Musi waOctober 19, mazana ezviuru zvevakadzi muArgentina vakashinga mvura zhinji kuti vatore chikamu mukuratidzira kuviri kunoshamisa: kuramwa mabasa kwevakadzi kusati kwamboitika uye kuratidzira kukuru kupokana kwevakadzi (femicide)—kureva kuti, kuuraya cis-gender uye transwomen nokuda kwevakadzi vavo. Kuita muhasha nekusuwa kuna Gumiguru 9, 2016, kupondwa kwaLucía Pérez., mumwe mudzidzi wechikoro chesekondari ane makore 16 wokuguta reMar de Plata uyo akanga apambwa, akapinzwa zvinodhaka, uye akabatwa chibharo nechikwata chakaipisisa zvokuti akafa nekukuvara kwake, varongi vechitendero chevakadzi vekuArgentina vaivimba nesocial media kuronga kuramwa mabasa uye kuronga. kuratidzira kwakaitika munguva isingasviki vhiki. Kuratidzira kuratidzira "Black Chitatu," kuratidzira kwacho kwaizivikanwa kwete chete nekuronga kwavo nekukurumidza uye kupararira kwakapararira, asiwo nekugadzira kwavo mhirizhonga pakati pevarume nevakadzi seyakabatana zvisingaenzaniswi nezvimiro zvesimba zvevakadzi - pfungwa yakaratidzirwa muzviratidzo, masirogani, uye hurukuro dzaiperekedza varatidziri mumigwagwa yemuguta mhiri kweArgentina. “Hapana kana mukadzi mumwe akaderera! Tinoda tose tiri vapenyu!,” zviuru zvakafora zvichiimba, zvichiridza ngoma nokuzhambatata.
Zvakare, kuedza kwevarongi vevamiriri vevakadzi vekuArgentina kwakamutsa mhinduro yepasi rose. Mishumo yakawana kuti kuwedzera pane zvishoma 138 kuratidzira kwakasiyana zvakaitika muArgentina, vaivapo 25 kuratidzira muChile, kunomwe muBolivia, kushanu muMexico, kuviri muUruguay, kuviri muHonduras, uye dzimwe. mumaguta makuru eParaguay, Ecuador, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, uye mhiri.
Aimbova mutungamiri weArgentina Cristina Fernandez de Kirchner akanyora tsamba yakazaruka mukutsigira kuratidzira, ukuwo mutungamiri wenyika yeChile, Michelle Bachelet, akatepa vhidhiyo achivimbisa kuvimbika kwake. Vatori vechikamu vakashamiswa nekuvapo kwevanhu vakawanda uye nzira dzokugadzira nadzo vakadzi vaifamba mumigwagwa vakapfeka zvitema zvose—“cipher code iyo panguva imwe cheteyo yakanga ichioneka kumunhu wose,” mumashoko omumwe munhu akanga arova.
Kuratidzira uku kwakatorawo nzvimbo dzenhoroondo dzekurwira nyika dzezvematongerwo enyika: muArgentina, yaive nguva yekutanga chiratidzo chePlaza de Mayo - sechinyakare nzvimbo yemubatanidzwa nemapato ezvematongerwo enyika - yakazadzwa nevakadzi vachiimba "madzibaba achadonha!" KuChile, Alejandra Ramm wekuYunivhesiti Diego Portales akataura kuti haana kumbofunga kuti aizoona mutsara wekuti “Ni Una Menos” uchiratidzwa pamberi pemuzinda wemutungamiri wenyika, La Moneda. Zvichakadaro, muBrazil, majeti emaoko aivepowo, semuenzaniso, mumwe mudzidzisi akayeuka kuenda kunodzidzisa kirasi yake yekuyunivhesiti akapfeka zvitema mukubatana nevakadzi vekuArgentina, ndokuzoona kuti vazhinji vevadzidzi vake vaive vakapfeka zvitema zvakare. Semuongorori wezvematongerwo enyika Veronica Gago akanyora, "Tinogona kudada nekuita zvinonzwisisika uye kuona simba repasi rose iro sangano revakadzi rave naro kubva payakatanga."
