Yakashandurwa naGilbert Sanseau naBarbara Forbes, vashanduri vanozvipira kubva kuCoorditrad.
Ruvengo rweAmerica pamusoro peCuba rwakasiyana zvikuru, uye zvechokwadi rwakasiyana. Hapana imwe mitemo yekunze kune imwe nyika yati yamboona hurongwa hwakadaro hwematanho ekumanikidza ayo, kazhinji, anotyora mazhinji magungano epasirese [1]. Ruvengo rweAmerica rwechimurenga cheCuba runoenda zvakanyanya kupfuura nhoroondo yeCold War framework, isina kukodzera zvachose kana kutariswa kushoma kwakabhadharwa kuhukama pakati penyika mbiri idzi kubva mukupera kwezana ramakore regumi nemasere.
Mumwe muenzaniso uchapa mufananidzo wakajeka wehutongi hweWashington hudzvinyiriri neCuba. Vagari vemuAmerica vane kodzero yekushanyira chero nyika pasi rose kunze kwechitsuwa cheCaribbean. Chokwadi, hurumende yavo inovarambidza kuita kudaro vachizvidza chokwadi chekuti kurambidzwa uku kunotyora Bumbiro reMitemo reUnited States rinorambidza rusarura ganda nemarudzi. Mukupindura mibvunzo yaVaMax Baucus, Senator weMontana, Dhipatimendi rePfuma yakabvuma kuti kubvira 1990, yakanga yangotanga ongororo makumi mapfumbamwe nenhatu dzine chekuita nehugandanga hwepasi rose. Munguva imwecheteyo, yakanga yatanga 93 tsvakurudzo 'kudzivirira vanhu veAmerica kubva kushandisa kodzero yavo yekuenda kuCuba'. Zvichitevera ongororo makumi mapfumbamwe nenhatu dzehugandanga, Treasury yakatemera faindi inosvika zviuru zvipfumbamwe nemazana mana nemakumi maviri neshanu kune vakawanikwa vaine mhosva. Ukuwo, yaida mari inosvika mamiriyoni masere emadhora kubva kuvashanyi vekuAmerica vakaenda kuchitsuwa ichi. Huwandu hwakadai hune hunyanzvi uye hunoratidza zvakajeka kuti Cuba ichiri iyo inonyanya kufarirwa chinangwa chehutongi hweBush [10,683].
Nezvemitemo yeAmerica kuCuba, VaMax Baucus vakati: 'Kunyange United States yakatarisana netyisidziro dzehugandanga chaidzo kuMiddle East nekune dzimwe nzvimbo, hutungamiriri husinganzwisisike uye husina musoro hwekuda kuCuba kunopfuura zvinonyadzisa; kuedza kwengozi kutsauswa. Sezvatakadzidza munguva pfupi yapfuura, huwandu hwakakosha hwebhajeti reHurumende, iyo yaifanira kunge yakanangana nekucheka pombi yemari yemagandanga, yakashandiswa kupomera vanhu vanoenda kuCuba kana kushanyira mhuri dzavo pachitsuwa. Zvose izvi Osama Bin Laden achiri pakusununguka.' [3]
Chirevo chechangobva kuitika cheAmerican State Department nezvehugandanga, chakaburitswa muna Kubvumbi 2004, chakasanganisira Cuba mune rondedzero yenyika dzinopa mari hugandanga hwepasi rose, pamwe neIran, Iraq, Libya, North Korea, Sudan neSyria. Nharo dzakapihwa neWashington kuratidza kubatanidzwa kwehurumende yeHavana ndedzinotevera:
Cuba yakapikisa mubatanidzwa wekurwisa hugandanga waitungamirwa neUnited States uye yakashora zvikuru mitemo nezviito zveAmerica zvakati wandei muna 2003. Mishumo yenhau dzezvemapepanhau nezve mashandiro emauto eAmerica muIraq neAfghanistan agara achitsoropodza United States uye kazhinji achipomerwa, pasina chikonzero, kuti. United States yakanga yatyora kodzero dzevanhu. [4]
