Cherechedza:
Muhwina weNobel Jose Saramago akafa neChishanu chapfuura. Pamusoro pekuve mukomunisiti asingapfidzi, aive mutsigiri akazvipira wenharaunda dzechimurenga muChiapas, Mexico. Akaenda kuMexico neChiapas kakawanda uye akasangana nevakadzi nevarume vapanduki ikoko. Pane imwe nguva, ari kuMexico City akapa hurukuro umo akati, "Pandinouya kuMexico handisi muKomonisiti, ndiri muZapatista." Pakati pema1990 ndakava neropafadzo yokusangana naSaramago muNew York City naJuana Ponce de Leon, Dan Simon nevamwe kuti tikurukure nezvebasa rake uye kumukoka kuti anyore mashoko okutanga ebhuku ini naJuana takanga tichishanda pamwe chete kweSeven. Nyaya Dzvanya - SHOKO REDU CHOMBO CHEDU: Iwo Akasarudzwa Zvinyorwa zve Subcomandante Marcos.
Saramago akabvuma kunyora chinyorwa, icho chakatumirwa pazasi. Panguva yemusangano wedu naSaramago muNew York, nyaya ye "chaiyo" kuzivikanwa kwaSubcomandante Marcos yakauya. Pakutanga, Saramago akafunga kuti tinofanira kutaura "zita chairo" raSubcomandante Marcos. Ini naJuana takatora nharo, tikapikisa kuti zita rekuti Saramago raakakurudzira kuti tishandise Marcos ndiro raive zita rakashandiswa nehurumende yeMexico mukushambadzira kwavo kutsausa maZapatistas. Nharaunda dzevapanduki dzinomudana kuti Subcomandante Marcos, uye ndiro zita raanoshandisa kusaina zvinyorwa zvake. Maestro akamira kwekanguva, akabata magirazi ake uye mukupindura akatiudza nyaya inoteveraโฆ."Mukati menguva yepamusoro muchirongwa chehurumende yeMexico ichirwisa maZapatistas, hutungamiriri hweZedillo hwakafambisa chinyorwa chenhau ichiti kuburitsa pachena kuti Subcomandate Marcos ndiani. aiva Rafael Gullien Sechikamu chemushandirapamwe, Mutungamiriri weMexico panguva iyoyo, Ernesto Zedillo akati 'Ndichasangana naRafael Gullien chero nguva, chero kupi zvako.' Mazuva mashomanana gare gare Subcomandante Marcos akapindura kunyomba kwaZedillo achiti, 'Zvakanaka. Ipapo isu vatatu tinogona kusangana pamwe chete.'
Greg Ruggiero
ZAPATISTA
naJose Saramago
Nhanganyaya yeSHOKO REDU CHOMBO CHEDU
Zvinyorwa zvakasarudzwa zve Subcomandante Insurgente Marcos
Nyaya nomwe Press | http://www.sevenstories.com/book/?GCOI=58322100539190
Yakarongedzwa naJuana Ponce De Leon
Yakaturikirwa kubva muchiPutukezi naGregory Rabassa
Muna 1721, nekunyepedzera kusava nemhosva kwaisakwanisa kuvanza kunyomba kwake, Charles-Louis de Secondat akabvunza: "VaPersia? Asi zvinogoneka sei kuti mumwe munhu ave muPersia?" Pave nemakore anoda kusvika mazana matatu ikozvino kubva Baron de Montesquieu akanyora mukurumbira wake Lettres Persanes uye nanhasi hatisati tabudirira kuisa pamwechete mhinduro ine hungwaru kune iyi inonyanya kukosha yemibvunzo yese inowanikwa panhoroondo yehukama hwevanhu. Sezvineiwo, isu tichiri kusanzwisisa kuti zvakambobvira sei kuti mumwe munhu ave "muPersia," uyezve, sekunge chimiro chakadaro chaive chisiri kunze kwemubvunzo, kuramba uri mumwechete nhasi apo mufananidzo wakaiswa pasirese pamberi pedu unotsvaga kutiita kuti titende kuti chinhu chinodiwa uye chinobatsira kuva ndicho icho mumashoko akafaranuka uye anoyananisa anowanzonzi "Western" (Western in mentality, fashions, tastes, maitiro, zvido, manias, pfungwa. ...) pakanga pasina imwe mhinduro kuburikidza nokunyengetedza nechisimba.
