Nicholas Kristof anga achirova chigubhu chepro-sweatshop kwenguva yakati rebei. Nguva pfupi mushure medambudziko rezvemari rekuEast Asia mukupera kwema1990, Kristof, mutori wenhau akahwina Mubairo wePulitzer uye zvino munyori wepepanhau reNew York Times, akataura nyaya yemugadziri wezvekuIndonesia uyo, achinhonga zvimedu zvesimbi zvekuraswa marara, akarota kuti. mwana wavo aizokura kuita muswero we sweatshop. Zvino, muna 2000, Kristof nemukadzi wake, mutori wenhau we Times Sheryl WuDunn, vakaburitsa "Two Cheers for Sweatshops" mu Times Magazine. Muna 2002, koramu yaKristof yakayambira vatungamiri veG-8 kuti โvatange mushandirapamwe wepasi rose wekusimudzira kutengwa kunze kwenyika kubva kune vanotsvaira, pamwe nemavara matema anoratidza mureza usingazivikanwe uye mazwi okuti 'Proudly Made in Third World Sweatshop.'โ
Iye zvino Kristof anochema kuti vashoma varombo, pwere dzeAfrica dzine mukana wekupinda muchigayo chasatani chebasa re sweatshop. [Ona chinyorwa chake chakadhindwa pazasi.] Sekuedza kwake kwepakutanga, Kristof's latest pro-sweatshop ditty inosanganisa zvakawanda-hafu chokwadi. Ngatinyatso tarisisa tione kuti sei pasati pave nechikonzero chekuisiya nekuda kwevanoswedza masweta.
Imwe Nzira Iri Nani?
Hazvimboshamisi kuti majaya ari mumigwagwa yeguta guru reNamibia angangowana mabasa epa sweatshop achinakidza kupfuura basa risiri renguva dzose sevashandi vemazuva ese panzvimbo dzekuvaka.
Iwo mamwe mabasa anowanikwa kune vashandi ve sweatshop anowanzo kushata uye, sekuda kutaurwa naKristof, kazhinji anosanganisira kudikitira kupfuura ayo ari mumafekitori ekunze ekunze. Varombo vakawanda munyika dzichiri kusimukira vanorarama nekurima kana kuti nokutengesa zvinhu zvidukuduku. Vamwe vari kumucheto kwenzvimbo dzemumaguta vanoshanda sevashambadziri mumigwagwa kana kubata mamwe mabasa muchikamu chisina kurongwa. Sezve economist Arthur MacEwan akanyora makore mashoma kumashure mukati Madhora & Sense, munyika ine urombo yakaita seIndonesia, umo vakadzi vanoshanda mukugadzira zvinhu vanotambira mari yakapetwa kashanu kupfuura yevarimi, mashopu haanetseki kuwana vashandi.
Asi ngatijekese pamusoro pezvinhu zvishoma. Chekutanga, mabasa emafekitari anotengesa kunze, kunyanya mumaindasitiri ane vashandi zvakanyanya, anowanzo "tiketi rehurombo hushoma," sezvinobvumira nyanzvi yezvehupfumi uye sweatshop defender Jagdish Bhagwati.
Kupfuura izvozvo, mabasa aya haawanzoenda kune vaya vasina basa kana kuvarombo zvikuru. Imwe ongororo yakaitwa nenyanzvi yezvemagariro evanhu Kurt Ver Beek yakaratidza kuti 60% yevashandi vekutanga vekuHonduran maquila vakamboshanda. Kazhinji ivo vaive vasina hurombo, uye vaive vakadzidza zvirinani kupfuura maHonduran mazhinji.
Kudikitira hakungokundikani kununura vanhu kubva muhurombo. Kugadzira mafekitari ekutengesa kunze uko vashandi vasina mamwe mabasa mashoma angave ari nzira yekushungurudza vashandi zvakanyanya. In Beyond Sweatshops, bhuku rinokakavara pamusoro pezvakanakira kudyara mari kubva kunze kwenyika munyika dzichiri kusimukira, nyanzvi yezvehupfumi yeBrookings Institution Theodore Moran anorondedzera danho rakaipa rehurumende yePhilippine rekuvaka Bataan Export Processing Zone munzvimbo iri kwayo yoga ine makomo kuti ikwezve vatengesi vekunze netarisiro yekuchipa. basa. Nedzimwe nzira shoma, vePhilippines vakatora mabasa mumafekitari embatya akatanga munharaunda yacho. Vagadziri vacho vaiwanzobhadhara mari shoma pane yakaderera uye vaimanikidza vashandi kuti vashande ovhataimu mumafekitari akazadzwa neguruva nehutsi. Neta, vashandi vakazoramwa mabasa. Mafekitari mazhinji akavhara uye mitengo yekugara munzvimbo iyi yakadzikira, sezvakaita kukosha kwekutengesa kunze kwenyika, uko kwakadzikira neinopfuura hafu pakati pa1980 na1986.