Zviitiko izvi zvingatiudzei nezvemamiriro akaita zvematongerwo enyika munharaunda? Tiri kupupurira "wave" itsva yevakadzi munharaunda, inoumbwa neruzhinji rwakakura rwevatori vechikamu, vakabatana kuseri kwezvido zvakawanda? Uye kana zvakadaro, yakawanda sei yezvakaitika muArgentina inogona kutsanangurwa nemaitiro emunyika, uye yakawanda sei inokonzerwa nekusimba kwenyika? Munguva pfupi yadarika kuti tikwanise kupindura iyi mibvunzo zvine mutsindo, asi tinopa humbowo hwekuwedzera kufungisisa.
Kuronga Kurwisa Mhirizhonga Yevakadzi muLatin America
Latin America yagara iri nzvimbo yekuratidzira nekugadzira mitemo pamusoro pemhirizhonga kuvanhukadzi. Vachitora pane zvavakasangana nazvo mukudzvinyirirwa kwehudzvanyiriri uye kuoma kweupfumi hwenyika, vanorwira kodzero vakaburitsa hukama pakati pemhirizhonga inoitwa nehurumende uye nevatambi vakazvimirira. Kutanga kuma1980s, vakadzi vakavaka matunhu ematunhu kuLatin America neCaribbean Feminist. Encounters (Kusangana kana kufora). Wokutanga Musangano muBogotá, Colombia, yakazivisa a Zuva Rekupedza Kushungurudzwa kwevanhukadzi pana November 25, iyo yava kucherechedzwa munyika yose. Vatori vechikamu vakasarudza zuva iri semutero kuna Mirabal sisi, vakaurayiwa pazuva iro muna 1965 nekuda kwekupokana kwavo nehudzvanyiriri hweDominican hwaRafael Trujillo.
Rudzi urwu rwekuratidzira rwakamanikidza iyo Inter-American Commission yeVakadzi kuti itore nyaya yemhirizhonga kuvanhukadzi, ndokuzoishandura kuita Organisation of America States 'vanguard. Musangano weInter-America weKudzivirira, Kurangwa, uye Kubvisa Mhirizhonga Kuvanhukadzi muna 1994. Chirevo chechinangwa chayo chinotora maonero ezvemadzimai akajeka, achitsvaga mhirizhonga kuvanhukadzi mukati “munhoroondo yesimba risina kuenzana pakati pevakadzi nevarume,” uye inosimbirira kuti nyika dzinoshanda kudzivirira mhirizhonga kwese kwainoitika. Vatsigiri vezvechikadzi vakakurudzira hurumende dzavo kuti dzitore misimboti yeChibvumirano kuburikidza nemutemo wenyika, zvakakonzera kuti munenge nyika dzese dzekuLatin America dzibvise imwe mhando yemhirizhonga kune vakadzi mumakore makumi maviri apfuura. Mamiriro ematunhu akajeka munyaya yeArgentina: mu2009, iyo Argentine Congress yakapfuura Law 26.485, iyo Mutemo weKudzivirirwa Kwakabatanidzwa Kudzivirira, Chirango, uye Kubvisa Mhirizhonga Kuvanhukadzi.
Kuratidzira kwedunhu kwaenderera mberi. Slogan ine simba "Ni una mujer menos, ni una muerte más” (“hapana mukadzi mumwe chete zvishoma, hapana kufa kumwe”) rakatangwa nomudetembi weMexico uye murwiri wenhau Susana Chávez Castillo muma1990 achitsutsumwa nemukurumbira wakaipisisa wokupondwa kusina kugadziriswa kwevakadzi muCuidad Juárez, Mexico. Kuratidzira kwaGumiguru 19 ndiko kwaive kuchangopinda muhurongwa hurefu hwekuratidzira muMexico, Central, neSouth America kwakakonzerwa nekupondwa kwaChávez Castillo pachake muna 2011. Muna 2015 na2016, Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Mexico, Peru neUruguay zvakadzoreredzwa. mashoko ake kuronga mishandirapamwe nekuratidzira kurwisa kuurayiwa kwevanhukadzi nemhirizhonga kuvanhukadzi.
