Ndakaberekerwa muJerusarema, muna 1954, asi ndakapedzera uduku hwangu muno muRamallah. Mhuri yangu inobva kuDeir Ghassaneh, musha ungaita mamaira gumi nemashanu kubva kure, pedyo neBir Zeit; asi pashure pa1948, baba vangu vakava injiniya weguta reAl Bireh, yakabatana neRamallah. Mhuri yekwaBarghouti, hombe, yakagara iri yezvematongerwo enyika, inoshingaira zvikuru. Pasi peMvumo, sekuru vangu nemukoma wavo vakaiswa mujeri nemaBritish. Mukati ma1950, musha wose wakanga uri rutivi rworuboshwe rwoutongi hweJordani. Kwakanga kuri kutanga kwesangano reNasserite, rePan-Arabism; pesvedzero yeJordanian Communist Party nemamwe mauto akasiiwa aivewo akasimba zvikuru. Ndakakura ndakakomberedzwa nevanyori vemarudzi ose, mabhuku anofambira mberiโmaonero emhuri yedu aigara achiumbwa nokushorwa nokusaruramisira munzanga, panzvimbo pourudzi. Baba vangu vaiwanzotaura nesu nezveshamwari dzavo dzechiJudha muTibheriasi kana kuti Acre. Muhuduku hwangu hwose, ndainzwa kutaurwa nezvemajeri. Ndakaudzwa kuti kekutanga pandakaenda kujeri ndaiva nemakore maviri, ndakaendeswa kunoshanyira mumwe wababamukuru vangu vakanga vakasungwaรขโฌโnemhaka yezvematongerwo enyika, hongu. Zvino mukati memakore ekuma1960 kwakave nemafungu akawanda ekuratidzira uye kuratidzira.
Maive gumi nemana panguva yehondo ya1967. Zvii zvazvakaita kwauri?
Mazuva mashoma iwayo akandiumbazve. Ndakanzwa mutoro mukuru. Hudiki hwangu hwakabva hwapera. Takanga zvino tava kushanda. Kwakanga kuri kutanga kwebasa rehupenyu: tinova sei vakasununguka? Murangariro wokusaruramisira wakanga wakasimba zvikuru. Kunyange ndakanga ndichiri mwana, ndakanzwa nyika yose yakagara pamapfudzi angu. Paivawo nepfungwa yekukundikanaรขโฌโkuti nzira yeNasserite yakanga yakundikana, uye taifanira kutsvaga chimwe chinhu. Nyika diki seIsraeri yakanga yakwanisa sei kukunda mauto ese echiArabu? Nzira yekutsanangura sei musiyano pakati pehurukuro huru uye chokwadi? Chakanga chiri chidzidzo chekusambonyengerwa nepropaganda zvakare. Vamwe vakabvuma kukurirwaรขโฌโNasser aive akanganisa, zvaive nani kutora chimiro cheAmericaรขโฌโasi chimiro chedu chaive chekuti: kwete, tinofanira kuramba, asi nenzira yakasimba, iri nani. Handisati ndambonzwa kuti ndiri kurwira kusunungurwa kwevanhu vePalestine pazvikonzero zveurudzi, vanhu vachipikisana nemumwe. Kwakanga kuri kurwisana nokudzvinyirirwa, kurwisana nebasa.
Wakadzidzira kupi mushonga?
MuMoscow. Ndakaenda muna 1971 uye ndaifanira kugarako kwemakore manomwe ese kuti ndipedze kudzidziswa kwangu, nekuti mauto eIsrael aishungurudza chero munhu anodzidza kunze kwenyika kana akaedza kudzoka, uye ndanga ndichishanda zvakanyanya mubato revadzidzi. Sezvineiwo ndaitevedzera zvaiitika kumbaโyakanga iri nguva yakaoma zvikuru. Ndakadzoka ndichangopedza kudzidziswa kwangu, muna 1978, uye ndakava nyanzvi mune zvekurapa kwemukati nechirwere chemwoyo paMaqased Hospital muJerusalem, chainyanya kukosha muPalestine panguva iyoyo. Ndakanga ndichiri mubato rezvamatongerwe enyika, chokwadika, muPalestinian Communist Party, asi panguva iyeyo mibato yose yezvamatongerwe enyika yakanga yakarambidzwa, sangano riri rose rakanga riri pachivande. Isu taive chikamu chenzira nyowani yekupikisa Basa rakavapo mushure mekunge Jorodhani yapwanya maPalestine panguva ye "Black September" ya1970, kugumisa chikamu chekutanga chehondo. Sangano idzva rakanga riri iro vanhu vaibatanidzwa nedemocracy mukuita zvisarudzo. Iyi inguva isina kunyatsodzidzwa, sezvo shuviro yevezvenhau yainyanya kutariswa pl-kushanya muRebhanoni kana Tunis. Vanhu vaiita basa rokuzvipira, vachibatsira kukohwa maorivhi kana kubatsira vashandi vezvokurapa. Pakupera kwema1970, matare akati wandei ekupikisa akange aumbwa: National Guidance Committee, yaironga zviitiko, Palestinian National Front, pamwe nemakomiti emuno muPalestine yose. Apa ndipo pakaita embryo yeIntifada yekutanga.
Shanduko yakakosha yakauya apo Sadat yakataura kuKnesset muna 1977 uye Camp David Accords yakasainwa gore rakatevera: chibvumirano che "runyararo", pasina kugadzirisa dambudziko reIsrael Occupation! Takaona ipapo kuti taisagona kuvimba neEgypt, Syria kana chero imwe nyika, kuti hapana chataigona kutarisira kubva kunze. Taizofanira kuzvimirira, kuzvironga. Kupokana kwaizoreva kuzvidza Basa, kuzvidza mitemo yeIsrael.
Wakauya sei kuzogadzira Medical Relief?