Nharo yaKristof haisi chikonzero chekushungurudzwa kwe sweatshop: kuti mamiriro ezvinhu akaipisisa kune imwe nzvimbo haaiti chinhu kuderedza kutambura kwevashandi mumafekitari ekunze. Kazhinji kazhinji vanonyimwa maruramiro okuronga, pasi pemigariro yebasa isina kuchengeteka uye kubatwa zvisina kufanira namashoko, mumuviri, uye muvatano, kumanikidzirwa kushanda ovhataimu, kumanikidzirwa kupinda bvunzo dzepamuviri uye kunyange kubvisa pamuviri, uye kubhadharwa mari iri pasi pemuripo unorarama. Zvinoramba zvichibatsira uye zvakakosha kurwisa mamiriro aya kunyangwe mamwe mabasa akanyanya kuipa.
Idi rokuti varume vaduku muNamibia vanowana mabasa e sweatshop anofadza rinopupurira kuoma kwakaita mamiriro ezvinhu kuvashandi muAfrica, kwete kudiwa kwebasa remufekitari kunze.
Sezvineiwo, chishuwo chaKristof chekuunza ma sweatshops matsva kusub-Saharan Africa haawani rutsigiro muAfrican Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA) yaanorumbidza. Mutemo uyu unopa vagadziri vezvipfeko zvekumaodzanyemba kweSahara mukana wakasarudzika kumisika yeUS. Asi ichangopedza kutambirwa, mumiriri weAmerica mune zvekutengeserana muAmerica, VaRobert Zoellick, vakavimbisa vatori venhau kuti AGOA haizokonzerese matambudziko muAfrica nekuti inoda mitemo yekudzivirira vashandi inoenderana neyakatarwa neInternational Labour Organisation.
Antisweatshop Activism uye Mabasa
Kristof ane chokwadi chekuti bato reantisweatshop rinokuvadza ivo vashandi chavanoda kubatsira. Nzvimbo yake ine imwe pfungwa inonyengedza kwairi. Sezvo chero munhu akatambura kuburikidza nehupfumi hwekutanga achakuudza, kubata zvimwe zvese zvakafanana, mwero wevashandi unomanikidza makambani emarudzi akawanda nevadiki vawo kuti vakwidze mihoro inofanira kuguma nekuhaya vashandi vashoma.
Asi mukuita zvinoita here? Humbowo hunoburitswa naKristof inhaurirano yekufungidzira umo mukuru anoramba chirevo chemutevedzeri wemutungamiri weNike chekuvhura fekitori muEthiopia achibhadhara masendi makumi maviri neshanu paawa: โUnopenga! Isu taizoramwa pamusasa wese munyika. "
Nepo Kristof aine fungidziro inoshanda, pane zvimwe zvinhu zvisirizvo nehurukuro iyi.
Chekutanga, bato reantisweatshop hariwanzo tanga mabhomba. Murongi neUnited Students Against Sweatshops (USAS) akapindura paBlog yaKristof kuti: โHatimbodaidzira kuti vanhu varamwe zvipfeko kunze kwekunge takumbirwa zvakajeka nevashandi veimwe fekitori. Izvi, chokwadika, hazviwanzo kuitika, nekuti, sekukakavara kwamakaita uchinyengetedza, vanhu vanowanzoda kushandirwa. " National Labor Committee, sangano gurusa rekurwisa sweatshop muUnited States, rinotora nzvimbo imwe cheteyo.
