Zvibvumirano zveOslo zve1993-1995 pakati peIsrael nePalestine Liberation Organisation hazvina kuunza nguva itsva yetariro nekuyananisa. Kupesana nevimbiso yakasimudzwa nevatsigiri vavo, havana kutungamira mukugadzwa kwenyika yePalestine pamwe neIsrael ine hushamwari ichidzokera kumiganhu yayo muna 1967 pachayo. Panzvimbo iyoyo, vakaratidza kutanga kwekuwedzera kwakanyanya kwekugara kweIsrael kubva 1967 uye, pamwe nazvo, kumwe kudzikisira sarudzo yehurumende mbiri - kana ingangoita nyika mbiri dzakasimudzirwa nehutungamiriri hwePLO kwemakore apfuura.
Mushure meOslo Accords, iyo PLO yakapotsa yapedzwa yakashanduka ichipinda muPalestine Authority munzvimbo dzakatorwa, hutongi hweveruzhinji hwakazvimba huchishanda pakuraira kwevatorwa veIsrael. Iyo PA yakatamba zvakafanira basa rayo rekusimbisa mitemo yeIsrael-America uye, pese payaiita, yakarasikirwa nekuvimbika kwedunhu rePalestine. Nepo iyo PA yakaramba ichichemera kugadzirisa nyika mbiri uye kubviswa kweIsrael kuenda kumiganhu ye1967, yaratidzawo pachayo kusakwanisa zvachose kumisa (regai kudzoreredza) kuwedzera kweIsrael kunokambaira.[1] Nyika-mbiri yave kodhi yechimwe chinhu chakasiyana kubva kune iyo PA inovimbisa kuita: Mbiri-Nyika haisiriyo kudiwa kwebato rerusununguko, asi chinhu chekuchinjana pakati pehurumende dzinopikisa - kunyanya United States, Israel, neArab League. inotongwa nemaoligarchies anopikisa pachena chikonzero chePalestine. Kana zvikazopedzwa maererano nezvavanoda, chibvumirano cheNyika Mbiri chinoburitsa muunganidzwa wemadziro-mumini-Bantustans kuti aitwe mapurisa nePA yakarambwa zvachose.[2]
Kunze kweiyo post-Oslo yakaputsika fungidziro nyowani yakakosha ikozvino yabuda pakati pevatsigiri vePalestine kodzero. Ichi chitsva chazvino chaenderera mberi nekushoropodzwa kweZionism uye, zvishoma zvakabatana, vakaedzawo kutsanangura dzimwe ajenda dzerusununguko rwePalestine. Vazhinji vevatsigiri vayo vakatopfuura uye vakaita chimiro chekupedzisira chekugarisana kweIsrael-Palestine inyaya yekukurumidza kukosha. Pakati pekupedzisira, kugarisana formula inyika yakabatana yeimwe mhando munhoroondo yePalestine. Chikamu chekufunga kwavo ndechekuti maOslo Accords aive mukana wekupedzisira weNyika Mbiri uye, mushure mekudonha, yave nguva yekuyedza imwe-State imwe (zvimwe pane izvi zvinofungidzirwa chirevo gare gare).
Pakutanga yakaganhurirwa kune vanoita zvePalestine vanogara kuMadokero, denderedzwa revatsigiri veNyika Imwe ikozvino vanosanganisira vazhinji vasiri Palestine. Iro boka rakasununguka revanhu vane njere, neruzhinji rwavo muUS, vashoma muEurope, uye vashoma munzvimbo dzinogarwa. Havana purogiramu yakafanana yezvamatongerwe enyika, zvamazvirokwazvo kwete mupfungwa yokuva vebato rimwe chetero rezvamatongerwe enyika, uyewo havagoverani nzwisiso yakafanana yerwisano. Kune vamwe, kukakavara kuri pakati pe "Israeli nePalestine", kune vamwe "vanhu vechiJudha nevanhu vePalestine," uye kune vamwe vachiri kutarisa kune "maJuda nemaArabu" kana kumwe kuumbwa kusinganzwisisike. Nokuda kwemuenzaniso wekupedzisira, funga izvi: "nyika imwe chete yedemokrasi yevaJudha, vaKristu nevaMuslim" - demokrasi yemapoka, sokunge zvakadaro, muNyika Tsvene - iyo inotsiva mazita emarudzi nemazita echitendero. (Chii chichaitika mumamiriro ezvinhu akadaro kune vasingadi zvenyika pakati pavose vari vaviri vaIsraeri navaPalestine, kana kuti kuna avo vari pakati pavo vasingagoni kutsaurwa kudaro?) Iyi haisati iri misiyano miduku, kunyange zvazvo isina mhaka zvino nemhaka yokuti iri kure zvikuru nerwisano chaiyoiyo; asi vanogona kuvhiringa nekudzikisira rutsigiro rwechisarudzo chakarurama mune ramangwana.
Misiyano iyi inooneka muzvinyorwa zvakawanda nemabhuku zvakanyorwa nevatsigiri veNyika Imwe.[3] Iyo ichangoburwa yekuwedzera kumabhuku aya ndiJoel Kovel's Kukunda Zionism.
