Zviuru zvezvirongwa zvehupfumi zvakasiyana-siyana, zvakadzika midzi, zvakadzika midzi zvingaumba hwaro hwesarudzo inogoneka yegutsaruzhinji pane capitalism? Zvingaite sezvisingaite kuti zvirongwa zvakawanda zvakaita sevashandi, vatengi, uye macooperative edzimba, mari dzenharaunda, magadheni emudhorobha, masangano ekutengeserana, nharaunda dzine chinangwa, uye masangano ekuzvibatsira evavakidzani anogona kubata kenduru kune zvakapararira uye zvinoita sese- simba capitalist economy. Izvi 'zvitsuwa zvedzimwe nzira mugungwa recapitalist' zvinowanzova zvidiki pachiyero, kushomeka muzviwanikwa, uye zvine network zvishoma. Ivo havawanzo kwanisa kubatana kune mumwe nemumwe, ndoda kubatanidza basa ravo neakakura, akabatana zviono zvehumwe hupfumi.
Chokwadi, mukutsvaga dzimwe nzira dzekutsiva capitalism, mapurojekiti ehupfumi egutsaruzhinji anowanzo pendiwa seakanaka asi maitiro akasarudzika, akatongerwa kupwanywa kana kubatanidzwa nemasimba emusika. Asi izvi hazvidzivisiki here? Zvinogoneka here kuti vakashinga uye vakazvipira varwiri vehupfumi pasi rose, vachigadzira nzira dzinozadzisa zvidikanwi zvenharaunda yavo vachikudziridza hutongi hwejekerere nekururamisira, vari kudyara mhodzi dzehumwe hupfumi pakati pedu? Nzira yekubatanidza network yakachinjika, kubatanidza nzira dzakasiyana dzedemocracy uye masangano ekuchinja magariro pamwechete mumadandemutande ekucherechedzwa pamwe nerutsigiro, zvingaunza magariro evanhu uye maonero ehupfumi anokwanisa kupikisa kurongeka kwecapitalist pasi rose?
Kune aya mazano akasimba, vanorwira hupfumi pasi rose vanoronga pasi pemureza we economรa solidaria, kana kuti 'kubatana kweupfumi,' kungapindura zvakasimba kuti 'hungu!' Ndizvo chaizvo izvi zvitsva, zviitiko zvepasi-kumusoro zvekugadzirwa, kuchinjana, uye kushandiswa zviri kuvaka hwaro hweizvo vanhu vakawanda vari kudana kuti 'tsika itsva uye hupfumi hwekubatana.'
Origins of the Solidarity Economy Approach
Pfungwa uye tsika ye'solidarity economics' yakabuda muLatin America pakati pemakore ekuma1980 uye yakatumbuka pakati kusvika pakupera kwema90s, sekusangana kweanenge matatu maitiro emagariro. Kutanga, kusabatanidzwa mune zvehupfumi kunowanikwa nezvikamu zvinokura zvevanhu, zvakakonzerwa nechikwereti chakadzama uye zvirongwa zvekugadzirisa zvimiro zvakatemerwa neInternational Monetary Fund, zvakamanikidza nharaunda zhinji kugadzira nekusimbisa nzira dzekugadzira, dzinozvitonga uye dzakadzika midzi yekusangana nezvinodiwa zvakakosha. Izvi zvaisanganisira zvirongwa zvakaita semakorasi evashandi nevagadziri, masangano evavakidzani nenharaunda, masangano ekuchengetedza mari nezvikwereti, makicheni akabatana, uye masangano anobatsirana asingashandi kana asina minda.
Chechipiri, kuwedzera kusagutsikana netsika yehupfumi hwemusika hwakatungamira mapoka evanhu vane rombo rakanaka kutsvaga nzira itsva dzekupa raramo nekupa mabasa. Kubva zvikuru muboka repakati-kati 'counter-culture' - yakafanana neyomuUnited States kubvira kuma1960 - pakabuda zvirongwa zvakaita semakoporari evatengi, zvirongwa zvinobatira pamwe zvekuchengeta vana uye utano, mishandirapamwe yedzimba, nharaunda dzine chinangwa, uye misha yakapoteredza.
Paiwanzova nekusiyana kukuru kwekirasi uye tsika pakati pemapoka maviri aya. Zvakadaro, zvirongwa zvavakagadzira zvese zvakagovana zvakafanana seti yemaitiro ekushanda: kushandira pamwe, kuzvitonga kubva kuvakuru vepakati, uye kutora chikamu kuzvitonga nenhengo dzavo.