Uyezve, apo nyanzvi dzezvehupfumi Ann Harrison naJason Scorse vakaita ongororo yakarongeka yemigumisiro yesangano reantisweatshop pamabasa emufekitari, havana kuwana migumisiro yakaipa yebasa. Harrison naScorse vakatarisa kuIndonesia, uko Nike yaive imwe yezvinangwa zvemushandirapamwe wakasimba unodaidzira mihoro iri nani uye mamiriro ekushanda pakati pevashandi vepasi. Ongororo yavo yenhamba yakawana kuti mushandirapamwe weantisweatshop wakakonzera 20% yekuwedzera kwemihoro chaiyo yevashandi vasina hunyanzvi mumafekitari anotengesa micheka, shangu, nembatya kubva muna 1991 kusvika 1996. Harrison naScorse vakawanawo kuti โantisweatshop activism haina kukosha. migumisiro yakaipa pamabasaโ muzvikamu izvi.
Mishandirapamwe yemuhoro wepamusoro haigone kuparadza mabasa nekuti, kune vemarudzi akawanda uye ma subcontractors avo, mihoro inoumba chikamu chidiki chemari yavo yese. Kunyangwe Kristof anogashira iyi poindi, yakanyatso kunyorwa nevezvehupfumi vachipokana nebasa re sweatshop. Muindasitiri yembatya yekuMexico, semuenzaniso, nyanzvi dzezvehupfumi Robert Pollin, James Heintz, naJustine Burns vanobva kuPolitical Economy Research Institute vakawana kuti kupeta kaviri muhoro wevashandi vasiri vatariri kunongowedzera $1.80 pamutengo wekugadzira bhachi revarume remadhora zana. Ongororo ichangoburwa neNational Bureau of Economic Research yakawana kuti vatengi vekuUS vangada kubhadhara $100 yebhachi rimwe chete kana vakaziva kuti harina kugadzirwa pasi pemamiriro ezvinhu e sweatshop.
Kudyidzana kwepasi rose muSub-Saharan Africa
Kristof ane chokwadi chekuti Africa, kunyanya kumaodzanyemba kweSahara Africa, yakarasikirwa nehurongwa hwekudyidzana kwepasi rose. Sub-Saharan Africa inotambura nekukura zvishoma nezvishoma, kushomeka kwekudyara kune dzimwe nyika, mazinga edzidzo akaderera, uye huwandu hwehurombo hwakanyanya kupfuura huzhinji hwese kwese kwepasi. Nyika 37 dzinoshamisa dzenharaunda 47 dzinonzi โdzinotambira mari shomaโ neWorld Bank, imwe neimwe iine mari yenyika yose isingasviki $825 pamunhu. Nyika zhinji dziri mudunhu dzinotakura mitoro yechikwereti chekunze chakakura uye dambudziko reHIV rinoremadza iro Kristof akaita hunyanzvi hwekuedza kuunza kune nyika.
Asi makambani epasi rose akadzivirira kudyara mari musub-Saharan Africa nekuti mitengo yevashandi yakakwira zvakanyanya? Nepo mitengo yevashandi muSouth Africa neMauritius yakakwira, idzo dziri kune dzimwe nyika dzedunhu iri dzine mwero nemaitiro epasi rose, uye dzakadzikira mune dzimwe nguva. Tora Lesotho, mutengesi mukuru wembatya kubva kumaodzanyemba kweSahara Africa kuenda kuUnited States. Mumafekitari emunyika anobvumirana neWal-Mart, vashandikadzi vazhinji vanotambira avhareji yemadhora makumi mashanu nemana pamwedzi. Izvo zviri pasi pehurombo hweUnited Nations hwemadhora maviri pazuva, uye zvinosanganisira nguva yakawandisa yekumanikidza. MuMadagascar, iyo dunhu rechitatu pakukura kunze kwembatya kuUnited States, mihoro muindasitiri yembatya ingori masendi makumi matatu nematatu paawa, yakaderera pane iri kuChina uye pakati pevakaderera pasi rose. Uye kuRamatex Textile, fekitori hombe yeMalasian yemicheka muNamibia, vashandi vanongotambira mari inosvika zana remadhora pamwedzi maererano neLabour Resource and Research Institute muWindhoek. Vashandi vakawanda vanogoverana mihoro yavo mishoma nemhuri dzakawedzerwa nevana, uye vanofamba nzendo refu kuenda kubasa nemhaka yokuti havagoni kuwana chokufambisa chiri nani.