Kukunda Zionism (muAmerica)
Mukurwisana Joel Kovel anosvetuka-pamusoro. Anozvitsanangura seanopikisa Zionist Jewish American uye, nebhuku rake idzva, akagadzirira kurwa.
Sezvinoita mamwe mazhinji emamwe mabasa eOne-State, bhuku raKovel rinoita zvinopfuura kungofungidzira mhinduro yenguva refu. Sezvimwe nevamwe, Kovel inosanganisira kuongororwa kwenhoroondo yeZionism, hukama hweUS-Israel, nemhedzisiro yavo kune maPalestine nemaArabu zvachose. Kuongorora uku ndicho chikamu chikuru chebhuku racho, kuchitora ose ezvitsauko zvisere zvokutanga (pedyo nemapeji 200) uye zvimwe zvezvitsauko zviviri zvasara; inofanana ne "Kukunda Zionism" chikamu chebhuku rebhuku, uye uku ndiko kuedza kwaKovel pakufumura Zionism kuti akunde. Chikumbiro chaicho che "Kugadzira Single Democratic State muIsrael/Palestine" chiri muzvitsauko zviviri zvekupedzisira (anenge mapeji makumi mashanu), akasanganiswa nezvimwe zvinhu izvo zviri chikamu chekuongorora kwekutanga.
Panogona kuve nekusawirirana kudiki nezvitsauko zvisere zvekutanga, kune ani nani anoziva rekodhi uye anoverenga asina mapofu epfungwa. Zvitsauko izvi nhoroondo isingakanganwiri yeZionism nezviito zvayo, yakasimbiswa nebhatiri rinotyisa rezvinyorwa uye mareferensi (27 mapeji). Yakarukwa muzvinyorwa zvaKovel pachake ongororo yezvinyorwa zvakawanda zvakanyorwa nevasayendisiti vezvemagariro evanhu, vazivi, vanyori vezvakaitika kare, vanovhenekera vechitendero, nevamwe. Ongororo yaKovel yezvinyorwa izvi chinhu chakakosha sosi, kunyanya kune vateereri vekuAmerica, pasina kukwana; semuenzaniso, Kovel anonyanya kufuratira zvinyorwa zvakawanda zvinoburitswa nevanyori vePalestine neArab, chikamu chikuru chayo chinowanikwa muChirungu. Tsinhiro mbiri pazvitsauko zvisere zvokutanga:
(1) Kovel anonyanya kuita gakava remukati reAmerica uye, kunyanya, gakava rechiJudha reAmerica. Zvizhinji zvezvaanotaura ndezvevanhu, zvematongerwo enyika, uye nhoroondo izvo zvichanzwika nevateereri ava. Inzwi rakaiswa kubva pakutanga, mu Chikamu chekutenda, uko Kovel anotenda shamwari nevashandi 50, vazhinji vavo vari vatori vechikamu vanofambira mberi muAmerican Jewish affairs. Kovel anotaura kuti mushure mekukoka kubva kuna Michael Lerner kuti akatanga chirongwa ichi chebhuku nekunyora zvinyorwa uye zvinyorwa zve. Tikkun Magazini.
Vangani maPalestine kana maArabu akasanganisirwa muboka iri reshamwari nevabatsiri vangangosvika makumi mashanu? Vaviri, Edward Said naSamir Amin, vese vanogara uye vachishanda kuMadokero. Sarudzo yekuenda kunze kwe Tikkun zvinyorwa uye kuvashandura kuva bhuku "yakamutswa nekurudziro yaEdward Said." Vangani maPalestine kana maArabu vari pakati pemazana evanyori vanotaurwa naKovel mubhuku rose? Nekuverenga kwangu, vashanu chete: W. Khalidi, N. Masalha, J. Massad, N. Rouhana, naM. Younis. Izvi hazvidzikisi mupiro waKovel neimwe nzira - kushinga kwake kutarisana neZionist shibboleths muAmerica kunorumbidzwa - asi zvakare inotsanangura chiyero uye magumo.
(2) Zionism, hukama hweUS-Israel, uye nhoroondo yese yebhizinesi reZionist muPalestine, inogona kunyatsogadziriswa pasina kuzvipira kune Imwe-Nyika kana Mbiri-State (musoro wezvitsauko zviviri zvekupedzisira). Uchapupu hweizvi ndehwekuti Kovel anogona kukwereta zvakanyanya kubva kuvanyori vanogovera kutsoropodza kwake kweZionism asi kwete maonero ake pane Imwe-Nyika uye Mbiri-State. Semuyenzaniso, kumbiri yake, Kovel anoshandisa zvakanyanya basa neIsrael "vanyori vezvakaitika kare" - Benny Morris, Ilan Pappe, Tom Segev, Avi Shlaim, naZeev Sternhell - avo tsvakiridzo muIsrael yekutanga masosi uye mudura haina kuenzana. . Isu tine chikwereti kwavari chekuita basa rakanakisa mukuparadza ngano dzenharaunda yavo: Kure neIsrael kuve yakaenzana uye yedemocracy, semashambadziro akajairika ane iwo muAmerica, vanoratidza kuti nyika yavo ndeye quasi-fascist, anti-egalitarian uye zvakanyanya. anti-socialist.