Kuva "Pezhiya" kuve mumwe munhu anoshamisa, mumwe munhu akasiyana, mumashoko akareruka kuva "mumwe." Kuvapo chaiko kwe "Persia" kwave kwakakwana kukanganisa, kuvhiringidza, kukanganisa, uye kukanganisa kushanda kwemasangano; "Pezhiya" inogona kutosvika pakunyanyisa kusingatenderwi kwekugumbura izvo hurumende dzese dzepasi dzinonyanya kuitirwa godo nazvo: kudzikama kwekutonga kwesimba radzo.
Vanhu veko vaive uye vachiri "vaPezhiya" muBrazil (apo vasina minda zvino vanomiririra rumwe rudzi rwe"Pezhiya"). Vagari vemuUnited States vaimbove asi vakapotsa varega kuve "vaPersia." Munguva yavo vaInca, vaMaya, uye vaAztec vakanga vari โvaPersiaโ uye vazukuru vavo vakanga vari uye vachiri โvaPersia,โ kupi nokupi kwavakagara uye vachiri kugara.
Kune "vaPersia" muGuatemala, Bolivia, Colombia, uye Peru. Kune zvakare kuwanda kwe "Pezhiya" munyika inorwadza yeMexico, uko Sebastiao Salgado anobvunza, akaomesesa kamera akakwevera kudedera kubva kwatiri nenhamba dzakaoma dzakatarisana nesu. Vanobvunza: Zvingaitika sei kuti imi "veMadokero" uye "Madokero" vanhu kuchamhembe, kumaodzanyemba, kumabvazuva, uye kumadokero, vane tsika, vakabudirira, vakakwana, vasina iyo modicum yehungwaru uye kunzwisisa kunodiwa kuti tinzwisise isu, "vaPersia" veChiapas?
Chokwadi inyaya yokunzwisisa chete, kunzwisisa zvinorehwa nezvitarisiko izvozvo, kukudzwa kwezviso izvozvo, nzira iri nyore yokuungana kwavo pamwe chete, kunzwa uye kufunga pamwe chete, kuchema misodzi yakafanana pamwe chete, kunyemwerera kumwe chete, kunzwisisa maoko. weiye ega akapona pakuurayiwa kwakabatwa semapapiro ekudzivirira pamusoro pemisoro yemwanasikana wake, kunzwisisa urwu rukova rusingaperi rwevapenyu nevakafa, iri ropa rakarasika, iyi tariro yakawana, kunyarara uku kwemunhu akatakura mazana emakore ekuda kuremekedzwa uye kururamisira. , uku kudzvinyirirwa hasha dzomunhu aneta nokutarisira.
Makore matanhatu apfuura, shanduko dzakaunzwa muBumbiro reMexican mukuteerera kune neo-liberal "economic revolution" yakatungamirwa kubva kunze, uye yakashandiswa zvisina tsitsi nehurumende kuunza shanduko yezvekurima uye kugovera kumagumo. Izvi zvakaderedza mukana wokuti varimi vasina minda vawane munda wokurima. Vechivanhu vaifunga kuti vaigona kudzivirira kodzero dzavo dzenhoroondo (kana kungozivawo zvavo, kana zvaifungidzirwa kuti nharaunda dzechivanhu dzakanga dzisina nzvimbo munhoroondo yeMexicoโฆ ) munhau imwe chete yokuramba rudzi rupi norupi rwechisimba, kutanga nerwakanga rwakafanira.