KuMaqased ndakakurumidza kuona kuti, pasi peIsrael Occupation, kunyangwe zvidikanwi zveutano zvakange zvisingazadzisweรขโฌโzvisingashamisi, sezvo mari yehurumende pagore pamunhu yaive madhora mazana matanhatu kuIsrael uye madhora gumi nemasere ePalestine. Zvikamu zvitatu muzvina zvevagari vePalestine vaigara mumisha kana mumisasa yevapoteri vasina mvura yakakwana nehutsanana, tisingarevi rubatsiro rwekurapa. Muna 600 vaIsraeri vakagadza nguva refu uye yakaoma zvikuru yekudzoka muHebroni. Boka ravanachiremba vaifambira mberi kubva kuMaqased rakaenda kunobatsira vanhu ikoko, asi mauto eIsrael haana kutitendera kuti tipfuure. Pane kuti tidzokere shure, takati: โHatigoni kupinda muHebroni, asi tichiri kuita chimwe chinhuโ. Takaenda kuDeheishe, musasa wevapoteri waiva pedyosa. Kugamuchirwa kwavakatipa ikokoรขโฌโHandifi ndakakanganwa zuva iroro. Vanhu vacho havana kubvuma kuti vanachiremba vaiuya kwavari, kuzorapa matambudziko avo. Takadzokera vhiki yaitevera, uye inotevera. Uku ndiko kwaiva mavambo eMedical Relief, sangano revazvipiri rakavambwa nevashanu kana vatanhatu vaaishanda navo. Kubva ipapo, takagadzira dandemutande rese renzvimbo dzekurapa dzekutanga, makiriniki emafoni uye zvirongwa zvekusvika. Isu tinoedzawo kuzivisa mhedzisiro yeBasa rekupa hutano - ma ambulensi akadzokera kunzvimbo dzekutarisa, vashandi vekurapa vakasungwa kana kusungwa, helicopter gunship kurwiswa paMedical Relief centre muGaza, ma ambulensi anouya achipiswa kubva kuIsrael Occupation forces. Zvakajairika kuti maamburenzi achengetwe kwemaawa akawanda panzvimbo dzekutarisa dzeIsrael; vakadzi vakaenda kunosununguka ndokusunungutsa vana ikoko, vasingabvumirwi kubuda.
VaIsraeri vakaramba kubvuma mr sesangano, asi takasarudza kusava nehanya nazvo. Pakazosvika 1986, manheru ekutanga Intifada, pakanga paine mr makomiti munzvimbo dzese dzakatorwa, kusanganisira Gaza. Kana gavhuna wemauto eIsrael paakauya pachake kumusasa weJabaliya kuzosunga vashandi vedu vezvokurapa, nechikonzero chekuti vari kutyora mutemo weOttoman we1911 - nzira yakajairika: vanodaidza huwandu hwemitemo, Ottoman, Briteni, Jordanian, Israel. , uye kana zvisina kukwana vanogadzira hurongwa hwemautoรขโฌโtakatumira chikwata chitsva; vakasungwawo, uye takatumira mamwe, vhiki nevhiki, tichiunza vanachiremba vekunze uye veIsrael, zvakare. Panguva iyi, vamwe vedu vakanga vachimira pamberi pematare eIsrael. Mushure mechinguva zviremera zveIsrael zvakangotadza kushingirira, kunyanya apo zvinyorwa nezveJabaliya zvakatanga kubuda mumapepanhau epasi rose. Sezvineiwo, vakavhara nyaya yacho pasina kubvisa mhosva. Pakutanga, masangano ekurapa ePalestine aitipikisawo. Vaitongwa nemapoka echinyakare, nepo vazhinji vevanhu vedu vaibva kumhuri dzine urombo kana mhuri dzevapoteri, uye vakanga vava vanachiremba kuti vabatsire vanhu, kwete kuita mari. Vakatidana kuti maBerber, nokuti taienda kumisasa nemabhegi edu achiremba. Asi basa ratakaita rakaisa hwaro hwemutemo wemazuva ano wehutano hweveruzhinji. Kubva 1980, kufa kwevacheche muPalestine kwakaderera kubva pa150 kusvika pa20 pa1,000. Ndicho chimwe chezvikonzero zvekukura kwevanhu munyika, inovawo nzira yekuramba.
Iwe unoti Intifada yekutanga yakakura kubva mumhando idzi dzekuzvironga. Kumukira kwakatanga sei, uye kwakaguma nei?
Yakamutswa muna Zvita 1987 apo rori yemauto eIsrael yakarova mota padyo nemusasa weJabaliya, ichiuraya vafambi, vaive vashandi vePalestine. Iyo Intifada yakapararira nekukurumidza kubva kuGaza muWest Bank. Kwakanga kuri kumukirana kukuru kwakakurumbira: kwese-kwese, vanhu vaidirana mumigwagwa, vasina zvombo-vashoma vaipotsera matombo, ndizvo chete. The idf"Mhinduro yakanga yakaoma zvikuru: 120,000 vakasungwa mumakore maviri ekutanga. Rabin, Gurukota rezvekudzivirirwa, akapa chirevo che "kutyoka mapfupa". Aireva chaizvo. Ndinoyeuka majaya aisvika mazuva ose muchipatara cheRamallah maoko akatyokaรขโฌโMasoja echiIsrael aivaisa mumutsara vakabata zvanza zvavo kumadziro vobva vapwanya maoko avo nezvigunwe nematombo. Vanachiremba vedu vakawanda vakasungwa. Vakaronga misangano yezvoutano mujeri ndokuumba matare eMedical Relief; majeri akanga ava kuva mayunivhesiti akakurumbira.
Bato rekupikisa rakasvika pakakwirira nekuratidzira kukuru muJerusarema paKisimusi 1989. Varatidziri vakasvika kubva kumativi ese enyika, pamwe chete nesangano rerunyararo reIsrael, iro rakanga risiri iro ratove. Zviuru zvevanhu zvakagadzira cheni yevanhu kutenderedza guta. Ichi chiitiko, pamwe chete nedzvinyiriro yeAmerica, zvakamanikidza Yitzhak Shamir kugamuchira hurukuro muWashington neMadrid. Ndine chokwadi chekuti muna 1988รขโฌโ89 pakanga paine mukana wenhoroondo wekugadzirisa mamiriro acho pahwaro hwesarudzo yehurumende mbiri. Isu takanga tasvika padanho rekuti, kududzira Lenin, mauto eIsrael akange asisakwanise kuchengetedza Occupation, uye vanhu vePalestine vaive vasisagadzirire kuzvishivirira. Mutengo wevaIsraeri wakanga uchipfuura betsero. Kekutanga, yakafumurwa senyika inodzvinyirira, ichishandisa matangi achipokana nevagari vemo. Bato iri rakanga rakwezva rutsigiro rwakawanda pasi rose, uye raive nehuremu hwepfungwa dzakakurumbira muOccupied Territories kuseri kwaro. Simba iri rakaputswa nevaIsrael uye nevezvematongerwo enyika vePalestine vaifanira kutimiririra. Mukana wacho wakaputswa nezvibvumirano zveOslo.