Chiitiko chechitatu chakashanda kubatanidza kusimuka kwepasi rose kwekubatana kwehupfumi kune mumwe nemumwe uye kune yakakura mamiriro ezvehupfumi hwemagariro: mafambiro ari kusimukira emunharaunda needunhu akange ave kutanga kugadzira kubatana kwepasi rose mukupokana nemasimba ezvematongerwo enyika uye neocolonial globalization. Kutsvaga imwe nzira yedemocracy kune zvese zviri zviviri capitalist globalization uye state socialism, mafambiro aya akaratidzira mapurojekiti ehupfumi akavakirwa munharaunda sezvinhu zvakakosha zveimwe sangano rezvemagariro.
PaKutanga Latin Encuentro yeSolidarity Culture uye Socioeconomy, yakaitwa muna 1998 muPorto Alegre, Brazil, vatori vechikamu kubva kuBrazil, Mexico, Argentina, Peru, Nicaragua, Bolivia, Colombia, neSpain vakagadzira Red latinoamericana de la economรa solidaria (Latin American Solidarity Economy Network). Mune chirevo, Network yakazivisa, 'Takaona kuti zviitiko zvedu zvine zvakawanda zvakafanana: nyota yekururamisira, pfungwa yekutora chikamu, kugadzira, uye maitiro ekuzvitonga uye kuzvitonga.' Nokubatanidza zviitiko zvinogoverana izvi pamwe chete mukutsigirana, vakazivisa kudaro, zvaizobvira kushandira 'kugarisana noupfumi hwokubatana semararamiro anosanganisira kuzara kwomunhu.'
Kubva 1998, iyi nzira yekubatana kwehupfumi hwave kuita sangano repasi rose. Yekutanga World Social Forum mu2001 yakaratidza kusikwa kweGlobal Network yeSolidarity Socioeconomy, yakasimudzirwa muchikamu chikuru neboka rekushanda pasi rose reAlliance for a Responsible, Plural, uye United World. Pakasvika nguva ye2004 World Social Forum muMumbai, India, Global Network yakanga yakura ichibatanidza 47 yenyika uye yedunhu kubatana kwehupfumi network kubva kumakondinendi ese, inomiririra makumi ezviuru ezvirongwa zvehupfumi hwepasi rose. PaWorld Social Forum ichangoburwa muVenezuela, misoro yehupfumi yemubatanidzwa yaisanganisira chikamu chimwe muzvitatu chechirongwa chechiitiko ichi.
Kutsanangura Solidarity Economics
Asi chii chaizvo iyi 'solidarity economic approach'? Kune mamwe theorists ekufamba, kunotanga nekutsanangurwa patsva kwenzvimbo yehupfumi pachayo. Iyo inotonga neoclassical nyaya inopenda hupfumi senzvimbo imwechete umo vatambi vemusika (mafemu kana vanhu) vanotsvaga kuwedzera pfuma yavo mumamiriro ezvinhu ekushomeka kwezviwanikwa. Vatambi ava vanotamba madhirama avo ekutsvaga mhindu padariro rinotsanangurwa zvizere nemasimba emusika nenyika. Kutarisana nemaitiro akamanikana aya, kubatana kwehupfumi kunobata maonero ehuwandu uye tsika dzehupfumi senzvimbo yakaoma yehukama hwemagariro umo vanhu, nharaunda, nemasangano vanogadzira raramo kuburikidza nenzira dzakasiyana siyana uye nekukurudzira kwakasiyana uye zvishuvo - kwete kungowedzera pfuma yega. Chiitiko chehupfumi chakasimbiswa neoclassical economists chinomiririra, mumaonero aya, chikamu chidiki chete chekuedza kwevanhu kuzadzisa zvinodiwa uye kuzadzisa zvishuwo.
Chii chaizvoizvo chinotitsigira apo mafekitari akavharwa, apo mafashamo anokwira, kana kuti apo cheki inobhadharwa inenge isina kukwana? Mukutarisana nekukundikana kwemusika uye nyika, isu tinowanzo rarama nekuzvironga kwehukama hwekutarisira, kubatana, uye nharaunda. Zvisinei nenzira idzo tsika dzechicapitalist dzinoita uye dzinokurudzira kukwikwidzana nekuzvifunga, maitiro ekutanga ekubatana kwevanhu anoramba ari hwaro hunovakirwa nzanga nenharaunda. Hutongi hweCapitalism hunogona, kutaura chokwadi, hunobva muchikamu chisiri chidiki kubva mukukwanisa kwahwo kubatanidza nekugadzirisa hukama uhu hwekushandira pamwe nekubatsirana.