KuArgentina, kugona kuronga kuratidzira kukuru pasati papera vhiki mushure mekupondwa kwevakadzi kwaLucía Perez kunobva muzviitiko zvakapfuura zvekuronga kwevakadzi mushure mehudzvanyiriri. Kurwira kodzero dzevakadzi nevakadzi vekuArgentina kwakapfumiswa nemusangano wepagore wega wega unonzi Encuentro Nacional de Mujeres (Musangano weNational Women’s Encounter kana ENM), iyo yakabuda muma1980 yakafananidzwa nedunhu Encuentros. Sezvo vachivaka nzvimbo yekufunga nezvenyaya kubva kukodzero dzevanhu kuenda kune chikwereti chekunze, kubvisa pamuviri kuenda kumitambo, zvepabonde kune vanhu veko, vakadzi veArgentina vakagadzira hukama pakati pevakadzi nedzimwe nyaya dzekusaenzana kwechimiro, sekureva kwaAmanda Alma naPaula Lorenzo, vanyori ve Mujeres que se encuentran.
Zvisinei, Varongi veENM vakanetsana nevakuru venzvimbo vane hutsinye hwakanyanya. Mukupera kwaSeptember wegore rino, iyo ENM yakaitika muRosario, kuchamhembe kweArgentina mudunhu reSanta Fe. Vanhukadzi vanosvika 70,000 XNUMX vakapinda muzviitiko izvi. Pazuva chairo rakapondwa Lucía Perez, mapurisa akapfura mabara erabha mukufamba kwekupedzisira kudzvinyirira vatori vechikamu vanopikisa varatidziri veCatholic verudyi.
Uku kusangana kwekuratidzira, kudzvanyirira, uye kutya kwakakonzera kuramwa kwaGumiguru 19 nekuratidzira mukati nekunze kweguta guru. Lesbian feminist activist uye mutori wenhau weRosario Irene Ocampo akatsanangura mubvunzurudzo kuti "inoshanda, inokurumidza, uye ine simba" mhinduro iyo. vakagonesa kuratidzira kwavo kwomunzvimbomo kwe15,000 XNUMX yaivimba nemidzi yakafara uye yakadzika yekuratidzira kwechikadzi. Masangano evakadzi nevakadzi akaunza shoko rekuedza kugungano remunharaunda rekuronga, iro rakapinda zvizvarwa zvakawanda zvevaratidziri uye angangoita masangano ese anga achitungamira ENM. Vakasvikawo kumasangano emuno ehurumende nevashandi vekumayunivhesiti kuti vavatsigire. Asi varatidziri ava, nevamwe munyika yese nedunhu, vaizovimbawo nemuenzaniso wakananga wekuronga mhirizhonga: kuratidzira kweNiUnaMenos kwemakore maviri apfuura.
Kugadzirwa kwe #NiUnaMenos
Kuvaka pane mutambo wakarongwa semujaho wekuverengwa kwemabhuku pamberi peNational Library muna Kurume, 2015 vachipesana nekuuraya vakadzi, iyo "Ni Una Menos" boka revatapi venhau vane mukurumbira vevakadzi, maartist, uye magweta, kusanganisira manhamba akadai saMarta Dillon, mupepeti pa. Peji 12, akatanga a Facebook peji. Iyo hashtag #Hapana kana kushoma yakapararira nehutachiona uye yakabata pfungwa dzevezvenhau. Ivo vakasimudzira pane yavo nyanzvi uye activist network, pamwe neiyo yekufananidzira uye yemagariro capital kuita zvakanyanya. Mhirizhonga pakati pevarume nevakadzi yakava misoro yehurukuro, mapepanhau enyika, zvirongwa zveredhiyo, Facebook, uye Twitter. Kunyange Mutungamiriri weramangwana Mauricio Macri, anga achibatanidzwa mukupa masimba vanorwisa kubvisa pamuviri, akatorwa mifananidzo akabata sirogani "Ni Una Menos."