Hukama hwevakadzingwa pl hutungamiri kune yekutanga Intifada?
Vakashamiswa kuona bato rezvizvarwa zvenyika richikura richizvitonga uye riine simba. The pl yakanga yabuda pamwero mudiki muJordan mushure megore ra1967, asi muLebanon muma1970 yakakura kuita senyika. Yakatapurwa nenhevedzano yehosha dzakaishandura kuva chimiro chehurumende, yakatambudzwa noushati uye kurondwa kwefariro dzomunhu oga; tsigiro yemari yayakagamuchira kubva kunyika dzinogadzira oiri yakanga iri chinhu chinokosha muna ikoku. Chimurenga chakapfuma hachisi chinhu chakanaka. Asi iro idambudziko rekuti maPalestine atarise naro. Munguva ye1970s zviremera zveIsrael zvakaedza kakawanda kugadzira kupesana pakati pe pl, nharaunda dzePalestine diaspora uye West Bank neGaza. Vakamisa sarudzo dzemakanzuru, vachitarisira kuburitsa boka idzva revatungamiriri vanoshandira pamwe vavaigona kuita bhizinesi navo. Chikumbiro ichi chakakundikana, sezvo zvikamu makumi mapfumbamwe kubva muzana zvevatevedzeri vakasarudzwa vaivepl. Sharon akabva agadzira โmakundano emumushaโ, achivavarira kutsvaga hutungamiriri hunoenderana kubva pakati pemarudzi ekare. National Guidance Committee nemauto anofambira mberi kazhinji vaive pamberi mukurwira รขโฌหligiรขโฌโข, uye takabudirira kuratidza kuti vaingovawo boka revamwe vabatsiri, vasina mvumo pakati pevanhu vePalestine. Yakanga iri hondo yakakurumbira iyo yakazomanikidza Israeri kubata nayo pl.
Mushure mekubviswa kwayo kubva kuBeirut kuenda kuTunis muna 1982, iyo pl yakatanga kusimbisa kubata kwayo pamusoro peWest Bank neGaza nemaitiro ehurumende - kutumira mari, kukunda pamusoro pevatungamiriri vemubatanidzwa, kugadzira zvimiro zvakafanana. Matambudziko akakomba akamuka pakati pesangano remukati, redemocracy nehutungamiriri hwekunze. VaIsrael vakashandisa zvine hunyanzvi misiyano iyi, kutanga panguva yehurukuro dzeMadrid uyezve muOslo.
Iwe wakatora chikamu muhurukuro dzeMadrid, asi wanga uri mutsoropodzi ane hasha wezvibvumirano zveOslo. Zvakadaro vazhinji vanocherekedza vanozviona sematanho maviri echiitiko chimwe.
Kana bodo! Vaviri ava vakanga vakasiyana zvachose. Kudivi rePalestine, vaitaurirana vaive mapoka maviri evanhu akasiyana. VaIsrael vanokodzera kurumbidzwa nekuda kwehunyengeri hwepfungwa hwevatauri vavo. Vakaziva Arafat uye pl hutungamiriri hwaive hwekutya kuvezwa kumba. MuMadrid muna 1991, vezvenhau vepasi rose vaitora firimu Hanan Ashrawi naHaidar Abd al-Shafi, asi pakanga pasina munhu kubva plรขโฌโVaIsraeri vakanga vachiramba kutaura navo. The pl vakatya nekufunga kuti nhamba idzi dzinogona kutora hutungamiriri hwebato rePalestine, kunyangwe Abd al-Shafi nevamwe vaigara vachibhururuka kuenda kuTunis kunobvunza Arafat nevamwe vake, uye vasinganeti vakasimbirira kuti pl ndiye aive mumiriri chaiye wevanhu vedu, zvisinei nekutyisidzirwa naShamir kuti asiyane nehurukuro kana zita rake rataurwa. MuMadrid takatsvaga kubatanidza kubatana kwePalestine-zvaive zvakakosha kuti Israel isabudirire kumisa rusvingo pakati pevamiriri vemukati nevekunze. Chikwata chedu zvakare chakatenderana kuti hachizosaina chero chinhu kudzamara Israel yavimbisa kumisa nzvimbo dzekugara. Kwatiri, ichi chakanga chiri chirevo chiri pachena. Kana ukasaina, asi rimwe divi richiramba richipinda mundima nekuvaka nzvimbo dzekugara patsva uye nekuwedzera dziripo, saka chibvumirano hachina zvachinoreva.
Muna April 1993 pl hutungamiri muTunisรขโฌโvakatotanga mugwagwa unoenda kuOsloรขโฌโvakavhara nhaurirano dzedu zvachose. Oslo yakasarudzwa kumashure kwevamiriri vePalestine kuenda kuMadrid, uye nekuwedzera, kumashure kwevanhu vePalestine. Taifanira kuva vadyidzani mukurwisana, asi apa pakanga pane nhaurirano dzapachivande dzichiitwa pasina kuzivisa kunyange murume akaita saHaidar Abd al-Shafi, mutungamiriri anoremekedzwa zvikurusa muPalestine yose, akanga adurura simba rake mukuchengetedza kubatana kwehondo yacho. Nhaurirano dzeOslo dzaive njodzi yehunyanzvi uye yezvematongerwo enyika. Ikoko timu yeMadrid yakanga yanyatsoudzwa uye iine nyanzvi mazana matanhatu pairi, iyo plNhaurirano dzeOslo dzakaitwa nevasina basa. Abu Ala [Ahmed Qurei], Hassan Asfur naMohammed Abu Kosh vakanga vasina kukwana zvachose maererano neruzivo, ruzivo uye hungwaruรขโฌโvainge vasina kana mepu dzavo. Muna Nyamavhuvhu 1993 Ashrawi naFaisal Husseini vakaenda kuTunis, vachitarisira kukurukura mafambiro ehurukuro dzavo, uye vakapihwa mapepa pl akanga atosaina. Ndiwo maziviro akaita vatauri veMadrid nezve chibvumirano cheOslo, uye kusanzwisisa kwezvakange zvabvumiranwa - pl akanga akakotamira kune zvose izvo hutungamiri hwemukati hwakanga hwaramba kubvuma, uye haana kuita zvisungo pamusoro pekugara. The pl Vakuru vakanga vachivaseka uye vachivachema. Zvainyadzisa chaizvo.