Nekudaro, chiito chimwechete chekushora maitiro anotyisa nemauto eAmerica aigara muIraq, akatungamira Cuba kuti iiswe murunyorwa rwenyika dzemagandanga. Zvinofanira kutaurwa kuti nyaya dzichangobva kuitika dzekutambudzwa uye kuponda kwevasungwa, izvo zvakakonzera mheremhere yenyika yose, zvinoratidza tsika yezvakaitika kare uye yemasangano uye inoumba chete chikamu chinooneka chechando. [5]
Washington zvakare inoruramisa kushorwa kwayo kweCuba kuburikidza nenyaya yekuti hurumende yechimurenga yanga ichichengetedza vapoteri vashoma vezvematongerwo enyika vekuAmerica kubva kuma70s, uye yakagamuchira dzimwe nhengo dzeBasque separatist union ETA nemamwe masangano echimurenga eColombia FARC neELN. Chirevo ichi zvakadaro chinokanganwa kutaura kuti kuvapo kwezvimwe zvikamu zvemapoka evapanduki eColombia kunobva pachikumbiro chepamutemo chehurumende yeColombia, iyo yaitarisira kuti Cuba ichave chikamu chenhaurirano dzerunyararo. Izvi zvinoshandawo kunhengo dzeETA, dziri kuCuba zvichitevera chikumbiro chevaimbove Mutungamiriri weSpain, VaFelipe Gonzales, chekuti vabatsirwe nevakuru veCuba. [6]
Asi ruvengo kuCuba haruna kugumira ipapo. Musi wa 6 Chivabvu 2004, Mutungamiri Bush vakazivisa ruzhinji chinyorwa chinokatyamadza chine mapeji 454, 'Komisheni Yerubatsiro kuCuba Yemahara'. Yakagadzirwa neSecretary of State, VaColin L. Powell, inoisa matanho akasimba ayo anokanganisa kwete vagari vezvitsuwa zveCuba chete, vatokuvara zvakanyanya pazvirango zvehupfumi zvakatemerwa neWashington kubva 1960, asiwo nharaunda yeCuba-America mukati meUnited. States, dzine kodzero dzakaderedzwa zvikuru. [7] Nesarudzo dzemutungamiri wenyika mwedzi mishoma kubva ikozvino, Mutungamiriri weAmerica anoshuvira kukwidza kuFlorida nevasarudzo vayo vakasimba vanopesana neshanduko.
Muchokwadi, Mr Otto Reich, mumwe wevamiriri vane simba veneo-fascist Cuban kodzero, akakanganisa zvakanyanya muhugandanga hwepasi rose hunopesana neCuba uye aimbove White House mumiriri akakosha wekumadokero hemisphere, ndiye munyori wayo ane njere. [8] Uye haisi yekutanga kuyedza kwaVaReich. Ultraconservative uye yakanyatsobatanidzwa neCuban American National Foundation (CANF), anga achibatanidzwa mukurwisana kwakanyanya muCentral America. Zvinyorwa zvino zvakadzikiswa kubva kuNational Security Archive zvinonyatso ratidza mutoro wake pamushandirapamwe wemagandanga, wakatangwa kurwisa Nicaragua panguva ye80s, uye kunyanya kuparaganda uye kurwa kwepfungwa. Akatorawo chikamu mukupokana musi wa11 Kubvumbi 2002, achipesana naHugo Chavez, Mutungamiriri weVenezuela. [9]
Yakakamurwa kuva zvitsauko zvitanhatu, mushumo unopa bhatiri yezviyero zvinotarirwa kupidigura hurumende yeCuba, nekuda kwekutora nzvimbo kubva 1st June 2004. Chitsauko chekutanga chinotsanangura nzira iyo Cuban revolution inofanira kuparadzwa. Mamwe mashanu anogadzira hwaro hweramangwana rakatorwa Cuba. Chirevo ichi chinowedzerwa kune zvirango zvehupfumi zvagara zviripo, kuhurongwa hwehugandanga hwakawanda hwakatouraya zviuru zvevanhu vekuCuba, kumushandirapamwe wepasi rose wekushoropodza uye kukurudzira zvematongerwo enyika kune dzimwe nyika. Pamusoro peizvi ndiko kugadziriswa kwemamiriro ezvinhu anodiwa pakusikwa kwekuputsika kwemukati, kune chinangwa chekuderedza shanduko yemagariro evanhu kuita madota.