Asi, nokuda kwebasa ravo rose rinokosha mukubvisa dzidziso dzeIsraeri neZionism, nyanzvi idzi dzine maonero emunhu oga pamusoro peNyika Imwe chete neNyika mbiri zvisingawirirani, kana zvisingapesani nechokwadi chavanofukunura vamene. Somuenzaniso, kuisa muchidimbu, zvichibva pane zvavanotaura kana kunyora kune imwe nzvimbo: Morris muZionist, anofarira nyika yakachena yechiJudha yakacheneswa kubva kune vose vaPalestine; Pappe ibhinationalist, anti-Zionist, One-Ster; Sternhell ane rusununguko, Zionist, Two-Ster; uye zvichingodaro kune vamwe - uye Kovel pachake: "nyika-yepasi rose" (peji 229), anti-Zionist, One-Ster.[4] Chiripo ndechekuti kuve kana kupikisa One-State (kana mbiri-State) hachisi chinhu chinodiwa kubatsira kubvisa mhute yepfungwa yakatenderedza nyaya dzese idzi.
Nyika-Imwe kana Nyika mbiri muPalestine?
Hazvisati zvasvika pachitsauko chekupedzisira chebhuku rake, chakanzi "Beyond the Two-State Solution," apo Kovel anotaura nezveNyika mbiri kekutanga, papeji 207 mune zvinyorwa zvemapeji e247. Anoona Mbiri-Nyika sechiratidzo chepfungwa dzakarasika kana dzakakanganiswa:
"Makuriro ekupindira kwakasununguka munyaya dzeIsrael ndeyekupedza Kugara kweWest Bank, mushure mezvo Israel inofanirwa kugara pasi kuti ive nyika yakajairika, uye maPalestine atore nyika yavo, nekudaro, maviri- Zvisungo zvehurumende. ... Asi hazvishande. Basa, iro pasina mubvunzo kuti rinoda kupedzwa, rinongori chiratidzo chisingadzivisiki chechinangwa chakakosha chenyika yemaJuda, chinoti, kubviswa kwenharaunda yePalestine."
Muchikamu chasara chechitsauko chino, Kovel anosiyanisa rusarura rwakagadzirwa nenyika muIsrael kune mune dzimwe nyika dzakawanda. Anotaura nenzira yakarurama kuti rusaruraganda rweSouth Africa runopa pfungwa inonyanya kukosha pakuenzaniswa neIsrael, pasinei nekusiyana kwakawanda munzira iyo nyika mbiri idzi dzakabvisa uye kurambidza vagari vemo. Nepo rusaruraganda rweSouth Africa rwakagadzira maBantustan ane mukurumbira sedziva resimba revashandi rehupfumi hwayo uye, nekudaro, yaifanirwa kupa hutano hushoma kune vatema, chirongwa cheZionist chaive chakakombama kubva pakutanga pakubvisa maPalestine nenzira dzese dzaigoneka. . Pamaonero aya, kunonoka kweIsrael kugashira Nyika-mbiri inyengedzo, nzira yekupa pfungwa dzakasununguka kuMadokero uye kunyengedza maPalestine nevatsigiri vavo vechiArabu. Mumashoko aKovel (pp. 215-216):
"[T] iye nhoroondo yemakore kubvira 1948 inogona kuverengwa sekutamba kwakaoma uye kusina kujeka kuti uwane chinangwa cheIsrael yakazara yechiJudha. Kuenderana kunoshamisa kumaitiro ehurumende yemaJuda, iyo yakagadzirwa kuita muchina wekubvuta ... Mukati mechirevo chechinyorwa chino, sarudzo yeNyika Mbiri inova yeZionism ipenzi rinodikanwa, uye zvave zvakadaro kubva muna 1948 kuburikidza naGeorge W. Bush. Mukati mehurukuro yeIsrael pfungwa yeNyika Mbiri inongoreva, zvino, kuenderera mberi kwekusimudzirwa kwenyika yemaJuda pamwe ne'imwe nyika' isingatarisike pane imwe nzvimbo iri kuramba ichiderera. โฆ [T] iye ingangoita nyika yePalestine haingori kuseka kwakashata, kushoma-ku-bantustan ... uye inodaidzwa zvakakodzera kuti musasa wevasungwa pane kumirira nyika. "
Zvinyorwa zvapfuura zvinoita seteresikopu (neune?) post-1948 mitemo yeZionist mukugashira zviri pamutemo kweIsrael kweNyika mbiri. Muchokwadi, Israeri yakaramba zvakanyanya sarudzo yeNyika mbiri, mumashoko (kusvika mukupera kwema1990) uye nekunzvenga nekuita (kuenderera mberi nhasi). Kana yaive "inodiwa idiocy," sekunyora kwaKovel, zvakava zvakadaro mumakore achangopfuura. Vezvamatongerwe enyika vakadai saShimon Peres naYitzhak Rabin vakashora chisarudzo cheNyika Mbiri nenzwi guru chero bedzi vakanga vari pachigaro; bato ravo reLabour harina kuzvitaura kusvika 1996, uyezve zvishoma.