Mukuwedzera izvo zvakakosha sechikamu che'hupfumi,' hupfumi hwekubatana hunoenderana nedzimwe nzira dzepfungwa dzemazuva ano dzehupfumi. Nyanzvi dzezvehupfumi dzeMarxist dzakaita saStephen Resnick naRichard Wolff, semuenzaniso, vakakurudzira kuti 'maitiro ekugadzira' akawanda aripo pamwe chete neiyo capitalist wage-labor mode. Nyanzvi dzezvehupfumi dzevakadzi dzakaratidza kuti pfungwa dzechinyakare dzakavanza nekudzikisira nzira dzekutanga dzekuraramisa uye dzekuchengeta dzinowanzoitwa nevakadzi. Feminist economic geographer JK Gibson-Graham, mumabhuku ake Kupera kweCapitalism (Sezvataizviziva) (1998) uye A Postcapitalist Politics (2006), anosanganisa aya nemamwe nzizi dzepfungwa mune yaanodaidza kuti 'yakasiyana hupfumi maonero.' Achitaura zvinonetsa zviri pakati pemaitiro ehupfumi hwekubatana, anobvunza kuti, 'Dai takaona mamiriro ehupfumi asina kukwana, akasarudzika, akarongwa, tingatadza kuwana mikana yezvirongwa zvevasiri macapitalist? Hatingawani here nzira dzokuvaka nzanga nenzanga dzakasiyana, tichivakira pane zvinenge zviripo?'
Chokwadi, basa rekutanga rekubatana kwehupfumi ndere kuona maitiro ehupfumi aripo - kazhinji asingaonekwe kana kumucheto kune ane simba lens - anokurudzira kushandira pamwe, chiremerera, kuenzana, kuzvitonga, uye democracy. SaCarola Reintjes weSpanish fair trade association Iniciativas de economรa alternativa y solidaria (IDEAS) inotaura, 'Solidarity economy haisi chikamu chehupfumi, asi nzira inotenderera iyo inosanganisira zvirongwa muzvikamu zvose.' Iyi purojekiti inogura mitsetse yechinyakare yepamutemo/zvisina kurongeka, musika/isina musika, uye zvemagariro/zvehupfumi mukutsvaga kubatana-kwakavakirwa maitiro ekugadzira, kutsinhana nekushandisa - kubva kune akaumbwa zviri pamutemo mushandirapamwe, anobata musika wecapitalist nemubatanidzwa. values, kune zvisina kurongwa affinity-based neighbourhood zvipo network. (Ona 'A Mepu yeSolidarity Economy,' mapeji 20-21.) Pamusangano wa2000 muDublin we'Third Sector' (iyo 'yokuzvidira' chikamu, kunze kwechikamu chepurofiti uye nyika), Mumwe murwiri wekuBrazil Ana Mercedes Sarria Icaza akazvitaura neiyi nzira: 'Kutaura nezvehupfumi hwekubatana hakurevi nezvechadenga chakafanana chine maitiro akafanana. Chokwadi, denga rehupfumi hwakabatana rinoratidza kuwanda kwenzvimbo uye mafomu, zvakanyanya mune izvo zvatingadaidza kuti 'maitiro akarongeka' (saizi, chimiro, hutongi) sezviri mumhando yemhando (mazinga ekubatana, democracy, simba, uye kuzvida. -management).'