Chikamu chekutanga chemushumo chinobata nekusikwa kwe 'chirongwa chakasimba chekutsigira chakanangana nevevanhu veCuba', iyo inoda kuita basa rakasimba muhurongwa hwekuparadza shanduko yeCuba. Ne 'sangano revanhu', zviremera zveAmerica zvinoreva zvimwe zvikamu zvehuwandu hwechitsuwa, zvinotungamirwa uye kupihwa mari neUS Interests Section, ine chinangwa chekugadzira mamiriro anogona kukonzera kusagadzikana kwenyika.
Pakati pematanho akarongwa, chirevo chinokurudzira $36 miriyoni yekubhadhara mari ye'Cuban dissidence'. Kusvika iye zvino, bhajeti yakagoverwa kune 'mapoka anopikisa' akadaro yaiva mamiriyoni manomwe emadhora. Zvisinei nekusungwa kwevanhu makumi manomwe nevashanu vachitsigirwa nemari nehurumende yeAmerica muna Kurume 7, Washington haina kukanda mapfumo pasi uye iri kuwedzera mari dziripo dzevanogona varwi vekuCuba, pamwe nemaNGOs angangosimudzira hurongwa hwayo hwezvematongerwo enyika. [75]
Muchitsauko chimwe chete mune zvimwe zvikumbiro zvinogona kutorwa sezvisina kukodzera, sezvo ivo vasingatarise zvachose mamiriro emagariro echitsuwa. Semuenzaniso, chirevo chinoratidza mukana wekupa rubatsiro rwekurapa kuCubans, ivo vachitobatsirikana kubva kune yakazara chengetedzo yemagariro, yakasarudzwa seimwe yeakanakisa pasi rose nemasangano epasi rose. [11] Chirongwa chedzidzo chakarongerwawo vana vevanopesana nevanogona kudzidza mumayunivhesiti eLatin-America, nepo UNESCO ichibvuma hurongwa hwedzidzo hweCuba kuti inzvimbo yehunyanzvi. [12]
Chimwe chirongwa chinoda kuongororwa kuti chinonyengera here. Hurumende yeAmerica inokurukura nezvekudiwa kwekubhadhara zvakanyanya kumatambudziko anofungidzirwa eAfro-Cuba. Nyika umo rusarura rwemadzinza chikamu chenhaka yenyika, uko Ku Klux Klan ichiri kumiririrwa, uko mutongo werufu unonyanya kushandiswa kune vatema, uko tarisiro yehupenyu mumaghettos eHarlem, Bronx kana Chicago yakafanana neiyo mu Haiti kana Bangladesh, inoti inonetsekana neramangwana revatema vekuCuba. [13]
Imwezve hurongwa ndeyekuti ndege yemauto, C-130 Commando Solo, igoverwe zvachose kutepfenyura kwezvirongwa zveRadio neTV MartÃ, zvakazara nevakuru veCuba. Kunze kwezvo, nekudzvanya Cuban radio wave, Radio neTV Mart vanotyora mutemo wenyika nemaune. [14] Kuvapo kwendege yemauto iri padyo neCuban territorial waters, iyo isingazeze mukutyora kuchengetedzwa kwakapoteredza chitsuwa - sezvakaita ndege dzakawanda dzeUSAF, dzakafambiswa nenhengo dzesangano remagandanga Brothers to Rescue, rinodzorwa neCuban. Kurudyi kwakanyanya, musi wa24 Kukadzi 1996 - zvinogona kuve nemhedzisiro yakakomba uye zvinotungamira mukurwiswa nemauto kuCuba [15].