Idzi nzanga dzakanga dzine tsigiro yeChechi yeKaturike kubvira pakutanga, asi dziviriro iyoyo yakanga isingabetseri kwavari. Vatungamiriri vavo nevamiririri vakaramba vachipfigirwa mujeri, kutambudzwa kwakarongeka, kusingadzoreki, uye kwoutsinye kwaiitwa nemasimba eHurumende uye varidzi veminda vakakura kwakawedzera pamwe chete uye mumumvuri wezvinofarirwa neropafadzo zvezvose zviri zviviri. Vakaenderera mberi nezviito zvechisimba zvekudzingwa munyika dzemadzitateguru, uye makomo nemasango, nguva zhinji, zvakava utiziro hwekupedzisira hwevanhu vakadzingwa. Imomo mumhute yakakomba yenzvimbo dzakakwirira nemipata mhodzi dzokumukira dzaizomera.
VekuChiapas havasirivo chete vanhu vakanyadziswa uye vakagumburwa munyika ino. Munzvimbo dzose uye panguva dzose, pasinei nedzinza, ruvara, tsika, tsika, chitendero, chisikwa chomunhu chatinodada kuva nacho chagara chichiziva nzira yokunyadzisa nokugumbura nayo avo, nokuseka kunosuruvarisa, iye anoramba achidana kuti vake. shamwari. Isu takagadzira zvinhu zvisipo mumasikirwo: hutsinye, kurwadzisa, nekuzvidza. Nekushandisa rudzi kwakatsveyama, tauya kuzopatsanura vanhu muzvikamu zvisingadzivisiki: vapfumi nevarombo, tenzi nenhapwa, vane simba nevasina simba, vakachenjera nevasingazivi. Uye nekusingaperi mune chimwe nechimwe chezvikamu izvi takaita zvidimbu kuitira kuti tisiyane uye tiwande zvakasununguka zvikonzero zvekuzvidza, kunyadziswa, uye kukanganisa.
Mumakore achangopfuura Chiapas yave iri nzvimbo iyo vanhu vanozvidzwa zvikuru, vakanyadziswa zvikuru, uye vakagumburwa zvikurusa vanhu veMexico vakakwanisa kuwanazve chiremerera uye rukudzo rwakanga rusati rwamborasika zvachose, nzvimbo ine guva rinorema reudzvinyiriri hwakanga hwavapo. zvakapfuura kwemazana emakore zvakaputsika kuti zvibvumire kupfuura kwemudungwe wevanhu vapenyu vatsva uye vakasiyana pamberi pemudungwe usingaperi wemhondi. Ava varume, vakadzi, uye vana vemazuva ano vari kungoda kuremekedzwa kwekodzero dzavo, kwete chete sevanhu uye sechikamu chevanhu ava, asiwo sevanhu veko vanoda kuramba vari zvizvarwa zvemo. Ivo vakanyanya kusimuka nesimba rehunhu iro chete rukudzo nerukudzo ivo pachavo vanokwanisa kubereka nekuyamwisa mumweya kunyangwe muviri uchitambura nenzara uye nenhamo.
Kune rumwe rutivi rwepamusoro peChiapas nhema kwete hurumende yeMexico chete asi pasi rose. Hazvina mhosva kuti kuedza kwakadii kwakaitwa kuderedza mubvunzo weChiapas kungova mhirizhonga yemunharaunda, iyo mhinduro inofanira kuwanikwa mukati memiganhu yakasimba yekushandiswa kwemutemo wenyika-inonyengedza uye inogadziriswa, sezvakaonekwa zvakare, maererano nemaitiro uye mazano emasimba ehupfumi nezvematongerwo enyika kwavari - izvo zviri kutambidzwa mumakomo eChiapas uye Lacondona Jungle inosvika mhiri kwemiganhu yeMexico kusvika kumwoyo wechikamu ichocho chevanhu chisina kurambwa uye chisati chamboramba. richaramba zviroto netarisiro, chirevo chakapfava cheruramisiro yakaenzana nokuda kwavose.
