakaumbwa muna 1978 somubatanidzwa pakati pevanonyandura vashandi, varwiri vezvitendero veChechi yeKaturike nemapoka ekodzero dzevanhu. Saizvozvowo, mabhindauko a1989 muEastern Europe anogona kuteverwa kuPoland uko, mukati memakore ekuma1980, Lech Walesa's Solidarity Movement yakatsigirwa zvakasimba neChechi yeCatholic. Zvave zvichiratidzwa kakawanda kuti kutaura kwaMarx kuti chitendero ndiko opiate yevanhu kwakanga kusina kururama.

Uye pasina panikiro kutaura kwakakurumbira kwaMarx kuchabvumikiswa kuva kusina kururama zvakare sezvo kumukira kunotsvaira Middle East neNorth Africa. Pane mukana usati wamboitika wekuti nzanga dzechiMuslim dziite gakava pamusoro pebasa reIslam mukuumbwa kwehupenyu hwavo hwezvematongerwo enyika nevezvematongerwo enyika, nhaurirano yakamiswa kubva payakasiya vatenzi vavo. Hatifanire kukanganwa, zvakare, basa re "hondo yehugandanga" rakaita mukumisa nhaurirano iyi sezvo vese veautocrats vava kubviswa vaive vadyidzani muCIA ine gakava "chirongwa cheshanduro chinoshamisa" uye vakashandisa kutyisidzira kwekusachengeteka kudzvinyirira. kutaura kwezvematongerwo enyika. Somuenzaniso, Martin Scheinin, mumiririri anokosha weUN pamusoro pekuchengetedzwa kwekodzero dzevanhu, akadonongodza kuti mitemo yeTunisia yekurwisa ugandanga yakabatsira sei mukuparadza kwehurumende yaichimbova kushorwa kwezvematongerwe enyika. Nharo dzakafanana dzakashandiswa naBen Ali dzakashandiswa naMubarak uye, nguva pfupi yadarika, Qaddafi mukudzikisira shanduko yakakurumbira, vachipomera mhirizhonga, maIslamist neal Qaeda yekupwanya pfungwa nekushandisa zvinodhaka vechidiki kuita chiito. Zviripachena kuti zvinonyadzisa uye zvinokatyamadza mukwende we "hondo yehugandanga", kunyanya muNorth Africa, iri kuuya kuzotambudza West.

Pane humbowo muEgypt neTunisia, hwekuti vanhu, vasvika apa, havazogamuchire kutsiviwa kwemudzvanyiriri mumwe nemumwe, zvinoenderana nezvido zveAmerica, uye vane shungu yekuongorora mibatanidzwa yakasiyana inosanganisira maIslam vezvematongerwo enyika. KuEgypt kuratidzira kuri kuenderera mberi neruzhinji rwevanhu vachida kuzvidavirira uye kururamisira uye Muslim Brotherhood yave chikamu chezwi chenhaurirano idzi. MuTunisia Rashid Ghanooshi's Al Nadha Party yakanyoreswa zviri pamutemo. Mamiriro ezvinhu muLibhiya akanyanya kuoma nekuda kwekushaikwa kwesangano rakasimba revanhu, rakadai rakasimudzirwa uye rakatsigirwa nepakati nepakati Islamist zvematongerwo enyika Hama muEgypt semuenzaniso, nekuda kwekudzvinyirira kwakanyanya kweIslamism yemarudzi ese neQaddafi. Nechikonzero ichi Libya inomhanyisa njodzi huru yekuwira munyatwa yezvirongwa zvechiIslam zvakanyanya uye jihadist mapoka. Uye zvechokwadi tinogona kufanotaura kuti chero zviito zvechisimba kana rusaruro nemapoka akaparadzana evaIslam vane hunyanzvi mudunhu vanosungirwa kujekeswa sehumbowo hwekuti maMuslim vangori vekare uye vacheche kuti vatarise mafambiro enzanga dzavo.

Sezvo neo-colonialism iri kutyisidzirwa, maMuslim vanozopedzisira vave nehurukuro dzavanoda kuita kuti vagadzire "nyika yechidiki yemangwana" iyo Al Sayyab akafungidzira nguva isati yakwana. Zvakakosha kuti maMuslim vasimbise mundangariro dzavo hunyengeri hweAmerica neEurope, izvo zviri pachena kune anoona akakatyamadzwa zvikuru, sezvo “nharaunda yepasi rose” ichiedza kuzvidzikinura mumaziso enharaunda dzechiMosiremu nekutaura kutsigira kusingade. hutongi hwejekerere mudunhu iri, iro, chokwadi, riri kuwanikwa zvichipesana nekuda kwevakabviswa vatongi vakatsigirwa neAmerica neEurope, uye kuburikidza nekuzvipira kwehupenyu hwevanhu vedunhu. Zvichave zvinonakidza zvakare kuti maMuslim vatore zvakare uye vataure mipiro yepasirese iyo Islam yakaita kuti itumire hutongi hwezvematongerwo enyika uye kubvunza kuti post colonialism sei, payakawana imba yakachengeteka muzvikoro zvekuMadokero, yakakanganwa kuti baba vayo, Frantz Fanon vaive. nhengo inoshingaira yeFLN yakavigwa muAlgeria pasi pezita rokuti Ibrahim Fanon muguva re shahid. IIslam i "trace" isingaonekwe mune radical postcolonial theory? Zvino ingaite sei kuti itorezve nzvimbo yayo mudzidziso dzekupikisa dzinoshanda kunharaunda dzepasirese?

Sezvo vaMuslim vachiwedzera uye vachiwedzera kutaura pakusuma mazwi avo, zvishuvo, uye hurongwa hwezvematongerwe enyika nehuzivi kuMadokero, uye sezvo Madokero zvino asundirwa mukona umo anomanikidzwa kuteerera, zvichida demokrasi yechokwadi inogona kubuda.Mademocracies aya anoda kubatanidzwa. nepfungwa dzechiIslam dzinovamba hwaro hwehupenyu hwezuva nezuva mudunhu, uye hazvibatanidzi kubvuma kusingaoni kune zvematongerwo enyika echiIslam emapoka akaita seAl Qaeda, inova iyo pachayo yasara yemashure ekoloni. Asi kusangana kwakadaro kunofanira ramba kusiya chiIslam munhaurirano pamusoro peramangwana rechimurenga cheArab, kuumbwa kwenyika dzechokwadi dzepashure pekoloni, uye chokwadi mabhindauko epasi rose ari kubikwa apo mvura iri kuramba ichinaya.
 
 
References

Crooke, Alastair.  nemishonga: Iyo Essence yeIslamist Revolution. London: Pluto Press, 2009. Dhinda.
 
Dabashi, Hamid. "Kunonoka Kusatenda".  Al Jazeera. 26 Kukadzi 2011. Web. 01 Kurume 1011. http://enlish.aljazeera.net/indepth/opinion/2011/02/2011224123527547203.html . Web
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Fanon, Frantz. Kufa Kweukoloni. 1959 Trans. H. Chevalier. New York: Grove Press, 1965. Dhinda.

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Jacqueline O’Rourke inyanzvi munyaya dzekutsvaga nekufambiswa kwemashoko anogara ku Qatar neCanada. Akanyora zvinyorwa zvedzidzo zvekuwana mitauro, achangobva kuburitsa bhuku renhetembo uye parizvino akamirira kuburitswa kwedzidziso yake yePhD inonzi R.vachiratidza Mhirizhonga: Jihad, Theory, Fiction. Anogona kusvikwa pa jacmaryor@hotmail.com

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