Nekune rimwe divi, chiitiko chazvino chinoratidza kuti nyika dziri kumaodzanyemba kweSahara dzine zviyero zvevashandi zvine huremu dzinogona kuumba zvikamu zvakasimba zvekugadzira kunze kwenyika. Mukupera kwema1990, Francis Teal weOxford's Center for the Study of African Economies akaenzanisa maindasitiri eMauritius akabudirira kunze kwenyika neasina kubudirira eGhana. Teal akaona kuti vashandi vekuMauritius vaitambira mari yakapetwa kagumi pane yekuGhana - madhora mazana matatu nemakumi masere nemana pamwedzi kuMauritius kusiyana nemadhora makumi matatu nematanhatu ekuGhana. Indasitiri yeMauritius yemachira nembatya yakaramba ichikwikwidzana nekuti vashandi vayo vakanga vakadzidza zviri nani uye vachibudirira zvikuru kupfuura veGhana. Pasinei nekubhadhara muhoro wehurombo, mafekitari eGhana akakanganisa.
Kristof anonyatsoziva chikonzero chaicho mafekitori ezvipfeko mudunhu ari kuvhara: kupera kweMultifiber Agreement Ndira apfuura. Chibvumirano ichi, icho chakatemesa nyika quotas kunze kwembatya nemachira, chakadzivirira maindasitiri embatya munyika diki pasirese kubva kumakwikwi akananga neChina. Iye zvino China uye, kusvika pamwero muduku, India, iri kuramba ichibvisa vamwe vagadziri vembatya. Muchirevo chechinyorwa chitsva ichi, mihoro yakaderera chete haigone kuchengetedza indasitiri yembatya yesub-Saharan. Maindasitiri masosi anoshuma kuti sub-Saharan Africa inotambura nezvimwe zvipingamupinyi zvakati wandei semugadziri wembatya, kusanganisira kukwirisa kwekushandisa uye mari yekufambisa uye nguva refu yekutumira kuUnited States. Dunhu iri zvakare rine kugadzirwa kwakaderera uye kushomeka kwevashandi vane hunyanzvi kupfuura Asia, uye ine mashoma masosi eshinda yedonje uye machira emutengo wepamusoro pane China neIndia.
Kana Kristof akada kuwedzera indasitiri yezvipfeko yepasi peSahara, angaite zvirinani kufonera hupfumi hwesub-Sahara kuti vawane mukana usina kurambidzwa kumisika yeQuad - United States, Canada, Japan, neEurope. Nyanzvi munyaya dzezvehupfumi, VaStephen N. Karingi, Romain Perez, naHakim Ben Hammouda vanofungidzira kuti budiriro ine chekuita nekuwanikwa kwemisika kusingaganhurwe ingasvika bhiriyoni imwe nemazana maviri emadhora muAfrica yekumaodzanyemba kweSahara, zvichibatsira zvikuru vashandi vasina hunyanzvi.
Asi sei uchisimbirira kugadzirwa kwembatya pakutanga? Namibia ine manyuko ehupfumi kunze kwedziva revashandi rakachipa remichina yekusonesa yeNike. The Economist inoshuma kuti Namibia inogadzira zvemhando yepamusoro zvezvigadzirwa zviviri zvezvicherwa: madhaimondi (nyika iri panzvimbo yechinomwe pakukosha) uye uranium (iri pachishanu pahuwandu). Indasitiri yezvicherwa ndiyo musimboti weupfumi hweNamibia kunze kwenyika uye inosvika zvikamu makumi maviri kubva muzana zveGDP yenyika. Asi kusandura chikamu chezvicherwa kuita chifambiso chekusimudzira hupfumi hwenyika kunoreva kusangana nemakambani ekunze anodzora indasitiri yemangoda akaita seSouth African De Beers Corporation. Iro ibasa rakaoma kudarika vatsigiri vekurwisa kusweatshop.
Mabasa Akawanda uye Arinani eAfrica
Saka nei makambani epasi rose akadzivirira kudyara mari musub-Saharan Africa? Mhinduro yacho, maererano nenyanzvi yezveupfumi hwenyika yose Dani Rodrik, โinokonzerwa nokukura zvishoma nezvishomaโ kwoupfumi hwenyika dziri kumaodzanyemba kweSahara. Rodrik anofungidzira kuti dunhu iri rinotora chikamu mukutengeserana nedzimwe nyika zvakanyanya sezvingatarisirwa zvichipihwa hupfumi hwaro huwandu hwemari, kukura kwenyika, uye geography.
