Musi waKukadzi 25, Riggs Bank yakabvuma kubhadhara 9 miriyoni emadhora muhomwe yevakabatwa naAugusto Pinochet kuti vagadzirise nyaya pamusoro pebasa rebhangi rekuviga zvakawanikwa nemudzvanyiriri zvisirizvo. Iyi budiriro ichangoburwa mumakumi emakore ekurwira kuti Pinochet azvidavirire pamhosva dzake inosiyana zvakanyanya nekumonyororwa kwekodzero dzevanhu - uye rekodhi - yehurumende yeUS.
Hongu, Saddam Hussein, semumwe wake aimbove mudzvanyiriri Pinochet, anogona kupomerwa mhosva yekutyora kodzero dzevanhu. Ndizvo zvakanaka. Asi panguva dzese muhondo yeIraq uye muhondo yakakura yehugandanga, Bush Administration yakatsika-tsika mitemo yekodzero dzevanhu payakange isingaite, ichigadzira zviitiko zvine njodzi kune dzimwe nyika uye netarisiro yekusimudzira kodzero dzevanhu. chikonzero.
Mutungamiri Bush vanodada nekuvimbika kwavo kukodzero dzevanhu panguva imwe chete yekuti vanoramba kutsoropodza kusatenderwa kwekupinda muIraq nekugara munyika uye nekupindira kweUS mukuuraya vanhu kunze kwematare uye kuvharirwa zvisiri pamutemo kwevanofungirwa hugandanga.
Muchikamu chaityisa zvikuru chehurukuro yake yeHurumende yeMubatanidzwa muna 2003 Bush akati โvanopfuura 3,000 XNUMX vanofungidzirwa kuti magandanga vakasungwa munyika dzakawanda. Uye vamwe vazhinji vakawana mugumo wakasiyana. Ngatizviisei neiyi nzira: Ivo havachisiri chinetso kuUnited States neshamwari dzedu nevatsigiri.โ Matauriro aBush haavanze kurwiswa kweMagna Carta uye kodzero dzakagamuchirwa pasi rose dzehabeas corpus, kunyangwe kune vanofungirwa hugandanga.
Nekuremekedza mitemo kana ichivakodzera uye nekurova mhino dzavo pamitemo isingaite, vakuru veBush vakakanganisa zvibvumirano zvinogamuchirwa pasi rose - zvimwe zvacho zvakanyorwa zvakanyanya nevakuru veUS, seNuremberg Laws neUN Charter - uye vakaita mhirizhonga yekodzero dzevanhu. . Mukuita kudaro, vakawedzera mukana wokuti dzimwe hurumende dziitewo saizvozvo. Inguva yakadii masoja eUS kana vamwe vagari vatambura mumaoko ehurumende dzekunze dzinoti dziri kungotevedzera muenzaniso weBush management? Saddam Hussein paanotarisana nemhosva yekushungurudza, anogona kutora mashoko aBush neMunyori weDziviriro Rumsfeld: "dambudziko rakakonzerwa nemaapuro mashoma akaipa." Zvakaoma kuona kuti kodzero dzevanhu dzingabatsirike sei munzvimbo dzakaita seIraq neAfghanistan kana vamiriri vayo vanotungamira vakabata vanhu vasingavabhadharise, vasingavabvumire kubvunza magweta uye kunyangwe mhuri dzavo.
Kusiyana neizvi, zviito zvepamutemo zvinopesana nePinochet zvinoumba chikamu chekurwira kwechokwadi kwekodzero dzevanhu, iyo yakaisa muenzaniso wakasiyana kwazvo mukushandiswa kwemitemo yenyika. Iyo $9 miriyoni yekugadzirisa naRiggs, yakakura kubva mukuferefetwa kweSpanish kwakatangwa pakati pe1990s mukutyorwa naPinochet yemitemo yepasirese pamusoro pekurwadzisa, kuuraya rudzi uye hugandanga - kusanganisira basa rake mukuurayiwa kwaOrlando Letelier munaGunyana 21, 1976 muWashington, DC. . Letelier anga ashanda semumiriri weAllende weUS uye akazove Minister of Defense. FBI yakatsvaga chirongwa chekubhomba motokari chakaurayawo Ronni Moffitt, mushandi wechidiki waLetelier wekuUS kuInstitute for Policy Studies, kusvika kunzvimbo dzepamusoro dzehurumende yeChile. Mhosva yakadoma mukuru weChile's intelligence service, asi kwete Pinochet. Gare gare, vamiririri veFBI uye aimbove muchuchisi weUS vakabatanidza Pinochet pachena nemhosva iyi.
Pinochet akatanga kutonga muna 1973 kuburikidza neUS-yakatsigirwa neropa rekupandukira hurumende yakasarudzwa yaDr. Salvador Allende. Akatonga Chile kusvika 1990, mushure mekunge maChile avhota kare mureferendamu yehurumende yevanhuwo zvavo. Pinochet akaramba ari mukuru wemauto ndokuve Senator weHupenyu, mazwi aakange ataurirana asati apa masimba.
Komisheni yehurumende yeChile yakazoziva kuti hurumende yaPinochet yakanga yauraya vanhu vanosvika zviuru zvitatu nemazana maviri, yakatambudza makumi ezviuru uye yakamanikidza mazana ezviuru kuenda kuutapwa. Nekudaro, kuChile, Pinochet nemumwe wake aimbove mupurisa akanakidzwa nekuzvinunura kubva mukumhan'arirwa, zvichiita kuti zvisaite kuti matare eChile asvike kwavari.