Sezvo nhamba iyoyo, yakasarudzika uye ine muenzaniso wezvikonzero zvakawanda, watinoziva nezita reSubcomandante Insurgente Marcos akanyora, "nyika ine nzvimbo yenyika dzakawanda, nyika inogona kuva imwe uye yakasiyana," nyika, ini. ndinogona kuzviwedzera, kuti kune vanhu vese uye nguva dzese vanozivisa kuti havabatike kodzero yemunhu wese kuve "muPezhiya" chero nguva yaanoda uye asingateere chero midzi yako ...
Makomo ane makomo eChiapas pasina mubvunzo ndeimwe yenzvimbo dzinoshamisa dzati dzamboona maziso angu, asi inzvimbo zvakare inzvimbo iyo mhirizhonga uye utsotsi hwakachengetedzwa hunobata.
Zviuru zvevanhu veko, vakadzingwa kubva kudzimba dzavo neminda yavo nekuda kwe "mhosva isingaregererwe" yekunyarara kana kunzwira tsitsi pachena. Zapatista Front of National Liberation, vanotsvikinyidzana mumisasa yematumba akagadziridzwa, umo mune kushaikwa kwezvokudya, umo mvura shoma inowanika inenge ine tsvina nguva dzose, umo zvirwere zvakadai setibhii, korera, gwirikwiti, tetanus, mabayo, typhus, uye marariya zviri kuuraya vanhu vakuru nevana. Zvese izvi zviri hppening mukuona kuzere kwezviremera zvisina hanya uye mushonga wepamutemo.
Varwi vangangosvika zviuru makumi matanhatu - vasingasviki kana pasi pechikamu chimwe chete muzvitatu chesimba risingaperi reuto reMexico parizvino - vanotora State of Chiapas nekunyepedzera kudzivirira uye kuvimbisa runyararo.
Chokwadi chechokwadi, zvisinei, chinopa nhema kururamiso iyi. Mauto eMexico ari kuchengetedza chikamu chimwe chete chevagari vemo; haisi kungoidzivirira chete asi panguva imwe cheteyo kudzidzisa, kudzidzisa, uye kupa zvombo madzinza aya anowanzotsamira uye ari pasi peInstitutional Revolutionary Party (PRI), iyo kwemakore makumi matanhatu yave ichishandisa simba risingapindiki uye rine simba rose. Ava veko ndivoโkwete netsaona ipi neipi inoshamisaโndivo vanoumba mapoka akasiyana-siyana emauto akarongwa aine chinangwa chimwe chete chekuita basa rakashata rokudzvinyirira: kurwiswa, kubatwa chibharo, uye kupondwa kwehama nehanzvadzi dzavo.
Acteal yaive imwezve chiitiko munjodzi inotyisa yakatanga muna 1492 nekupinda nekukunda. Kwese mukati memazana mashanu emakore zvizvarwa zveIbero-America (uye ini ndinoshandisa izwi iri nemaune kuti ndisarege kupukunyuka kutongwa kwevaPutukezi uye gare gare maBrazilians, avo vakaenderera mberi nehurongwa hwekuuraya vanhu hwakaderedza mamirioni matatu kana mana maIndia aripo. Brazil mukati menguva yokuwanwa kusvika zvishoma kudarika 200,000 1980 muna XNUMX) yakapfuudzwa, nomutoo wokutaura, kubva muruoko kuenda kuruoko. Vakagamuchidzwa kubva kumurwi akavauraya ndokuendeswa kuna tenzi akavashandisa, nepo pakati pakanga pane ruoko rweChechi yeKaturike, rwakavaita kuti vatsinhane boka ravamwari navamwari, asi iro pakupedzisira harina kubudirira mukuchinja mweya wavo. .