Ongororo yakaitwa naRodrik inoratidza kuti chinhu chakanakisa chekuita kune vashandi vanotambura muAfrica kusimudza mutoro wechikwereti kuhurumende dzavo uye kutsigira kuedza kwadzo kuvaka hupfumi hunoshanda. Izvi zvinoreva kudyara muzviwanikwa zvevanhu uye zvivakwa zvemuviri, uye kuita zvinotendwa zvemacroeconomic marongero anoisa kusikwa kwemabasa pekutanga. Asi mari iyi, sekutaura kwaRodrik, inotora nguva.
Zvichakadaro, mitemo yepasi rese yekumisikidza mihoro nedziviriro yevashandi pasi rese yaizoitira majaya ari mumakona emigwagwa yeWindhoek pane kuvashungurudza, nekuti hurombo hunosiya vanhu vanoda kupinda mukuchinjana kupi nokupi. . Uye kana Namibia iri kuvhara mafekitori ayo embatya nekuti maChina atengwa kunze kwenyika akachipa, handiyo nharo yekuedza kuvandudza mitemo yevashandi muChina, kwete kudzikisira muSouth Africa yeSahara? Maitiro ekushungurudza evashandi akazara mumafekitori eChina anotengesa kunze, sezvakanyorwa neNational Labor Committee neBusiness Week. Vashandi vanoisa 13- kusvika 16-awa mazuva, mazuva manomwe pasvondo. Ivo vanonakidzwa nekushomeka kwehutano nekuchengetedzeka, uye mari yavo yekuenda kumba inowira pasi pemuhoro wepasi mushure mekubvisirwa faindi nekubvisirwa vashandirwi vavo dzimwe nguva.
Kuparadzira kushungurudzwa uku muSouth Africa yeSahara hakuzope vashandi simba ikoko. Pane kudaro zvinotora mukana wekuti ivo vari pakati pevashandi vakanyanya kushomeka pasi rose. Kubvisa zvikwereti, mitemo yepasi rose yevashandi, uye mari yeruzhinji mudzidzo uye zvivakwa inzira dziri nani dzekurwisa hurombo hwemuAfrica pane chirevo chaKristof's sweatshop.
Yakapepetwa naNicholas Kristof, New York Times, Chikumi 6, 2006
WINDHOEK, Namibia โ Africa inoda zvikuru rubatsiro rwekuMadokero rwezvikoro, makiriniki nemadikidiki.
Pane mumwe mugwagwa muno muguta guru reNamibia, kumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumadokero kweAfrica, ndakataura neboka remajaya akanga achiedza kupinza basa sevashandi vemazuva ose panzvimbo dzokuvaka.
โNdinouya pano mazuva ose,โ akadaro Naftal Shaanika, ane makore 20 okukura. โChaizvoizvo ndinongowana basa kanenge kamwe chete pavhiki.โ
VaShaanika nemamwe majaya vakaona kuti mabasa ekuvaka aiva nengozi uye akaoma, uye kuti vaizoda zvikuru mabasa akadzikama, hongu, majuzi. Chokwadi, basa re sweatshop rinonetesa, rinorema uye dzimwe nguva rine njodzi. Asi pamusoro pezvese, kusona mbatya kune ngozi zvakanyanya kana kunetsa - kana kudikitira - pane dzimwe nzira dzakawanda munyika dzine urombo.
Vadzidzi vepayunivhesiti yeAmerica vane vavariro yakanaka vanogara vachirwisa mashopu. Asi pane kudaro, chero munhu ane hany'a nekurwisa hurombo anofanira kuita mushandirapamwe achitsigira vanobuda ziya, vachida kuti makambani atange mafekitori muAfrica.
Dambudziko nderekuti zvichiri kudhura kugadzira muAfrica. Misoro yemusoro munzvimbo dzakawanda dzekondinendi inosanganisira tsvuku tsvuku, huwori, kusagadzikana kwezvematongerwo enyika, magetsi asina kuvimbika uye zviteshi, uye simba rekushanda risina ruzivo rinotungamirira kukugadzirwa kwakaderera uye unhu. Iyo anti-sweatshop movement haisi chipingamupinyi chikuru, asi chimwe chikonzero chekusagadzira muAfrica.