MaIsrael akashandisa nzira yekurukurirano yekutauriranaรขโฌโasi apa yaisana nechikwata chenyanzvi dzakagadzirira zvakanyanya kurwisa boka revanhu vasina ruzivo. Muna Zvita 1992 musangano wakatangwa muLondon pakati paAbu Ala nevadzidzi vaviri veIsrael, Yair Hirschfeld naRon Pundak. NezvevaPalestine, izvi zvaive zvisiri pamutemo: pakanga pasina maminetsi; chinhu chikuru chaifanira kuzivikanwa. Asi Hirschfeld naPundak vakabata izwi rese rataurwa naAbu Ala sevimbiso yakasimba. Paakabvuma zvavaida vakati, โZvakanakai, tave nemagwaro akakwana ekuti hurumende itaure nemi. Mushure mezvose, isu tinongova vadzidzi. Kubva zvino zvichienda mberi unenge uchishanda nevakuru veBazi rezvekunze.โ Hurukuro itsva dzakatanga kubva pakutanga munaKurume 1993, zvese zvakabvumwa naAbu Ala zvakatorwa sezvinei, kuitira kuti Israeri iko zvino yave kutsvaga zvimwe. Mwedzi mitatu gare gare, mushure mekuwana mabhenefiti makuru, Uri Savir akazivisa: รขโฌหIni ndinomiririra Shimon Peres, Gurukota rezvekunze, asi handikwanise kutaura pamusoro paRabin, uye anogona kunge asiri kugutsikana. Saka iwe unofanirwa kutanga zvakare nemumiriri weRabin kuti upedze chibvumirano'. Gweta reNew York rinonzi Yoel Singer rakapinda, shamwari yaRabin. Kechitatu vakatanga kubva pakutanga-vakamanikidzwa naSinger kuti vawedzere mamwe mazwi. Singer akazoudza mubvunzurudzo kuti akashamiswa nazvo, kunyange zvazvo pl vakanga vapindura zana remibvunzo, vakanga vasati vabvunza mumwe chete.
Izvo izvo vaIsraeri vaisaziva ndezvekuti nekutora mukana wakakura kudaro wehungwaru hwevamiriri vePalestine, vaive vachizviitira zvisina maturo, nekuti chibvumirano chekupedzisira chaive chakashata, chisina kururama, zvekuti kunyangwe vaisaina vaisakwanisa. t ita kuti inamatire. Nhume dzePalestine dzakafunga kuti, โNgatirambei tichienda, tozoonaโ. Kusava nehanya navo zvachose. Ichi ndicho chikonzero democracy yakakosha muzviitiko izvi: nekuti inoita kuti vanotaurirana vazvidavirire kuvanhu, vachizvidavirira pagwaro rega rega ravasaina. Asi vatungamiri ava, vakabviswa munyika yavo, kubva kuvanhu vavo, vakanga vasina pfungwa yekukosha kwemakoma ose pamapeji ose.
Kunyangwe zvibvumirano zveOslo zvakatsveyama mukufarira kwavo, Israel haina kuramba iri kudivi ravo rechibvumirano. Vakarebesa mazuva acho, vachikakavadzana kuti nguva yakawedzerwa yaizokurudzira mamiriro ezvinhu okuvimbana zvikuru; akabva ashandisa kunonoka uku, kwakabvumidzwa nezvibvumirano, hongu, kugadzira nhevedzano ye faits accomplis pasi. A new current yakabata muIsrael mushure mekupondwa kwaRabinรขโฌโkunyangwe imwe iyo Rabin pachake aive aita basa rakakosha mukugadzira: ndiye akatanga kuronga Rusvingo rweKuparadzanisa, muna 1995. Kana simba redu remauto rikatigonesa kutora rose. yePalestine, kufunga kutsva kwakanyanya kana kushoma kwakamhanya pachena, nei tichigutsikana nehafu? Iyo sisitimu yenzvimbo A, B uye C yakangopa iyo pa kutonga chaiko pamusoro pe18 muzana yeWest Bank. Ukatarisa nzira chaiyo yeRusvingo, uchaona ichinyatsoenderana nezvakatemwa kuOsloรขโฌโzvisingashamisi, nekuti mauto eIsrael akadhirowa mepu dzezvibvumirano nedzeMasvingo. Hurumende yeIsrael yakafunga kare muna 1968 kuti sangano rePalestine raizosangana nemamiriro matatu. Kutanga, sangano rakadaro haringabvumirwi kugovera muganhu nenyika ipi zvayo yekunze; miganhu yayo yaizoramba iri pasi peIsrael. Chechipiri, hazvaigona kuti chiremera chachangamire, simba rinoshanda chete. Chechitatu, hapakwanisi kudzoserwa รขโฌหzvinhu zviri pasi panoรขโฌโข. Oslo akazadzisa zvese izvo.
Chii chakaita pazvibvumirano zveOslo muPalestine?
Zvakandishamisa kuona kuti sei pl vakanga vabvuma, vachisiya kwete kwete chete sangano remukati asiwo diaspora, vapoteri vakazara mumisasa muJoridhani, Libya, Syria. Vanhu vakanga vachiri kunzwa ruremekedzo rukuru nekuyemurwa kwaArafat, nokuda kwezvose zvaaimiririra, asi paive nekugumbuka kukuru kuhutungamiri hwakazara, hwaive hwave kuda kuve Hutongi hweParesitina. Muchirimo cha1994, apo vakuru veChiremera vakadzokera kuPalestine mushure mekunge zvibvumirano zveOslo zvasainwa, mumwe akafunga kuti vaiuya kuzokohwa mibairo yekuedza kwavo. Mugumisiro panzanga yePalestine wakanga une ngwavaira. Vanhu vakatanga kukwikwidzana kuti vawane mabasa nemari, vachinetsekana kuti ndiani aizova mutungamiriri, sabhuku, mutevedzeri wegurukota, uye kuti vaizowana mariiรขโฌโnekuti mari yakawanda yakanga iri mungozi, chikamu chemari inobva kunze. , chikamu chemari yemutero. Izvo izvo maIsrael akange atadza kuwana kubva kwatiri zvakananga, ivo zvino vakawana kuburikidza nekuyananisa kwe pa. Sangano renyika rakazviwana rimene rakavhiringidzika zvikuru uye raora mwoyo somugumisiro. Takanga tisina chataipikisa negotiations, taiva kudivi rerunyararo. Asi isu taida chibvumirano chakasimba, chinopa rusununguko uye hutongi hwechokwadi - kwete chibvumirano chekunyepedzera ichi chine nguva dzayo dzisina kujeka, mhinduro iyi yekunyepedzera.