Musi waChikumi 3, 2015, kuratidzira kukuru kwekutanga "Ni Una Menos" kunopesana nemhirizhonga yevakadzi kwakaungana. 300,000 vanhu pamberi peNational Congress uye mumaguta makuru munyika yose. Vadzidzi vechikoro chesekondari nevekoreji, mhuri dzechidiki, uye vashandi vanomiririra mapato akasiyana, masangano, uye mafambiro akazadza sikweya pamberi peArgentina National Congress muBuenos Aires, zvichiita kuti zvisaite kufamba. Zvikwata zvevasikana nevakomana zvakasanganisa nziyo dzeWorld Cup 2014 ndokutamba vachiimba “Munharaunda ino, kushungurudzwa kwakajairika, zvekuti tichiri kufunga kuti vakadzi ndivo vakazvidenha.” Vatori vechikamu vakateerera sezvo mutambi Erika Rivas, mutambi Juan Minujin, uye munyori wemifananidzo Maitena vakaverenga zvaidiwa.: kuitwa kuzere kweMutemo 26.485 - zvisere chete zvezvinyorwa zvaro 45 zvakanga zvaitwa— kuburitswa kwenhamba dzepamusoro-soro dzekumbunyikidzwa kwepabonde, vimbiso dzemasangano uye dzematare edziviriro nekuwana kodzero dzevakadzi, uye kuiswa kwemhirizhonga pakati pevanhukadzi nevanhurume muzvidzidzo zvedzidzo yezvepabonde uye kudzidziswa kwevakuru vakuru vehurumende, kusanganisira mapurisa. Kutevera kufora, Ni Una Menos nhengo dzakaungana, saFlorencia Abbate, vakati vaona shanduko mumafambisirwo akaitwa nhepfenyuro nemhirizhonga kuvanhukadzi, sezvavaichinjira kune ruzivo rwakakura rwevateereri vavo pamusoro pekupomera mhosva. Kuratidzira uku kwakaratidza shanduko apo kusaenzana kwevakadzi kwakava nyaya yeruzhinji inoenderana nenharaunda yese yeArgentina.
Seboka rinoramba richiwanda revarongi rakatora chikamu, yechipiri Ni Una Menos kufora muna Chikumi 2016 yakawedzera dudziro yechisimba chinoitirwa vakadzi, zvichiunza zvikumbiro zvekubvisa nhumbu, kupera kwe transphobia, uye kodzero dzevanoita zvepabonde pamwe nevanopikisa. kunotengesa vakadzi nevasikana. Sekutsanangura kwaAbbate Argentina Independent, kuumbwa kwakavhurika kune vese: "Ni Una Menos ndeyemunhu wese, uye kune mapoka anoda kuzvizivisa saNi Una Menos mune mamwe mapurovhinzi nedzimwe nzvimbo dzenyika anoshandisa chiratidzo chedu kusimudzira zvavanoda."
Magumo emakore maviri ekuronga kwedunhu kwakafemerwa nedunhu mumapuratifomu mazhinji enhau pamusoro penyaya dzine hukama kwakaunza dutu remazana ezviuru vakashingirira kunaya kwemvura musi wa19 Gumiguru.