Fungidzira kuti mutevedzeri wemutungamiri weNike akafunga kugadzira maT-shirts akachipa muEthiopia. Mukuru webasa aipindura kuti: โUnopenga! Isu taizoramwa pamusasa wese munyika. "
Vamwe veavo vanorwisa mashopu vanopindura nharo dzangu nekuona kuti havapokane nemafekitari emuAfrica, asi vanongoda โmuhoro wokuraramaโ mavari. Mushure mezvose, kana mari yebasa inosvika madhora 1 chete pahembe, ipapo mibairo yakapetwa kaviri haigone kuita mutsauko mumutengo wekupedzisira.
Rimwe dambudziko ... nderekuti hazvibatsiri kubhadhara mihoro inoremekedzeka, uye nekudaro chero kumanikidzwa kuikwidza kunova chimwe chikonzero chekudzivisa Africa zvachose.
Chimwe chezvakanakisa hurongwa hweUS muAfrica hwave mutemo weAfrican Growth and Opportunity Act, uyo unobvumidza kutengwa kunze kwemutero kubva kuAfrica - uye nekudaro kwakakurudzira kugadzirwa ikoko.
Zvinyorwa: Arthur MacEwan, "Bvunza Dr. Dollar," Madhora & Sense, SeptรขโฌโOct 1998; John Miller, "Nei Economists Vakashata Nezve Sweatshops uye Antisweatshop Movement," Challenge, JanรขโฌโFeb 2003; R. Pollin, J. Burns, naJ. Heintz, โGlobal Apparel Production uye Sweatshop Labor: Inogona Kukwidza Mitengo Yekutengesa Mari Yekuraramisa Mihoro?โ Political Economy Research Institute, Kushanda Pepa 19, 2002; N. Kristof, โMurumbidzo yeSweatshop Yakashata,โNew York Times, June 6, 2006; N. Kristof, โVarege Vadikitira,โ NYT , June 25, 2002; N. Kristof, "Two Cheers for Sweatshops," NYT , Sept 24, 2000; N. Kristof, โDambudziko reAsia Rinoshatisa Kuedza Kurwisana Nechirwere Chekudikitira,โ NYT, June 15, 1998; A. Harrison naJ. Scorse, โKuvandudza Mamiriro Evashandi? Minimum Wage Legislation uye Anti-Sweatshop Activism," Calif. Management Ongororo, Oct 2005; Herbert Jauch, "Africa's Clothing and Textile Industry: Nyaya yeRamatex muNamibia," muna Ramangwana reIndasitiri yeMachira neKupfeka muSub-Saharan Africa,ed. H. Jauch naR. Traub-Merz (Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung, 2006); Kurt Alan Ver Beek, "Maquiladoras: Kushandiswa kana Kusunungurwa? Mhedziso yeMamiriro eVashandi veMaquiladora muHonduras, " World Development, 29(9), 2001; Theodore Moran, Beyond Sweatshops: Kunze Kwakananga Kudyara uye Kudyidzana Kwepasirese Munyika Dziri Kusimukira (Brookings Institution Press, 2002); "Kuenzanisa Kuongorora kweKukwikwidzana kweMacheka uye Apparel Sector munyika dzakasarudzwa," mu Zvipfeko uye Zvipfeko: Kuongororwa kweKukwikwidza kweVamwe Vatengesi Vekunze kuMusika weUnited States., Vol. 1, US International Trade Commission, Ndira 2004; SN Karingi, R. Perez, naH. Ben Hammouda, โIngave Yakawedzerwa Zvaunoda Kupa Mubairo Kutora Chikamu KweAfrica Munhaurirano Dzoha Round?,โ World Economy, 2006; Francis Teal, "Nei Mauritius Isingakwanisi Kutengesa Zvigadzirwa uye Ghana Isingakwanise?" The World Economy, 22 (7), 1999; Dani Rodrik, "Trade Policy uye Economic Performance muSub-Saharan Africa," Pepa rakagadzirirwa Bazi reSweden reKune dzimwe nyika, Mbudzi 1997.
John Miller anodzidzisa economics kuWheaton College uye inhengo ye Madhora & Sense pamwe chete. The sirabhasi yekosi yake "Sweatshops in the World Economy" iripo. Ichi chinyorwa chinobva ku Svondo / October 2006 nyaya ye Madhora & Sense Magazini.
ZNetwork inopihwa mari chete kuburikidza nerupo rwevaverengi vayo.
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