Kubva 93 zvichienda mberi, takanga tichiita kurwisana mumativi maviri. Imwe yaipesana neOccupation, iyo yakanga zvino yasimbiswa kuseri kwekunyepedzera kwe "peace", nenzvimbo itsva, nzvimbo dzekutarisa itsva munyika yose. Pakati pekusaina muna 1993 uye kutanga kweIntifada yechipiri muna 2000, vakavaka nzvimbo dzekugara itsva 102 uye vakawedzera kukura kweiyo yaivepo. Kusiyana nezvinotendwa nevakawanda, Israel yakaunza mutemo wayo wekutarisa panguva yeOslo - pamberi penhaurirano dzeMadrid, munhu aigona kufamba akasununguka achipinda nekubuda kunze kweJerusarema kana Gaza. Ikozvino kune 703 yekutarisa.
Panguva imwe cheteyo, taifanira kutamburira mukati, tichirwisana neChiremera. Kwete chete vatungamiriri vedu vaive vasina hunyanzvi hwekutaurirana neIsrael, asi vaive vachikurumidza kuzvishandura kuita chigadziriso chikuru chekuchengetedza - mapurisa makumi mashanu nenhanhatu kubva mu56,000. pa vashandi, vachidya 34 muzana yebhajeti. Enzanisa izvi nezvikamu zvisere kubva muzana zvehutano, uye zvikamu zviviri kubva muzana zvekurima. Saka zvaive zvakafanira kusimudzira sangano idzva, iro raizoenderera mberi nekurwira nyika yakazvimirira yePalestine, hongu, asi iyo yaizovawo nehuwandu hwemagariro evanhu, chirongwa chakajeka chekuita nezvehutano, dzidzo, mutero.
Kuiswa kwe pa zvakakanganisa akawanda emacampaign akazvimirira uye network anga achigadzira nguva yeOslo isati yasvika. Chiremera chakashanda nenzira dzakafanana nehurumende dzechiArab dzehudzvanyiriri dzakaipa hupoteri. Yakaedza kudzora chikamu chese chehupenyuรขโฌโkurambidza sarudzo dzemukati dzevatungamiriri vemubatanidzwa wevatengesi, semuenzaniso. Vadzidzisi pavakaramwa mabasa kuti vave nekodzero yekusarudza hutungamiri hwavo hwemubatanidzwa muna 1998โ99, pa akaparadza kuramwa mabasa uye akaita kuti varwi vacho vaiswe mujeri. Vadzidzisi vakawanda vakarasikirwa nemabasa. Vakatora zvakawanda zve ngovari pasi pemapapiro avo, kuti vachengete mari. Mapato ese ezvematongerwo enyika akatorwa neVakuru, kusanganisira anonzi anopikisa. Vese vanotsamira pane pa kuti vape mari vashandi vavo venguva yakazara. Bapiro redu rePalestine People's Party [yekare ppc] akarwira rimwe mutsara, wekuvaka bato regutsaruzhinji rine mukurumbira rinopikisa Chiremera.Asi gadhi weParty wekare aida kushandirapamwe pa, uye Arafat aida kuvabatanidza. Secretary-General akatova iye pa Minister for Indastiri muna 1996, kunyangwe akarwara nguva pfupi yapfuura. Mapato ega asingatore mari kubva kuChiremera ndiHamas uye isu pachedu, iyo Palestinian National Initiative. Hamas yakapfuma kwazvo, vanowana mari kubva kunze kwenyika. Isu tiri varombo zvakanyanya, asi iro harisi dambudziko. Zvinoreva kuti hapana anouya kwatiri kubva pamukana.
Maonero aunoita Fatah ndeapi? Kubva kunze kunoratidzika amorphous nebula umo maitiro akasiyana anogara. Ruzhinji runoratidzika kunge rwakamira kumashure kweArafat neChiremera, asi mamwe mapato anoita mabhomba ekuzviuraya, ayo pa anoshora. Yakarerekera kuruboshwe apo ruboshwe rwakasimba, uye pari zvino rwave kurerekera kurudyi, rwakananga kunzvimbo dzeHamas, kunyanya pamadzimai.
Fatah haisi kufamba kwakafanana, inoumbwa nezvinhu zvakawanda kubva pakurudyi kusvika-ngatiti, kusvika pakati pepakati! Yaimbova nebapiro rekuruboshwe rine simba asi iro rakabviswa zvishoma nezvishoma, kunyanya mushure me pa yakagadzwa muna 1993. Kubva ipapo, Fatah yabatanidzwa muChiremera, yave bato rehurumende. Ndicho chikonzero chehurukuro dzayo mbiri, nekuti haugone kuve bato rerusununguko rwenyika uye Chiremera chiri pasi pekugara panguva imwe chete. Inogadzira marudzi ese ezvisingagoneki dilemmas. Handingati Fatah yakazembera Hamas; yatora nzira dzeHamas nekuti yainzwa kutyisidzirwa kubva kudivi iro. Rutsigiro rwakakurumbira rweFatah rwakadzika kubva pamakumi matanhatu muzana muna 60 kusvika pa1994 muzana nhasi; zvisinei zvisina kururama sarudzo dzepfungwa, maitiro acho akajeka. NaFatah uye pa ichionekwa sekushandira pamwe nevaIsrael, Hamas inogona kuzviratidza sesimba rega rekupikisa. Fatah yakabva yazviwana yave pasi pekumanikidzwa kukuru kwemukati kuita zviito sezviya zveHamas - kumwezve kutendeuka kwakashata. Kune rimwe divi, ese ari maviri anovimba neakanyanya echinyakare zvikamu zvePalestine nzanga. Vanokwikwidza vavhoti vakafanana. Kana Fatah ichishora quotas dzevakadzi uye dzimwe shanduko dzedemocracy, ndezvekuti isarasikirwa nepasi pakati peakanyanya kuchengetedza. Nekuda kwezvikonzero zvese izvi, zvakaoma kuti Fatah igadzikane. Iri kufamba kwerusununguko rwenyika here, kana kuti kutaurirana kushandurwa kwePalestine kuva bantustans veIsrael? Unobvuma here kushandira pamwe neBasa racho, kana kuti unoramba, wobva warasikirwa nechinzvimbo chako seChiremera? Fatah yagara ichiedza kuita zvose zviri zviviri kamwechete, nechimwe chikamu chekurudyi chakanangana nekutaurirana neIsrael chero mutengo, uye imwe yakawanda inoonekwa semagamba ehondo. Hurukuro mbiri iyi haigoneki.