Zvakadaro, dingindira rechinyorwa chaKovel rakajeka: Mufungo uye gwara reZionism kubva pakutanga kwave kuri kuramba mukana wenyika yechipiri inozvitonga muPalestine yenhoroondo. Asi, sezvo tiri kuita zvekufungidzira, ngatibvunzei: Zvakadini nemhinduro chaiyo yeNyika Mbiri? Ndiko kuti, mhinduro yeNyika Mbiri yakavakirwa pakupatsanurwa kwakaenzana uye kwakaringana, yakatemerwa kudzokororwa kwakazara kweIsrael mumiganhu yayo ye1967?
Kuzano iri Kovel anopikisa zvirambidzo zvakati wandei, achitanga nekupokana kwake pachake: Haafariri chero nyika kune chero rudzi rwerudzi rwevanhu nekuti "upenyu hwakamudzidzisa kuti vanhu vanoita zvirinani kana vachisanganisa nekusangana mumamiriro emhando dzakasiyana-siyana" (p. 217). Vazhinji vachanzwira tsitsi manzwiro acho, asi kwakakodzera sei mukupikisa chokwadi chiri pasi? Zvatingade isu pachedu kana kusada zvichange zviine chekuita nemhedzisiro yekupedzisira yekuedza kweZionist uye maitiro ayo kune maPalestine. Kana kuti, kana tichida kuita maererano nemafungiro aya, tinofanira kuedza chete kudzivirira US kuti irege kuramba ichinyora pasi kuedza uku, uye rega vanobatwa nayo vazvisarudzire mabhenefiti ekurarama munharaunda yakasanganiswa uye kuti vangazviwana sei. Mukururama, Kovel anowedzera zvimwe zvipikiso, zvino zvadzika midzi muchokwadi uye zvakaparadzana kubva kune zvaanoda, asi pano anodzokera kune pfungwa yakatsanangurwa kare muchitsauko, kuti "chero bedzi Israeri inoramba iri Zionist hapazombovi nemhinduro yeNyika mbiri. "(p. 218). Ne "inogoneka Mbiri-Nyika" tinogona kufunga kuti Kovel inoreva kugovaniswa kwevhu uye zviwanikwa pakati peIsrael nePalestine.
Pamusoro pezvinyorwa, kune vazhinji veIsrael vasingabvumirani nemashoko aKovel kuti "chero bedzi Israeri anoramba ari Zionist hapazombovi nemhinduro yeNyika mbiri"; pakati peava pane vanhu vakaita saUri Avnery naGush Shalom, Meretz, Peace Now, vatsigiri ve2003 Geneva Accord yakakurukurwa naYossi Beilin naYasser Abd-Rabbo, nemamwe maZionist mazhinji, anotenda nemwoyo wose mukudiwa uye mukana wekumanikidza Israeri kudzokera shure. kusvika kumiganhu yayo ya1967.
Asi kusiya parutivi kana muzivi akadaro-Palestine kana asiri-expansionism Zionism zvachose zvinogoneka - pamwe manyepo anozvishora maererano naKovel[6] - pachine manyepo mukutaura kwaKovel: Sezvazvakamira, hazvireve zvine musoro kuti imwe nzira inofanirwa kuve yeNyika Imwe. Chokwadi, isu tinogona kutaura nesimba rakawanda kuti "chero bedzi Israeri ichiri Zionist" haizombofa yakave inogoneka Imwe-Nyika kune vese maIsrael nePalestine. Ne "inoshanda One-State" tinoreva nyika iyo mapoka emarudzi maviri ane chikamu chakaenzana uye anomiririra mumasangano ayo. Saka, dambudziko riri paZionism, kwete nenyaya yeOne-State maringe neTwo-State. Zvakasiyana, chero Israeri ichitsigira Zionism - kunyanya Zionism sekufamba kwekukunda uye kutonga - hapana-Nyika Imwe kana Nyika-mbiri ichashanda.
Kwekanguva kapfupi, Kovel anobvuma kusavapo kwezvinoreva zvine musoro: "Nyika yeIsrael ichangobva kuumbwa ... ndiyo yaizokwanisa kudzoreredza Palestine - ingave muchimiro chenyika mbiri kana neimwewo nzira" (p. 218). Hapana kutaurwa nezveNyika Imwe mubhuku kusvika parizvino. Kovel anosarudza ramangwana richangoburwa kuti rive "pamwe neimwe fomu," pamwe nekuti anoda kuzorora kwakachena kusinganzwisisike. Apa ndipo paanotaura nezveNyika Imwe kekutanga: โSarudzo yeNyika Imwechete ikuda kuti Israeri irege kuva nyika yechiJudhaโฆโ (p. 219). Zvakare pane manyepo: Nyika-Imwe muPalestine yese ine nhoroondo hazvireve kuti icharega kuve nyika yechiJudha - kureva, nyika isingape masimba vagari vechiJudha uye kusarura vamwe - kunyangwe vamwe havana kucheneswa padzinza uye vanova vakawanda kupfuura vaJudha.