Mushure mebutchery yeActeal pakatanga kunzwika paradio mashoko aiti "Tiri kuhwina." Mumwe munhu asingazivi angave akafunga kuti yakanga iri nhau yokusazvibata uye kudenha kwaitaurwa nemhondi. Angadai akarasika. Mashoko iwayo aiva mashoko etariro, mashoko ehushingi ayo akaita sekumbundirwa pamhepo akabatanidza vagari veko. Pavaichemera vakafa vavoโmumwe makumi mana neshanu akawedzerwa kurondedzero yemakore mazana mashanuโvagari venharaunda vakasimudza misoro yavo vakatsiga ndokuti kune mumwe nomumwe โTinokunda,โ nokuti kwaigona kungove kukunda, uye mukuru, mukuru pane zvose, anokwanisa kupukunyuka kuzvidzwa, kugumburwa, kuzvidzwa, utsinye, uye kutambudzwa nenzira iyoyo. Uku kwaive kukunda kwemweya.
Eduardo Galeano, munyori mukuru wekuUruguay, anotaura matauriro aRafael Guillรฉn, kuti Marcos akaenda sei kuChiapas akataura kune veko, asi havana kumunzwisisa. "Ipapo akapinda mukati memhute, akadzidza kuteerera, uye akakwanisa kutaura." Mhute imwe chete iyoyo inotadzisa mumwe munhu kuona ndiro zvakare hwindo rinovhurika richienda kunyika yemumwe, nyika yevagari vemo, nyika ye "Persian"... Ngatitarisei tinyerere, ngatidzidze kuteerera tichazokwanisa kunzwisisa.
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Vhidhiyo Hurukuro naJose Saramago yakapfurwa naMichael Eisenmenger:
Chidimbu kubva kuNew York Times obit:
VaSaramago vaizivikanwa zvakanyanya nekuda kweCommunism yavo isingakanganisi sengano yavo. Mumakore akatevera akashandisa chimiro chake semubairo weNobel kupa hurukuro kumakongiresi epasi rose, achiperekedzwa nemukadzi wake, mutori wenhau wekuSpain Pilar del Rรญo. Vakatsanangura kudyidzana kwenyika dzepasi pose sehudzvanyiriri hutsva uye vakachema-chema nekutadza kwehutongi hwejekerere hwemazuva ano kumisa masimba ari kuwedzera emakambani emarudzi akawanda.
Kuvanhu vakawanda vekuAmerica, zita raVaSaramago rine chekuita nekutaura kwavakaita pavakashanya kuWest Bank muna 2002, pavakaenzanisa mabatirwo akaitwa neIsrael. MaPalestine kuHolocaust.
Semunyori wenyanzvi, VaSaramago vaive vakanonoka maruva. Bhuku rekutanga, rakabudiswa paaiva nemakore makumi maviri nematatu, rakateverwa nemakore makumi matatu ekunyarara. Akave munyori wenguva yakazara chete mumakore ake ekupedzisira makumi mashanu, mushure mekushanda zvakasiyana-siyana semakanika garaji, hofisi yesangano rehutano, maneja wekugadzira kudhinda, muongorori, muturikiri uye munyori wepepanhau.
Muna 1975, kupandukira hurumende kwakapidigura chimurenga chaitungamirirwa neCommunist chePortugal chegore rakanga rapfuura, uye VaSaramago vakadzingwa semutevedzeri wemunyori wepepanhau reLisbon Diรกrio de Noticias. Muusiku humwe chete, pamwe chete nevamwe vakasiya vakakurumbira, akava asingachashandi.
โKudzingwa basa rakanga riri rombo rakanaka muupenyu hwangu,โ akadaro mubvunzurudzo muThe New York Times Magazine muna 2007. โZvakaita kuti ndimire ndokufungisisa. Kwaive kuzvarwa kwehupenyu hwangu semunyori. "
ZNetwork inopihwa mari chete kuburikidza nerupo rwevaverengi vayo.
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