Munguva yeItifadha yazvino kukanganisa kuviri, uko Fatah inotakura mutoro unorema, kwakanganisa zvakanyanya chikonzero chedu. Chekutanga ndechekuita zvechiuto, chechipiri mutauro wembiri iyiรขโฌโkushora kurwisa kwekuzviuraya, asi kuzviita; kushora mafambiro ezvematongerwo enyika eIsrael, asi kuita nhaurirano neIsrael. Takarwa kuti tiwane kurambwa zviri pamutemo kwehurongwa hwaSharon hwechinonzi "kuparadzana" kubva kuGaza kubva kwavari, sezvo zviri pachena zvinopesana nezvido zvePalestine - kumwe kuedza kupatsanura. isu kumusoro, kuti tigadzirise kupatsanurwa, sezvavanoda kuita nevari kunze kwePalestine muLebanon, Jordan, Gulf. The pa havatani kuzviramba, vanoda โkuchengeta iyo sarudzo yakavhurikaโ. Uku hakusi kuchinjika, kusaita sarudzo, kunobva mukudiwa kwekugutsa tsika dzakawanda dzakasiyana, kwete munyika dzeArab. Seri kwema sirogani, hapana mutsetse wakajeka. Ichi ndicho chikonzero Fatah iri kurasikirwa neHamasรขโฌโkwete nekuti nzanga yePalestine iri kuramba ichinyanya kukosha.
Zvakadini neHamas?
Munguva ye1980s, Israel yakakurudzira kukura kweiyo fundamentalism, kunyanya muGaza asiwo muWest Bank, senzira yekudzikisira mafambiro enyika. MaIslam aive akasununguka kufamba-famba uye rubatsiro rwavo rwaigona kushanda pachena, nepo isu takanga tisina hupenyu hwepamutemo. Mamwe mapoka akatowana rubatsiro. Nekuvaka Muslim fundamentalism, maIsrael aitarisira kukanganisa pl. Chinhu chimwe chetecho chakaitika kuEgypt nedzimwe nyika dzechiArab - kubhejera uko kwakakurumidza kukanganisa. Hamas, dimikira rekuti รขโฌหIslamic Resistance Movementรขโฌโข, rakavambwa muchirimo cha1988. Yaive nhungirwa yeMuslim Brotherhood, bato riri pakati nepakati, rechinyakare, rakasiyana nemapoka mazhinji echiShiรขโฌโขite semuenzaniso; muEgypt neJorodhani zvakaumba kupikisa kwakapfava izvo zvisina kupikisa chimiro chehurumende, sezvakaita Islamic Jihad.
Hamas yakava radicalized nehutsinye hweOccupation, nechisimba chakashandiswa kudzvanyirira yekutanga Intifada, nekuderera kwemamiriro ehupfumi uye kunyangarika kwetariro. Asi zvakadaro inofanira kuverengerwa muhurongwa hwegutsaruzhinji, uye kukokwa kuti itore chikamu musarudzo. Savanachiremba, tinoziva kuti vanhu vanosanganisa nyore sei zvikonzero uye zviratidzo. Mhirizhonga, mhirizhonga, fundamentalism uye kurwisa kuzviuraya zviratidzo. Nekufamba kwenguva, vanhu vanowedzera kuora mwoyo uye kuita zvechisimba, asi zvinokonzeresa basa, udzvanyiriri uye kusarongeka. Hatifanire kuwedzera simba reHamas. Rutsigiro rwayo rwakakwira kubva muna 1994, asi kubva pa8 kusvika ku24 muzana. Hamas yakasarudza kuramba sarudzo dze1996, sezvakaita pflp neDemocratic Front, asi vanhu vakanyoresa vaive zvikamu makumi manomwe nezvitatu kubva muzana. Izvo zvaida kuti pasave nenhaurirano, asi 73 muzana yevagari vakatsigira hurukuro dzeMadrid. Hamas yaipikisa zvibvumirano zveOslo, sezvataive isu, asi 92 muzana yePalestine yakatsigira, netariro yokuti Israeri yaizotipa chimwe chinhu.
Urikusangana navo here?
Ehe saizvozvo. Tinotaura navo, edza kuvanyengetedza kuti vaite izvi, kwete izvo. Hamas haisi nzvimbo yokuberekera kamikazes. Iyo inochengetedza yakagadziridzwa social network, uye inopa akawanda masevhisi mune zvehutano, dzimba nedzidzo, kunyangwe ikazvishandisa kuita zvematongerwo enyika. Asi chimiro chakanyanya kutarisisa mune zvematongerwo enyika ePalestine mumakore gumi apfuura kwave kuri kusimukira kunoshamisa kweavo vasingazive nechero bato riripo - kubva pa9 muzana muna 1994 kusvika 45 muzana nhasi. Ava vanhu vanoshoropodza huwori nekusagadzikana kweChiremera, kubvuma kwavo kuIsrael, asi vanoramba humbowo hweHamas. Iri ndiro dunhu iro sangano redu, Al Mubadara, rine chinangwa chekugadzirisa, nepurogiramu yakatsunga pamusoro pekusununguka kwePalestine asiwo nezve democracy.