Saka, muna 1996, boka remagweta eSpain, achishanda akamiririra zviuru zvevakabatwa nehudzvanyiriri hwePinochet, vakatendesa mutongi weSpain kuti abvume kutonga nyaya yePinochet. Dare reSpain rakazovhura kuferefeta kwakakonzera kusungwa kwaPinochet muLondon muna 1998. Achitenda kuti akadzivirirwa nekudzivirirwa kwake uye hupfumi hwake hwakavanzwa, Pinochet haana kuita chakavanzika chekushanya kwake. Chokwadi, akakwira VIP tsvuku kapeti munhandare yendege, akanwa tii neshamwari yake yaimbova Mutungamiriri Margaret Thatcher, akaenda kunotenga kuHarrod uye kunodyira kumaresitorendi eLondon akanakisa. Asi nyemwerero yokunyepera kwemukuru wemauto yemusoja yakanyangarika apo mupurisa wekuBritain akamusunga pachikumbiro chemutongi wekuSpain. Kusiyana nemabatiro aiita Pinochet vasungwa, mupurisa weBritain akaverenga aimbova mudzvanyiriri kodzero dzake โdzokunyarara, kuva negweta.โ
Kunyangwe Pinochet akapukunyuka kutongwa kuSpain apo hurumende yeBritain yakabvuma manyepo ekurapa (akanyanya kurwara mupfungwa uye mumuviri kuti amire pamberi pedare), Imba yaIshe zvakadaro yakasarudza chinhu chakakosha chemutemo. Nekuramba gakava remagweta aPinochet rekuti dare reSpain rekusungwa rakanga risina humbowo nechikonzero chekuti Pinochet, seaimbove mutungamiriri wenyika, ainakidzwa nedziviriro, dare remutemo rinoremekedzwa rakasimbisa pfungwa yekuti vatungamiriri venyika havangapukunyuke pakupomerwa. ; uyewo havagoni kuteterera kuโzvinodikanwaโ zvokutonga kuita zviito zvoutsotsi. Law Lords yakaburitsa mutsetse wakajeka pakati pezvaidiwa nezvematongerwo enyika nezviito zveutsotsi.
Kutariswa kwepasirese kwakakonzerwa nenyaya yeSpain kwakasimbisawo kuedza mukati meChile kubvisira Pinochet kusachengeteka kwake uye kumuisa mudare munyika yake. Kuedza uku kuri kuenderera mberi. Mutongi wekuChile Juan Guzman akamhanโarira Pinochet nekuurayiwa uye โkurasika,โ vamwe vatongi vachifunga dzimwe mhosva.
Mhosva yeSpain yakaitawo kuti chiitiko chakatarisana naRiggs chigoneke, sezvo chaienderana nekutyorwa kwaRiggs kwemutemo wemutongi weSpain wekumisa hupfumi hwemudzvanyiriri. Ongororo yeSeneti yezviitwa zvisiri pamutemo paRiggs yakafumura maakaundi aPinochet akavanzika. Dhipatimendi reJustice rakatanga kuferefeta mhosva yekubira mari kubhanga.
Pasi pekugadzirisa, Riggs achapa madhora 8 miriyoni kuhwaro hweSpain hwakatumidzwa Mutungamiriri weChile akadonha Salvador Allende uye yakagadzwa naJuan Garces, gweta rakamiririra vakakuvadzwa munyaya iyi. Joseph L. Allbritton, aimbove Mutungamiriri weRiggs uye muridzi wayo anodzora, uye mwanakomana wake, Mutungamiriri weRiggs iye zvino Robert L. Allbritton, vachaisa imwe madhora miriyoni muhomwe. Mushure memitengo yepamutemo, hwaro huchave nemadhora mazana masere emamiriyoni ehomwe yepenjeni iyo ichaita mubhadharo wegore kune vakakuvadzwa kana nhengo dzemhuri dzevakabatwa nehutongi hwePinochet, iyo inosvika makumi ezviuru.
Mhuri dzevakafa kana vakashungurudzwa vakapara mhosva dzaPinochet havazopfumi kubva pamari yavanotambira. Asi kukosha kwekufananidzira kwekuranga Pinochet uye bhangi rakamubatsira rine hukuru hwezvematongerwo enyika. Mamwe mabhanga zvino achafunga kaviri asati auya kuzobatsira mudzvanyiriri anonyadzisa. Uye matsotsi ari musimba rehurumende acharara nyore nyore.
Kukunda munyaya yePinochet kunomiririra danho rechokwadi rekodzero dzevanhu. Sezvo Bush akatsiva mutemo nekutaura kusina maturo mumitemo yake yekodzero dzevanhu - hondo isiri pamutemo uye kugara kweIraq zvisiri pamutemo, kutyorwa kwekodzero dzevanhu dzevasungwa muAbu Ghraib neGuantanamo, semuenzaniso - kugadzirisa kweRiggs Bank kunodzidzisa magweta uye vezvematongerwo enyika zvakafanana kuti. budiriro inoda kutariswa kune zvinyorwa zvakanyorwa. "Zvinangwa zvakanaka" zvaGeorge Bush haatombobhadharira - kunyangwe nekufananidzira - kumazana ezviuru zvevaIraqi vakafa. Vamwe vanhu vekuChile vanogona kuwana chiyero chidiki chekururamisira pakuti Pinochet akatorwa mari yake ndokuzoendeswa kune vamwe vake.
Saul Landau iShamwari yeInstitute for Policy Studies muWashington, DC uye purofesa Cal Poly Pomona University. Sarah Anderson anotungamira IPS Global Economy Project.
ZNetwork inopihwa mari chete kuburikidza nerupo rwevaverengi vayo.
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