Chitsauko chekupedzisira chebhuku raKovel chinoitirwa kuburitsa hurongwa hwakafara hwekuti ungawana sei chiono cheNyika Imwe. Asi hazviiti, uye hazvigone kuita sezvazviri, kuita izvi. Chitsauko chinotanga nenyaya yaAhmad, muPalestine akaberekwa muna 1948, akapedza makore 17 ari mumajeri eIsrael, uye akararama kuburikidza nekudzokororwa kwakadzokororwa uko nharaunda yake yaifanira kutsungirira nekuda kwemitemo yeIsrael. Nayo pachayo, iyo nyaya inzira inogamuchirwa yezvitsauko zvakapfuura, izvo zvakasiya maPalestine nemaArabu kazhinji kune vazhinji vasina mazita vatori vechikamu. Kovel anongwarirawo kudzivirira Ahmad, "zvimwe zvimiro zvekuzivikanwa kwavo zvakashandurwa" (p. 223) uye ane zita rakazara harina kumboburitswa, asi nyaya yacho hainyanyi kubata uye inotuka. (Iyo imwe nzvimbo iyo izwi rePalestine rinouya nepakati iri mune refu epigraph kuChitsauko 8, yakatorwa kubva kune isingazivikanwe email inotsanangura kushungurudzwa uye kunyadziswa kwemahara vagari vePalestine vanofanirwa kutsungirira munzvimbo dzekutarisa dzeIsrael.) Zvinorwadza moyo sezvazviri, zvakadaro, nyaya yaAhmad haina hukama kune yese chitsauko.
Ndeupi rudzi rweNyika Imwe inotariswa naKovel? Haisi nyika yemubatanidzwa kana chero yematunhu anofungidzirwa nevamwe vatsigiri veNyika Imwe. Kovel's aproposed unitary state ichasiyana zvakadaro: Ichava yaanodaidza kuti "nyika-yepasirese," umo maIsrael nemaPalestine vachabatana neimwe nyika kuva nyika imwe mune ramangwana riri kure (p. 229). Izvi zvichawanwa sei? Pfungwa yekudaidza zita idzva, "Palesrael," panyika ichangoburwa ndeyekuzvikudza; [7] harisi zita idzva richaunganidza maPalestine nemaIsrael kuti vaite pamwechete. Kutaura chokwadi, pane nhungamiro dzezvezvematongerwo enyika muchikamu chekupedzisira chechitsauko, asi zvisinei nemusoro wechikamu "The Practices of One-State," izvi hazviteveri kana kureva sarudzo yeNyika Imwe. Zvechokwadi, "kutaura chokwadi pamusoro peIsraeri" (p. 232), kana "kudzivisa nyika yeZionist pane yainoda" (p. 233), kana "kutsigira kodzero yePalestine yekudzoka" (p. 236) . inoteverwa nevazhinji vanoita zvekuratidzira vasingaite chinhu chakakosha kusimudza mureza weNyika Imwe - kana, nekuda kweiyo nyaya, iyo yeNyika mbiri.
KwaKubva Pano
Imwe-State ikozvino fungidziro yekutiza, chero chimiro chaungada kupa. Vamwe vanogona kufunga kuti, kunyangwe ingave fungidziro ikozvino, zvakadaro ichave iri sirogani inoshanda yekuunganidza nekubatanidza vatsigiri vekodzero dzePalestine. Asi hazvizove zvakadaro, sezvo zvingangove zvakanyanya kupatsanura pane kushevedzera kweavo vese vari kushanda vachipesana nekuwedzera nekugadzirisa kweIsrael chirongwa. Zvakatonyanya kuipa, yatove kusheedzera kune rumwe rudzi rwemumiriri weNyika Imwe: vatongi veZionist vari kure-kurudyi, vanodawo hurumende yakabatana mune yese kana yakawanda yePalestine asi yakacheneswa maPalestine maPalestine. Musiyano mukuru uripo pakati pevanopesana nekugadzirisa One-Staters uye pro-settlement One-Staters ndewekuti vekutanga vashoma, kunyanya veWestern-based activists, vane simba shoma uye vasina hurongwa hwakasiyana hwakasiyana (kupfuura kudanwa kweOne-State) , nepo wechipiri achimiririra mapato ane simba ari chikamu chemubatanidzwa wehurumende yeIsrael uye saka anogona kuita zvinoenderana nekutenda kwavo kwerusaruraganda.
Nyika-mbiri ndiro rimwe divi reimwe nzira yenhema iyi. Nyika mbiri dzinoshorwa neOslo Accords yakakundikana, hutungamiriri hwePalestine hwakashoreka, uye "nharaunda yepasirese" isina kumbosimbisa zvisungo zvayo zveUN paPalestine. Kusimbirira kupokana nezvesarudzo mbiri idzi - sekunge pane zvakawanda zviri mungozi kugadzirisa mubvunzo izvozvi, kana sekunge pasina imwe nzira kune idzi mbiri sarudzo dzekupokana-kugadzirisa - zvichave zvichivharidzira zvinonyanya kukosha. Pane zvakawanda zvinogona uye zvinofanirwa kuitwa kubatsira maPalestine akakomberedzwa pasina kuzvipira kuNyika Imwe kana Nyika mbiri.