Ndeapi mabviro eAl Mubadara, iyo Palestinian National Initiative, uye ndeapi masimba anounganidza?
Mavambo ayo ari mukumukira kwaGunyana 2000, yechipiri Intifada. Pazvakatanga, takanga tiri mumigwagwa tichikakavadzana kuti iyi ndiyo Independence Intifadaรขโฌโasi Hamas yakaitumidza kuti Al-Aqsa Intifada. The ppi hutungamiri hahuna kunzwisisa kukosha kwemutsauko uyu, tsinhiro yekusatenda. Zvinosuruvarisa, Bato rakaita serakashanduka kuita boka revatsinhanisi pane zviitiko, kwete vatori vechikamu. Vaishoropodza ichi kana icho, asi ukavabvunza zvavachaita pasi, vaisaziva zvekutaura - nepo mutsara wedu waiwedzera kunzwa. Pamwe chete neiyo yaMarwan Barghouti, yaive chinzvimbo chedu chakanyanya kuita panguva iyoyo.
Saka ndakasarudza kuenderera mberi, kuti nditsvage rimwe bato rinopikisa regutsaruzhinji pasina Bato. Ndakasangana naAbd al-Shafi, Ibrahim Dakkak naEdward Said, akava shamwari yepedyo zvikuru mumakore ake ekupedzisira. Zvaiva pachena kuti taida kumutsiridzwa kwesangano rePalestine, patsoka yaigona kunzwisiswa nevekunze. Muna Gumiguru 2000 takaburitsa manifesto yedu: chirongwa chekunyika cheIntifada isina mhirizhonga, isina mauto, yakasainwa nevatsigiri ve10,000. Uku kwaive kutanga kweAl Mubadaraรขโฌโiyo Initiative. Yakavambwa zviri pamutemo muna Chikumi 2002, panguva yekudzokororwa kweIsrael. Mazana mashanu evanhu vakuru vakabva vabatana nesu pakarepo. Panguva iyoyo, Arafat akandipa chinzvimbo chegurukota muhurumende yake. Akaisa pressure pa ppi, izvo zvakazoita kuti ndibvume. Saka muna April 2003, ndakabuda muBato.
Al Mubadara mubatanidzwa wedemocracy, wakavhurika kune ruzhinji rwevanhu veruboshwe-kuruboshwe uye mapoka - mibatanidzwa, bato revakadzi, masangano emagariro - kunyangwe kusvika pari zvino tave kunyanya kusvikirwa nevanhu. Tinotarisira kuzove amburera yemafambiro akasiyana siyana. Isu tinoita zviito zvakabatana ne pflp, uye vaizovagamuchira mumubatanidzwa wedemokrasi. Vanhu vanobva kuFatah vanouya kuzotionawo, uye kunyangwe vanhu vezvitendero vasingagadzikane nefundamentalism nekuti ivo mademokrasi. Mumwe wevatungamiriri vedu vakuru muQalqilya aimbova weboka rechitendero. Asi kana tichitsvaga tinosimbisa mutemo umwechete usingakanganisi: isu tinongogamuchira mapoka akazvimiririra zvachose, kubva kuHamas uye mamwe masangano akasimba, uye kubva kuChiremera. Vanhu vanouya vachiti vanoda kushanda nesu, asi voramba vari mukati meAuto. Izvo hazvigoneke. Iwe haugone kuve chikamu chevanopikisa demokrasi uye muhurumende. Unofanira kusarudza.
Ungatsanangura sei zano reAl Mubadara?
Chinangwa chedu ndechekudzoreredza iyo yakakurumbira kuramba kufamba iyo yakadzimwa neOslo. Tinoda zvakare kugadzirisa hukama pakati peOccupied Territories nediaspora. Munguva yeOslo, vazhinji vePalestine kunze kwenyika vakanzwa vachinyengerera, vachifunga kuti Chiremera chakanga chavakanganwa. Chekupedzisira, zvakakosha kumisa nzvimbo dzekuonana nevaIsrael. Takashanda nemapoka akasiyana-siyana eIsrael - Women in Black, Gush Shalom, Yesh Gvul, Taรขโฌโขayushรขโฌโ vachiratidzira vachipokana nekupinda muIraq kana kupikisa Rusvingo rwerusaruraganda.
Zano redu nderekuyedza kubatanidza kurwisa kwakakurumbira kunopesana neOccupation nekuita pasi kwakagadzirirwa kubatsira vanhu kugara pavanenge variรขโฌโnokuti kana vakagara, Israel yakundikana; asi kana vakaenda, tisu tinokundwa. Ndicho chikonzero nei kuunganidza munharaunda kwakakosha kwatiri, kushanda mune hutano, kurima uye dzidzo kubatsira vagari vemo. Chechipiri, tinofanira kuvaka patsva rutsigiro nekubatana pasi rose. Izvi zvakakosha pazvinhu zviviri: nerubatsiro rwakananga rwainopa, uyezve nerutsigiro rwayo mukurwisa kwedu kune vanoomerera. Vanoti: โTiri toga, munhu wose anotipikisa, vaJudha vose vanotipikisa, Europe inotipikisa.โ Pfungwa iyi yokuzviparadzanisa nevamwe inosimbisa zvinhu zvinokosha. Ini ndinowanzo kukakavara pamusoro peizvi navo pamisangano, uye zvinovaisa mumatambudziko: vangave sei vachipokana nevaya vekune dzimwe nyika vanouya kuzotibatsira kutyora nguva yekusvika pamba, vanoita senhoo dzevanhu kuti vatidzivirire, vachiisa hupenyu hwavo panjodzi. ? Muchokwadi, nhengo zhinji dzeHamas dzinopinda mukuratidzira nesu uye nevatsigiri vedu vepasi rese.
Hatidi kuti vanhu varamwe, asi zvirango zvakatemerwa nyika yeIsrael nekutyora kweGeneva Conventions uye mutemo wepasi rose. Kunyanya: kumiswa kwe euรขโฌโChibvumirano cheIsraeri, chakaputswa neIsraeri nekutadza kuremekedza kodzero dzevanhu; kumisa kushandira pamwe kwemauto neIsrael, yava imwe yevanotengesa zvombo zvikuru pasi rose; kumiswa kwekudyara muIsrael; kucheka hukama hwetsika padanho rehurumende.