Pakati payo, hupfumi hwekubatana hunoramba mhinduro dzemhando imwe chete uye hurongwa hwehupfumi humwechete, vachimbundikira maonero ekuti budiriro yehupfumi neyemagariro inofanirwa kuitika kubva pasi zvichikwira, zvakasiyana uye zvine hunyanzvi zvinogadzirwa nevaya vanonyanya kukanganiswa. Sezvakataurwa naMarcos Arruda weBrazilian Solidarity Economy Network paWorld Social Forum muna 2004, 'hupfumi hwekubatana hahubvi kubva kune vanofunga kana pfungwa; ndiwo mugumisiro wekurwisana kwezvakaitika kare kwemunhu kuti ararame uye azvikudziridze pachake semunhu uye pamwe chete.' Saizvozvowo, kusiyanisa nzira yehupfumi yekubatana kune zviratidzo zvekare zve 'cooperative commonwealth,' Henri de Roche akacherechedza kuti 'cooperativism yekare yakanga iri utopia mukutsvaga maitiro ayo uye itsva cooperativism itsika yekutsvaga utopia yayo.' Kusiyana nemapurojekiti mazhinji ezvehupfumi akambouya, kubatana kwehupfumi hakutsvaki kuvaka modhi imwechete yekuti hupfumi hunofanirwa kuumbwa sei, asi kuti hunotevera nzira ine simba yekuronga hupfumi umo masangano, nharaunda, uye mafambisirwo emagariro anoshanda kuona, simbisa, batanidza, uye gadzira nzira dzegutsaruzhinji uye dzinosunungura dzekuzadzisa zvavanoda.
Kubudirira kunongobuda sechigadzirwa chesangano uye kurwira. 'Maitiro matsva padanho diki anogona chete kushanda uye akarongeka pakuchinja kwemagariro,' akadaro Arruda, 'kana vakarukana kuti vaumbe anogara-akawedzera kudyidzana network uye cheni dzekubatana dzekugadzira-mari-kugovera-kushandisa-dzidzo- kutaurirana.' Izvi, zvichida, mwoyo wekubatana kwehupfumi - maitiro ekubatanidza zvivakwa zvakasiyana-siyana zvinogovana maitiro akafanana nenzira dzinosimbisa imwe neimwe. Kugadzira mamiriro ehupfumi maererano ne'maketani ekugadzirwa kwekubatana,' varongi vanogona kuvaka hukama hwekubatsirana pamwe nekutsinhana pakati pezvirongwa zvinowedzera kushanda kwavo pamwe chete. Panguva imwecheteyo, kuvaka hukama pakati pemabhizinesi akavakirwa pakubatana uye masangano makuru emagariro anovaka rutsigiro rwakawedzerwa rwehupfumi hwekubatana uku ichibvumira mafambiro kusangana nezvimwe zvezvinodikanwa zvevatori vechikamu, kuratidza dzimwe nzira dzinoshanda, uye nekudaro kuwedzera simba uye chiyero che basa ravo rekushandura.
MuBrazil, simba iri rinoratidzwa neLandless Workers Movement (MST). Sesangano rakapamhamha, rine mukurumbira rehutongi hwezvehupfumi uye shanduko yezvekurima, MST yakavaka chirongwa chine simba chinosanganisa kuita kwemagariro nezvematongerwo enyika nekubatana, kubatana-kwakavakirwa hupfumi. Kubva pakugadzwa kwedemocracy, cooperative pekugara paminda yakagovewazve kubva kune vakapfuma vasipo varidzi vedzimba kusvika mukusimudzirwa kwenyika yose, kudyidzana pakati pezvigadzirwa nemasevhisi, network yekubatana kwehupfumi kuri kubatsira zvakanyanya mukuchengetedza mhuri dzinopfuura mazana matatu ezviuru - pamusoro penguva. mamiriyoni evanhu. Brazilian Solidarity Economy Forum, iyo MST iri chikamu, inoshanda pamwero wakatokura, ichibatanidza masangano gumi nemaviri enyika uye masangano enhengo ane makumi maviri nerimwe edunhu reSolidarity Forums uye zviuru zvemabhizinesi emubatanidzwa kuvaka masisitimu ekutsigirana, kufambisa shanduko, kugadzira. cooperative incubator zvirongwa, uye gadzira mutemo weruzhinji.
Kuvaka Movement
Iko kugona kwekuvaka kongiri yemuno, yenyika, uye kunyangwe pasi rose network yekubatana-yakavakirwa rutsigiro nekutsinhana kwakakura uye hazvisati zvanyatsoitika. Nepo dzimwe nyika, kunyanya Brazil, Argentina, Colombia, Spain, neVenezuela, dzakagadzira hukama hwakasimba hwekubatana-hupfumi hwakabatana nekukura kwemagariro, vamwe havasati vatanga. United States muenzaniso. Kunze kweRural Coalition/Coaliciรยณn Rural, sangano reUnited States-Mexico rinoyambuka muganhu wezvekurima, United States yanga isipo pahurukuro dzepasi rose pamusoro pehupfumi hwekubatana. Zvimwe zvakaoma kune avo vari 'mudumbu rechikara' kuti vafunge kuti dzimwe nzira dzekutsiva capitalism dzinogoneka. Miitiro yezveupfumi ingaitwa sei isingaoneki, kana kuti yakaparadzaniswa, muUnited States kupfuura mune mamwe mativi enyika? Pane zvishoma here zvirongwa zvekubatana-zvakavakirwa pakuita network?