Kunyanya, tyisidziro huru pakurarama kwenharaunda yePalestine inogara uye Rusvingo Rwokuparadzanisa (rinodaidzwa zviri nani Rusvingo rweAnnexation[8]). Izvi zvese zvinofanirwa kuenda kana kubviswa uye kudzipwa kwehupfumi kuchimiswa uye kudzoserwa shure.[9] Kunyangwe ichange iri Nyika Imwe kana Nyika mbiri panoperera mugwagwa, minda nezviwanikwa zvakabvutwa zvichafanira kudzorerwa kuvaridzi vazvo vePalestine. Sezvakataurwa nemunyori akanaka weIsrael Yitzhak Laor:
"Kunyangwe mune imwe nyika, vagari vangangofanira kudzingwa kubva munzvimbo yavakabvuta maPalestine. Kunyangwe mune imwe nyika, zviwanikwa zvakatorwa kubva kuvaPalestine zvaizofanira kudzoserwa kuvaridzi vazvo zviri pamutemo. ... The [settlement] chirongwa chakatangwa naSharon, uye chakaitwa nehurumende dzeIsrael dzakatevedzana, chaburitsa nyika umo maPalestine akange akashongedzwa, nenzvimbo uye nemamiriro ekunze. Izvi zvaizoda kugadziriswa kunyangwe pasi penyika imwe chete."[10]
Notes
1. Kugadziriswa kwenyika mbiri ndiwo mutemo wakaziviswa wemapoka maviri ePA zvino yakakamurwa, bato reFatah rinotongwa neRamallah pamwe neboka rinopandukira rinotungamirwa neHamas muGaza. Mushure mekukunda musarudzo dzemitemo yePalestine muna Ndira 2006, Hamas yakaumba hurumende yemubatanidzwa umo Fatah nemamwe zvikwata zvidiki zvePLO yekare vaive vadyidzani vechidiki. Kudyidzana kwakasimba pakati peHamas neFatah kwakaputsika nechisimba muna June 2007. Nokuda kwekusawirirana kwavo kwose kwakashata, zvisinei, mubvunzo we "nyika imwe chete kana nyika mbiri" yakanga isiri imwe yadzo. Mukutaura kwakati wandei kune vezvenhau vekuMadokero, vatungamiriri veHamas vakajekesa - sezvakaitwa nevatungamiriri veFatah - kuti vanotsigira kugadzirisa kwenyika mbiri. Funga semuenzaniso Mutungamiriri Ismail Haniyeh's op-ed, "Aggression Under False Pretenses," umo anodaidzira hurumende yePalestine muWest Bank neGaza (Washington Post, Chikunguru 11, 2006), kana chinyorwa chaKhalid Mish'al, "Kubatana Kwedu Iko Zvino Kunogona Kugadzira Nzira Yerunyararo uye Ruramisiro," apo vanotsigira kugadzwa kwe "nyika yePalestine inozvitonga chaiyo uye yakazvimirira munzvimbo dzinogarwa neIsrael muna Chikumi 1967. "(The Guardian, Kukadzi 13, 2007).
2. Zvinodzidzisa kuongorora zvinzvimbo zvakatorwa pachena neArab League mumakore apfuura maererano nekugadzirisa gakava reArab neIsrael, uye kuti yanga isisade kana kusakwanisa kuita saizvozvo.
PaKurume 2002 Beirut Summit, iyo Arab League yakatambira inodaidzwa kuti Arab Peace Initiative (API) yakakurudzirwa neSaudi Arabia. API yakapa chibvumirano cherunyararo neIsrael mukutsinhana nekubviswa kweIsrael munzvimbo dzese dzakatorwa muna 1967. Nekutora API, Mubatanidzwa weArab League waiita kunge uri kutora chinzvimbo chakabatana uye uchizvibatanidza nesarudzo yehurumende mbiri yekuti zvikwata zvePLO, kusanganisira Fatah, yaikurudzira kubva pakati pemakore ekuma1970 uye yakazobvumidzwa nePLO yese (pamusangano waNovember 1988 wePalestine National Council, paramende yePLO mukutapwa). Kunyangwe hazvo Saudi Arabia nedzimwe nyika dzechiArab dzakachengetedzeka dzinodzora zviwanikwa zvesimba guru nekudaro dzichikwanisa kushandisa simba guru rezvematongerwo enyika pasi rose, Arab League yakatora danho rekusimudzira API kubva payakaitwa muna 2002.
Iyo API yakatorwa uye yakatsigirwa zvakare neArab League paKurume 2007 Riyadh Summit. Muna Chikunguru 2007 Arab League yakatumira mishoni, yaisanganisira makurukota ezvekune dzimwe nyika eJorodhani neEjipita kuIsrael kunosimudzira API. Zvinokosha kuti basa racho harina kusanganisira nhengo yePalestine. Vakuru veIsrael vakagamuchira vatumwa vekuEgypt neJordanian nekuzivisa kukuru, sechiratidzo chehukama pakati pehurumende dzavo. Zvakadaro, kugarisana kwemumiriri hakuna kushandura kuita chero matanho anobatika ekuderedza dambudziko remaPalestine ari pasi pekugara.