Wakamira semumiriri weAl Mubadara musarudzo dzemuna Ndira 2005. Asi sarudzo dzemahara dzinogona kuitika pasi peOccupation yazvino, neuto reIsrael riripo kwese, uye nzvimbo dzekuvhotera dzakarambidzwa muEast Jerusalem?
Ndicho chikonzero nei sarudzo dzakanyanya kukosha: chombo muhondo yerusununguko isina mhirizhonga. Hurumende yeIsrael yakagara ichitsvaga kusarudza kuti ndiani anofanira kutitungamirira, zvibvumirano zvipi zvataifanira kubvuma. Nzira chete yekuve nevamiriri venhaurirano vari kudivi rePalestine ndeyekuti vagadzwe vachisarudzwa uye vachizvidavirira kuvanhu, vachirambwa kana vakatsika-tsika kodzero dzevanhu. Zvinonyanya kukosha izvozvi, apo Israel iri kuyedza kuisa nhurikidzwa nyowani yevadiki-makondirakiti kuti vatonge Palestine, midziyo yekuchengetedza ine vashandi nevanoshanda navo, yakagadzirira kudzivirira zvido zveIsrael kuvanhu vavo.
Mushandirapamwe wedu wakasangana nezvipingamupinyi zvakakura: kusarura kwenhau dzepasirese mukufarira Mahmud Abbas (Abu Mazen), kuburitswa zvisiri pamutemo kweiyo nyika. paZviwanikwa zvemari uye netiweki yese yehutungamiriri mukumutsigira, pamwe nerumbidzo huru kubva kumaIsrael nemaAmerican avo, vakamuita mumiriri wavo, vakafambisa denga nenyika kutitadzisa kufambira mberi. Sarudzo yeHamas yekuramba sarudzo yakashandawo zvisina kunanga ichitsigira Abbas, nekuti vatungamiriri vesangano vakaraira varwi vavo kuti vasandivhotera.
Somumiriri wapurezidhendi, ndakanetswa nevarwi veIsrael kanomwe mukati medanidziro, uye ndakasungwa kaviri muJerusarema kundidzivisa kutaura. Asikatyamadzwa kwangu kukuru kwaive kuona maitiro emunhu anonzi รขโฌหnyanzviรขโฌโข Arab tv zviteshi: ivowo, pasi pekumanikidzwa kwakanyanya kwezvematongerwo enyika pasina mubvunzo, vakatsigira mumiriri weFatah. Zvakangofanana, takakwanisa kuunza mubatanidzwa wakasimba wedemokrasi mukutsigira mushandirapamwe weAl Mubadara: iyo pflp, masangano akazvimirira, makomiti evashandi, vane mukurumbira vedemocracy vakasara vakaita saAbd al-Shafi, maIslam ane mwero anosanganisira Abd al-Sattar Qassem uye mapoka mazhinji kubva kuPalestine veruzhinji. Zviuru zvevazvipiri zvakauya kuzobatsira, uye vanhu vakawanda vakazvimirira vakapa mari. Pakupedzisira, takawana pedyo ne25 muzana yevhoti yose, tichisvika makumi matatu muzana mumaguta makuru akaita seHebroni, Nablus neBeit Jala. Zvinoenderana nesarudzo dzakabuda, rutsigiro rwedu rukuru rwakabva kumadzimai, vechidiki, vakapedza kudzidza, vasina-.pa vashandi uye avo vakanyanya kubatanidzwa mukurwira kodzero dzePalestine. Mumamiriro ezvinhu anodzvinyirira zvishoma, pasina panikiro taigona kuwana miuyo inotova iri nani.
Ndedzipi nzira dzemhinduro kuPalestineรขโฌโIsrael yaungafunga?
Pane sarudzo mbiri. Yekutanga sezviri pachena inyika yakazvimirira yePalestine. Zvishoma, izvi zvingave mukati memiganhu ye1967-chete makumi maviri nenhatu muzana yePalestine ine nhoroondo-uye yaizova neEast Jerusalem seguta guru. Kugara kwese, pasina kusarudzika, kwaizofanira kuputswa. Vagari vavo vaigona kugara kana vachida, sezvo isu tisingachadi kudzingwa, asi kunofanira kunge kuri pasi pehutongi hwePalestine. Ini pachangu handaizoona zvichipokana kuti nyika iyi ibviswe mauto, kana paine mauto epasi rose anotidzivirira. Asi miganhu inofanirwa kuenderana nezvisarudzo zvepasi rose.
Kana Israeri ikanamatira kumutemo wayo wazvino, kana ikaramba ichiedza kumanikidza akateedzana mabantustans, kutanga neGaza uye kuenderera mberi neWest Bank, kana ikasiya Rusvingo rwerusaruraganda rwakamira, saka hapana mukana wekuita nyika yechokwadi. Panguva iyoyo, imwe mhinduro chete ingave nyika imwe chete yedemokrasi, umo vagari vese vakaenzana. Chokwadika, nyika yakadaro yaisagona kuva yechiJudha bedzi, yaizofanira kuva zvose zviri zviviri zvechiJudha nePalestine. Zvakaomera vakawanda muIsraeri kufungisisa mugumisiro iwoyo. Hurumende yeIsrael yakatsvaga kuteya maPalestine mukona ye chessboard uko kusisina sarudzo. Kana tikabvumirana pamhinduro yehurumende mbiri, tinopihwa mabantustan. Uye kana tikati mumamiriro ezvinhu aya, tinoda nyika imwe chete, yenyika mbiri, zvino tinopomerwa mhosva yekuda kuparadza Israeri. Asi ikozvino usรขโฌโMutemo weIsrael wekumanikidza nechisimba mhinduro isina kururama, yeOslo-style inogona chete kutungamira kusimuka kwekukosha muMatunhu Akabatwa. Kana Palestine ikava nyika yemapurisa yakasarudzika, mhedzisiro ichava njodziรขโฌโkuvanhu vese vari vaviri.
Ichi chinyorwa chakagadziriswa kubva kuna Mustafa Barghouti, Rester sur la montagne: Entretiens sur la Palestine avec Eric Hazan, richabudiswa ne รโฐditions La Fabrique, Paris.
ZNetwork inopihwa mari chete kuburikidza nerupo rwevaverengi vayo.
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