Zvichida. Asi zvinhu zviri kuchinja. Huwandu huri kuramba huchiwedzera hwemasangano eUS, vaongorori, vanyori, vadzidzi, uye vagari vane hanya vari kubvunza dzidziso yehupfumi hwehupfumi uye kutsvaga dzimwe nzira. Hurongwa hutsva hwekuronga hupfumi hwenyika huri kusimudzira chizvarwa chinotevera chemibatanidzwa yevashandi, hurongwa hwemari yenharaunda, mishandirapamwe yedzimba nemubatanidzwa, mapurojekiti egadheni renharaunda, mishandirapamwe yekutengeserana kwakanaka, matrust evhu munharaunda, zvitoro zvemabhuku eanarchist ('infoshops'), uye nzvimbo dzenharaunda. Mapoka anoshanda pamapurojekiti akafanana ari kubatanidza. Mazana evashandi-varidzi vanobva kumabhizimisi akasiyana-siyana munyika yose, semuenzaniso, vachaungana muNew York City muna Gumiguru pamusangano wechipiri weUnited States Federation of Worker Cooperatives (ona p. 9). Munzvimbo yekurongeka kwezvikamu zvakasiyana-siyana, mubatanidzwa wakakura wemasangano uri kushanda kuti ugadzire dhairekitori reruzhinji remubatanidzwa uye hupfumi hwekubatana muUnited States neCanada sechombo chekubatanidza nekuronga.
Hazvitore kureba kukuru kwefungidziro yekufungidzira, mukati memakore mashanu kusvika gumi anotevera, 'US Solidarity Economy Summit' inokoka zviuru zvezvirongwa zvegutsaruzhinji, zvepasi rose zvehupfumi muUnited States kuti vaumbe humbowo hwakasimba hwekugovana, kuvaka hukama. , uye kuisa hwaro hweUS Solidarity Economy Alliance. Famba pamusoro, maCEO eBusiness Roundtable!
Kushuvira kufunga? Pamwe kwete. Mumashoko emuArgentinian economist uye murongi Jose Luis Corragio, 'kubudirira kweshanduko yemagariro hakuwanzova chokwadi; chimwe chinhu chinofanira kugadzirwa.' Uku kudanwa kuita chiito.
Ethan Miller munyori, muimbi, murimi anorarama, uye murongi. Nhengo yeGEO Collective uye yemubatanidzwa wemimhanzi weRiotfolk (www.riotfolk.org), anogara nekushanda paJED, mubatanidzwa wepasi-based mutual-aid muGreene, Maine.
SOURCES: Marcos Arruda, 'Solidarity Economy uye Kuberekwazve kweMatristic Human Society,' World Social Forum, Mumbai, India, January 2004, www.socioeco.org; Jose Luis Corragio, 'Alternativas para o desenvolvimento humano em mundo globalizado,' pfungwa Nhamba 72, 1997; JK Gibson-Graham, Kupera kweCapitalism (Sezvataizviziva), Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2006; JK Gibson-Graham, A Postcapitalist Politics, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2006; Ana Mercedes Sarria Icaza, 'Tercer Sector y Economรa Solidaria en el Sur de Brasil: caracterรsticas y maonero,' www.trueque-marysierras.org.ar/BLES36.zip; Musangano weLatin pamusoro peTsika neSocioeconomy of Solidarity, 'Tsamba yakabva kuPorto Alegre,' Porto Alegre, Brazil, August 1998, www.socioeco.org; Euclides Mance, 'Construindo a socio-economia solidaria no Brasil,' Mharidzo kubva kuMusangano wekutanga weBrazlilian weTsika neSocioeconomy yeSolidarity, Rio de Janeiro, Chikumi 11-18, 2000; Ethan Miller, 'Solidarity Economics: Matanho eKuvaka Upfumi Hutsva kubva Pazasi-Kumusoro uye Nemukati-Kunze,' Greene, Maine. Chivabvu, 2002, www.geo.coop; Carola Reintjas, 'Chii chinonzi Solidarity Economy?' Hupenyu Mushure meCapitalism Hurukuro, World Social Forum III, Porto Alegre, Brazil, 2003, www.zmag.org/carolase.htm; Harriet Fraad, Stephen Resnick naRichard Wolff, Kudzosa Zvese Kumba: Kirasi, Gender uye Simba Mumhuri Yemazuvano, London: Pluto Press, 1994; Workgroup on a Solidarity Socioeconomy, 'Kuchinjana Miono yeSolidarity Economy: Glossary yeMatemu Akakosha uye Matauriro,' Mbudzi, 2005, www.socioeco.org.