Iyo API yakakurukurwa zvakare neArab League paKurume 2008 Dhamasiko Summit uye yakagamuchira kutaurwa zvishoma mukutaura kwayo kwekuvhara. Kunyange kazhinji vatsinhiri veSaudi havana kurega kutsoropodza kwavo kwaizvidza: โPanyaya yekubatana kweArab muโฆ semubatanidzwa weUS-Israel,โฆ seArab Peace Initiative, yavanotsigira asi vasina chido kana kugona kuita basaโ (Mostafa Zein, โSarudzo Hadziite Kubudirira Kwemusangano,โ Al Hayat, Kurume 29, 2008).
3. Pakati pemamwe mabhuku: Ghada Karmi, Akaroora kune Mumwe Murume: Dambudziko reIsrael muPalestine, Pluto Press, 2007; Ali Abunimah, Imwe Nyika: Chikumbiro Cheushingi Kupedza Iyo Israel-Palestinian Impasse, Metropolitan Books, 2006; Virginia Tilley, Iyo One-State Solution: Kubudirira Kwerunyararo muIsrael-Palestinian Deadlock, University of Michigan Press, 2005; Mazin Qumsiyeh, Kugovera Nyika yeKenani, Pluto Press, 2004; Marc Ellis, Israeri nePalestine: Kubva mumadota, Pluto Press, 2003. Ava vanyori havasi vose vanofungidzira zvakafanana-Nyika Imwe, misiyano yavo inosiyana kubva padiki kusvika kune yakakosha, uye havana hanya zvakaenzana nechimiro chekupedzisira chenyika isina kubatana; semuenzaniso, Tilley anoisa simba rakawanda, uye Ellis kushoma kuedza, kupfuura vamwe mukutsanangura kurongeka kwemamiriro akadaro. Webhusaiti inonzi "The One-State Solution" ine rondedzero yakazara ye nyaya uye mabhuku nezvenyaya.
4. Kovel anoziva kupokana kwaanopinzwa nevamwe vanyori ava. Anorohwa nehasha dzake ndiBenny Morris, zvakakodzera. Kovel anoshandisa mapeji masere (mapeji 183-190) kuti atsanangure kupokanidzana kuri pakati pechokwadi chakabatsirwa naMorris kufumura uye maonero aMorris.
5. Ongororo yakadzama yenhoroondo iyi iri munaNoam Chomsky, World Orders, Old and New, Columbia University Press, 1996. Apo Yasser Arafat akaramba achisimbirira kuti Oslo Accords yaSeptember 1993 (Oslo I) uye September 1995 (Oslo II) yakaunza chikamu chitsva chenhoroondo, pakupedzisira ichitungamira kukuwana kweIsrael kune imwe nyika yePalestine yakaparadzana, vezvematongerwo enyika veIsrael vaiona nyaya iyi zvakasiyana:
"Vatungamiri veIsrael vakaziva zvakange zvaitwa. Muzvibvumirano zveOslo II 'takashungurudza maPalestine,' Mutungamiri Ezer Weizmann akaudza Mumiriri weChina. Achibvunzwa kuti Israeri inotarisira sei maPalestine kugamuchira mazwi akadaro, Gurukota rezvekune dzimwe nyika Ehud Barak akapindura zviri nyore: "Tiri vane simba.' Bharaki, aimbova Mukuru wemauto, akanga agadzwa naShimon Peres, akazova Mutungamiriri wehurumende pakapondwa Rabin mavhiki mashoma pakasainwa Oslo II. Sezvakaitwa akamutangira, Peres akarasa pfungwa yokuti kugadzirisa zvachose kungangosanganisira Achitsanangura zvibvumirano zveOslo II pakuungana kweVamiriri muJerusarema, Peres akasimbisa kuti 'mhinduro iyi iyo munhu wose ari kufunga nezvayo uye izvo ndizvo zvaunoda hazvifi zvakaitika.' Peres akapindurawo ne 'inonzwika "Kwete",' ... paakabvunzwa pamusangano na Newsweek vapepeti kana nyika yePalestine ingangove mhedzisiro. Akaenderera mberi ne 'tsananguro yakadzidza' isina kumbopedzwa nekuti mutongo muO.J. Simpson kutongwa kwakabva kwatepfenyurwa zvekuti musangano waifanira kumira, uye mushure mezvo Newsweek vapepeti 'vakafadzwa zvakanyanya nemutongo uyu' kuti vadzokere kupfungwa dzake nezvemhedzisiro ye'runyararo maitiro.'" (Chomsky, op. cit., map. 275-276)
Yekutanga kutaurwa nezvekugona kwenyika yePalestine, uye chete muzvikamu zvakakamukana zvenzvimbo, neBato reLabour inoita kunge iri mupuratifomu yayo ye1996 (Michal Yudelman, "Labor Convention Inobvumira Party Platform," Jerusarema Post, Kubvumbi 26, 1996). Nzvimbo yapfuura yeLabour platform ye1992 yakaramba kugadzwa kweimwe nyika yePalestine zvakajeka (Susan Hatis Rolef, "Kana Mamwe Manjiva Evashandi Akabhururuka," The Jerusalem Post, November 13, 1991). Wekutanga wezvematongerwo enyika weLikud Party akataura nezvenyika yePalestine anoita kunge David Bar-Illan muna 1996, mukuru mukuru muhurumende yeNetanyahu, akataura achipindura mubvunzo wekuti maPalestine vanogona kudaidza chero chasara kwavari " " state" kana vachida, kana kuti vanogona kuidaidza kuti "huku yakakangwa" (Noam Chomsky, Nyika dzakakundikana, Metropolitan Books, 2006, p. 178). Kucherechedzwa kwakadzikama kwezvematongerwo enyika uko PLO yakanga yawana kubva kuOslo Accords kwakaderedzwa, kana isina kubviswa, neChibvumirano cheWye cha1998 chakaparurwa naPresident Clinton pakati paArafat naNetanyahu; kwete zvakangoitika, iyi yaive panguva iyo nzvimbo dzekugara dzaive dzichiwedzera nekukurumidza kupfuura chero nguva yapfuura kubva 1967 (Patrick Cockburn, "Israelis Declare Pact a Victory, Netanyahu Inobudirira Mukuderedza Zvibvumirano zveOslo," The Independent, Gumiguru 26, 1998).