Iyo Gumiguru 19 "Black Chitatu" Kuratidzira
Mubatanidzwa we "Ni Una Menos" nemamwe masangano makumi mashanu akadana kuratidzira uye kuratidzira kwaGumiguru 50 "Black Chitatu", izvo zvakabatanidza kudiwa kwekodzero dzevakadzi munharaunda nehupfumi nenzira isati yamboitika. "Takanga tiri mazana evakadzi ... nechido chimwe chete chekuronga ... kutaura imwezve nguva: ZVAKANAKA!, "kufona kwaGumiguru 19 kwakaverenga. “Uye pamwe chete takasarudza kuramwa mabasa: avo vane basa repamutemo nevasina, vemishandirapamwe, vane mabasa akashata, avo vanoita basa rokutarisira uye vasingawani muhoro, vasingashandi, vadzidzi, mhizha. , maartist, tese. Rova kweawa tiri kunze kwenzvimbo dzedu dzebasa kuti tionekwe. Rovai ipapo march. Pfeka black."
Munjanji yepasi pevhu yeBuenos Aires yakazara mangwanani emusi wa19, vakadzi vakapfeka zvitema zvese vainyemwerera vakatarisana sevatorwa vane zvinangwa zvakafanana. Zvaive zvisina basa kuti vaive kuruboshwe here kana kurudyi, kana kubva kune vanopikisa vezvematongerwo enyika kana kwete: vese vaipesana nekuuraya vanhukadzi. Mumwe mutasvi akatsanangura kufamba kwacho achiti: “Apo masuo akazaruka pachiteshi chimwe nechimwe waigona kunzwa vakadzi vachidanidzira kuti 'Ni una menos!' kune vamwe pachikuva vakapindura 'vivas nos queremos! (tinoda kuti tive vapenyu!)' Yakanga iri nhambo inorwadza zvikuru, chitima chepasi pevhu chakazadzwa naaya masirogani, kubva kumanzwi asingazivikanwi, anenge echipoko.” Chiziviso chomumwe kondakita wechikadzi paH Line chakapararira: “Tarisirai zvinhu zvenyu, asiwo chengetai vakadzi, vasiri zvinhu zvenyu. Vivas nos queremos!”
Pakati pa 1 na 2 PM, zviuru zvakatora chikamu mukuramwa kwevakadzi kwekufananidzira pasi pe sirogani ine simba inoti: “Kana hupenyu hwangu husina kukosha, berekana ndisipo.” Vachishandisa zviito zvavo kutsoropodza nhaurirano dzebhizinesi-senguva dzose pakati peNational Union Confederation nehurumende yeNeoliberal yeMutungamiri Macri, vashandi vakasiya nzvimbo dzese dzebasa, kubva muzvitoro zveshangu zvemigwagwa yakabatikana yekutengeserana kuenda kuNational Library, uye kubva kuYunivhesiti. yeBuenos Aires kuNational Congress.
Chitoro chepamberi muBuenos Aires chinoratidza posita inodaidzira kuramwa kwevakadzi (Mufananidzo naNatacha Ebers)
Nenguva dzeshanu masikati iwayo, serwizi rwe 150,000 varatidziri pasi pemaamburera akaungana kudhorobha reObelisco uye akayerera achidzika kuPlaza de Mayo, zviuru nezviuru zvemifananidzo zvakagadzirwa nemaoko zvairatidza kuumbwa kwegwara rekutonga kwevakadzi. Vachiri kuyaruka nevakadzi vechidiki vainangana nekusimbisa mifananidzo uye zvikumbiro zvekusununguka kubuda pachena, nezvikwangwani zvichinzi “Handidi kuve munhu akabatwa, uye ndinoda kusununguka. Vakadzi vane chekuita nemasangano ane mukurumbira uye trans vakadzi vakasimbisa kupara mhosva kwekuratidzira kwevanhu, vachida rusununguko social activist Milagro Sala. Mapoka evanhukadzi aikurudzira kubvisa pamuviri kwakasununguka uye kwakachengeteka. Chokwadi, iyo pfungwa chaiyo ye "Black Chitatu" yakafemerwa nePoland "Nhema Muvhuro" kuratidzira mavhiki mashoma apfuura, umo vakadzi vekuPoland vakaratidzira vachipokana nekurambidzwa zvachose kubvisa pamuviri munyika yeEurope.