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Iyo Data Commons Project
Iyo Data Commons Project ibasa rekubatana pakati pemasangano akasiyana siyana muUS neCanada anogovera basa rekuvaka nekutsigira kusimudzirwa kwehupfumi hwegutsaruzhinji nemubatanidzwa. Chinangwa ndechekuumba pamwe chete dhatabhesi yechokwadi, yakazara, yeruzhinji yemubatanidzwa & yakabatana-yakavakirwa hupfumi matanho muNorth America sechishandiso chekuronga kwehupfumi hwegutsaruzhinji. Iyo purojekiti iri kushanda kuzadzisa chinangwa ichi kuburikidza nemabasa maviri ane hukama:
ยท Kugadzira 'data commons' dzakagovaniswa pakati pemasangano akawanda, akavakwa kubva kumhando dzagara dziripo dzekupanana ruzivo, uye kubatanidza kubatanidzwa kwedatabase resangano rakasiyana kuita dziva redata rinowanzogoverwa.
ยท Kutangisa yemahara, yeruzhinji webhu-interface kune iyi data commons, sechishandiso chinogona kushandiswa nemasangano mazhinji uye nevanhu vanoshandira hupfumi hwemubatanidzwa. Nechimiro chakadaro, vashandisi vanozokwanisa kumhanyisa kutsvaga nezita rekutanga, nzvimbo yenzvimbo, rudzi rwekutanga kana bhizinesi, uye chigadzirwa/sevhisi, pamwe nekuwedzera nekuvandudza dhairekitori zvinyorwa ivo pachavo (nokudaro kuve 'yega-yekugadzirisa dhairekitori' )
Pari zvino vari kushanda muchirongwa ichi vanosanganisira Grassroots Economic Organizing (GEO), US Federation of Worker Cooperatives (USFWC), North American Students of Cooperation (NASCO), Cooperative Development Institute (CDI), Regional Index of Cooperation (REGINA), Southern Appalachian. Center for Cooperative Ownership (SACCO), uye vashandi-varidzi kubva kuSligo Computer Services uye Brattleboro Tech Collective.
Kuti udzidze zvakawanda nezve Data Commons Project, kana kuziva kuti ungapinda sei, ndapota taura naEthan Miller, murongi weprojekiti, nerunhare: (207) 946-4478 kana neemail: [email inodzivirirwa].
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Webhu Pfuma
'ยขwww.socioeco.org/en: Kubatana kweMutoro, Plural uye United World, boka rekushanda paSocioeconomy of Solidarity. Parizvino ndiyo yakanyanyisa kunyorwa kwezvinyorwa muChirungu pasolidarity economic theory and practice.
'ยขwww.communityeconomies.org: Community Economies Project, kubatana kunoenderera mberi pakati pevatsvakurudzi vezvidzidzo uye vemunharaunda uye vashandi muAustralia, North America, uye Southeast Asia, vachigadzira dzidziso uye maitiro pamusoro pemafungiro e'hupfumi hwakasiyana-siyana.'
'ยขwww.trueque-marysierras.org.ar/biblioteca2.htm: Webhusaiti yeimwe yeArgentina makirabhu mazhinji ekuchinjana; hombe, yakanakisa raibhurari yeSolidarity Economy zvinyorwa muSpanish.
'ยขwww.ecosol.org.br: Webhusaiti yemubatanidzwa inochengetwa nevanoverengeka vatsigiri vehupfumi hwekubatana; pamwe raibhurari yepamusoro yeBrazil Solidarity Economy zvinhu zviripo online.
Ichi chinyorwa chinobva ku Chikunguru / Nyamavhuvhu 2006 nyaya ye Madhora & Sense Magazini.
ZNetwork inopihwa mari chete kuburikidza nerupo rwevaverengi vayo.
dhoneta