6. Uchapupu hwezvakaitika kare hunotsigira zvikuru maonero aKovel pamusoro peZionism's expansionism, asi iyi haisi iyo pfungwa. Panguva iyo nharaunda dzePalestine dziri kutyisidzirwa nekupatsanuka uye kupararira kupfuura nakare kose, vanoda rubatsiro rwese rwavanogona kuwana, kubva kune chero chikamu neboka ripi zvaro, kumisa uye kudzosera shure chirongwa cheIsrael chekugara. Pasina mubvunzo iyi inhamburiko ichatora makore akawanda akareba. Mumamiriro ezvinhu akashata aripo, mukutsanangura hurongwa hwekuti vese vanopokana nekugara vanogona kuungana, hachisi chinhu chekutanga kupokana uye kupokana pamhando yeZionism inogona kurarama mukati memiganhu yeIsrael inogumira kune yayo pre-1967. ndima.
7. Izvi zvakafanana nezvakataurwa nemukuru weLibya, Muammar Qaddafi, mune yake inonzi. White Book. Qaddafi anokurudzira nyika imwe chete kunzi "Isratine," kunyangwe asingataure senge Kovel kusanganisa kwevaIsrael nemaPalestine kuita nyika imwechete, zvichibvumira nharaunda yega yega kuchengetedza kuzivikanwa kwayo kwenyika. Mumashoko aKaddafi, anodana "kugadzwa kwenyika yeIsratine, musha kune vose vePalestine neIsrael. Izvi zvaizobvumira vose kufamba uye kugara chero kwavanoda. Iye, uyo anotenda kuti West Bank inyika yake, anogona kugara ikoko. kana kuti kuendako sezvaanoda.Anogona kutoitumidza kuti Judhiya neSamaria, kana achida kudaro.Saizvozvowo, kana muPalestine achida kugara kana kufamba mukati memaguta ari mumhenderekedzo yegungwa anoti Acre, Haifa, Jaffa, Tel Aviv, Jadwal nemamwe. , aigona kudaro. Izvi zvaizodzorera zvinhu zvose sezvazvaiva. Nokudaro, kusaruramisira uye kushayiwa kuchaguma. Nyore, handizvo here? Dai maIsrael nemaPalestine vane misikanzwa vaizoteerera vanhu vakachenjera kuti vangagadzirisa sei matambudziko avo!
8. Izwi iri rakasarudzwa nemazvo naNoam Chomsky, mu "'Nhau Dzakanaka,' Iraq uye Beyond," ZNet, Kukadzi 16, 2008.
9. Kuti uwane nhoroondo ichangobva kupfuura yakadzama yezvinotyisa zvakagadzirwa nevagari venzvimbo, misha uye Rusvingo, ona Idith Zertal naAkiva Eldar, Madzishe eNyika: Hondo pamusoro peNzvimbo dzeIsrael muNzvimbo Dzakagarwa, 1967-2007, Mabhuku eNyika, 2007.
10 Izhak Laor,"Zvinozivikanwa neVagari," Tsamba kuna London Review of Books, Vol. 25, kwete. 23 Zvita 4, 2003.
Assaf Kfoury ndiye Purofesa weComputer Science paBoston University. Iye muArab American akakurira muBeirut neCairo, uye anodzoka kazhinji kuMiddle East. Achangobva kugadzirisa muunganidzwa wezvinyorwa, diaries, uye mafoto - Mukati meRebhanoni (Monthly Review Press, 2007) โ ichiratidza rwendo rwaNoam naCarol Chomsky kuenda kuLebanon muna Chivabvu 2006 uye vachiiisa mukati memamiriro ezvinhu akaipisisa munharaunda hondo yaChikunguru-Nyamavhuvhu 2006 isati yatanga uye yapera. Chinyorwa ichi chinotevera kare "Nyika Imwe kana Nyika-mbiri?" - Nhaurirano isina hutachiona padzimwe nzira dzenhema.
ZNetwork inopihwa mari chete kuburikidza nerupo rwevaverengi vayo.
dhoneta