Vakadzi vanobva kumibatanidzwa nemasangano vakabata zvikwangwani zvinoti “kugadziridzwa [kwehupfumi] chikamu chemhirizhonga,” vakasimbisa kutengwa kwemitengo yemabasa ekutanga uye kudzikira kwemihoro chaiyo. The kutaura kwakaverengwa panopera kufora yakataura nezvekuuraya vakadzi kunoitirwa vakadzi veArgentina se“kuratidzwa kwakanyanyisa kwepfungwa dzemadzibaba, iyo inokunda, inoshora uye isingakoshesi vakadzi kumativi ose oupenyu.” Nziyo dzevarwi vakafashukira muPlaza de Mayo dzakadeedzera mudhorobha rose reBuenos Aires: “Simba, simba, simba rakakurumbira, zvino zvatiri pamwe chete, zvino zvavanotiona, umambo huchawa, huchadonha.”
Mumazuva akatevera kuratidzira, mafungire enguva refu enzanga kuvakadzi akanga atanga nharo. Victoria, mumwe vatori vechikamu, akaratidza mubvunzurudzo kuti kuratidzira kwacho “kwakakonzera hurukuro itsva dzakawanda.” “Shamwari zhinji dzakandiudza nezvekurukurirano dzemhuri pamusoro pokuratidzira apo vanababa vakashamiswa vakanzwa kwenguva yokutanga kuti vanasikana vavo vakanga vabatwa-batwa vachiri vaduku, kana kuti varume vomumugwagwa vakanga vazviratidzira vamene kwavari,” akadaro. Mumwe mutori wenhau akawedzera kuti, “Ndakashamiswa nevarume vakawanda vakaratidza kushushikana kwavo pamusoro penyaya idzi kubva ndinofunga maonero echikadzi.
Kunyangwe zvingave zvakanyanyisa kutaura nezvechikamu chitsva chekuronga kwevakadzi, tinogona kunongedzera kune zvimwe zviitiko zvakakosha. Kune imwe, kuratidzira kuchangobva kuitika kwakaratidza kunzwisisa kwakadzama kwekubatana pakati pemhirizhonga nevanhukadzi nemamwe marudzi ekusaenzana kwevakadzi. Kunyangwe magariro enhau ari kure nechoga chigadziriso chakavakirwa kurambwa neruzhinji kwemasimba kune varume nevakadzi, isu tinoita setiri kuona kuenderera mberi kwekuvandudzwa kwezvisungo zvekugadzira pakati pepamhepo nekunze repertoires yekuita; ingave online, mumugwagwa, kana kutenderedza tafura yemhuri yekudya kwemanheru, zvematongerwo enyika zvine huvepo hutsva uye resonance.
Sokutsanangura kwakaita Ofelia Fernández ane makore gumi namashanu, purezidhendi wesangano revadzidzi pachimwe chikoro chesekondari muArgentina, kuti: “Nzanga [yedu] yakanga iri 100%. machista asi iye zvino tave kutanga kunzwa nezvekubvisa pamuviri, nezvekutengeswa kwevanhukadzi, kuurayiwa kwevanhukadzi…tave kutanga kutaura nezvekusaenzana kwevanhukadzi,” vakadaro. "Kuve munhukadzi ndeyekunzwisisa chokwadi ichi, kutsoropodza, asi zvakanyanya kuita chimwe chinhu kuti chishanduke."
Elisabeth Jay Friedman ndiye Sachigaro uye Purofesa wePolitics uye Purofesa weLatin American Studies paYunivhesiti yeSan Francisco. Iye munyori we Kududzira Indaneti: Feminist uye Queer Counterpublics muLatin America (Yunivhesiti yeCalifornia Press, iri kuuya).
Constanza Tabbush ndiye Research Associate paInterdisciplinary Institute of Gender Studies paYunivhesiti yeBuenos Aires uye National Research Council yeTechnical and Scientific Research (CONICET), Argentina.
ZNetwork inopihwa mari chete kuburikidza nerupo rwevaverengi vayo.
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