Pamusoro pezvese izvi kunouya dhairekitori rinonakidza iro chinangwa charo ndechekukanganisa indasitiri yekushanya yeCuba, iyo chitsuwa chikuru chekuwana mari. Hurumende yeAmerica inoronga kupa mari inosvika mamiriyoni mashanu emadhora, maNGOs enyika dzechitatu ayo anotora chikamu mukufambiswa kwemashoko ane chinangwa chekurambidza vashanyi kushanyira Cuba. [5] MuFrance, sangano rimwechete rakaita basa rakakosha mukurwisa kusinganzwisisike kuCuba. Iyi iReporters sans frontières (Vatori venhau Vasina Border), inokosheswa zvikuru nevakuru veAmerica uye nekodzero huru yeCuba. Pamusoro pezvo, munyori mukuru wavo, VaRobert Menard, vanotambira nemufaro kokero kubva kune vamwe vakadzingwa vekuCuba muFlorida avo vane chekuita nehugandanga hwepasi rose. [16]
Nguva pfupi yadarika, Vatori venhau Vasina Border vakaita mushandirapamwe wekuvandudza pfungwa munhandare yendege yeParis nevashanyi vaienda kuCuba. Mushure mezvose zviri pamutemo rimwe remapoka anogona kupihwa mari zvakananga neWashington. Vatori venhau Vasina Border, vachinyara pakabudiswa murayiro mutsva uyu, vakazvivanza kuseri kwerunyararo runoshamisa. Kazhinji inokurumidza kuburitsa chero nhau dzine chekuita nechitsuwa, kusvika parizvino, haina kana kumbotaura nezve mushumo uyu wakapokana nevatori venhau pasi rose. Pamusoro pezvo, zita resangano iri rakadomwa zvakajeka mubhuku raVaColin Powell, papeji 20. [18]
Washington yakafungawo, kuitira kuchengetedza 'zvido zvemutemo wekunze weUSA', kuwedzera kutambudzwa kwevagari vekuAmerica vakashanyira 'Pearl of the Caribbean', uye kunyange kuderedza zvisingawanzo sayenzi, zvedzidzo, zvetsika kana zvemitambo. kuchinjana pakati pemarudzi maviri. Kuparadzanisa vanhu vaviri, kutyora kodzero yeAmerica yerusununguko rwekufamba, uye kuisa mabhureki kune chero hushamwari pakati penyika mbiri idzi, zvino chikamu che'zvido zvemutemo wekunze weUSA'. Kunze kwekushaikwa kwekutendeseka uye kuvimbika, zvinosuwisa kuti panguva iyo zviremera zveCuba zviri kuwedzera kupfavisa mamiriro ekushanya kweavo veCuba vakatama, hutongi hweBush hunosimbisa zvipingamupinyi. [19]
Kuitira kudzikisira huwandu hwevanhu veCuba mune zvehupfumi, kutumira mari nemapasuru kumhuri dzeavo vekuCuba vanogara muUnited States kuchave kushoma. Vese nhengo dzehurumende nenhengo dzeCuban Communist Party havachawana rubatsiro rwemari kubva kumhuri yavo yekuAmerica. Nokudaro, sokusimbisa kwapamutemo kwehurumende yeCuba, ‘somuenzaniso, amai vane makore 70 okukura vachafanira kurega maruramiro avo ezvamatongerwe enyika kuti vawane betsero yemari’ kuhama dzavo dzokunyama. [20] Kubva zvino zvichienda mberi, vagari vekuCuba vari muUnited States vachakwanisa kutumira rubatsiro rwemari kunhengo dzemhuri yavo yakananga chete, maererano netsanangudzo itsva yakapihwa mushumo. Dzimwe nhengo dzese hadzibatanidzwe (babamunini, babamunini…) kunze kwasekuru nasekuru, vabereki, vakoma nevanin'ina, vana nevaroora. Ani nani anenge aita mhosva iyi acharangwa zvakanyanya uye mibairo ichapihwa kune vazivisi vanozivisa zviito zvakadaro kuhurumende yeAmerica. [21]
Mune ramangwana, vagari vekuCuba-America vanongobvumidzwa kushanyira mhuri yavo makore matatu ega ega pane kamwe chete pagore kusvika zvino. VeCuba vakatamira kuUnited States vachamirira makore matatu vasati vaona hama dzavo pachitsuwa zvakare. Muganho wehurefu hwekushanya chero hupi huchaderedzwa kusvika kumazuva gumi nemana. Mari yemazuva ese inogona kushandiswa nevanhu vekuCuba muCuba ichaderedzwa kubva pamadhora zana nemakumi matanhatu kusvika pamadhora makumi mashanu. Mutoro haungapfuuri 14 kilos, uye hazvichagoneki kubhadhara kune mamwe mikwende. [164]
Iyi seti yezviyero zvechisimba inotyora kodzero dzakakosha dzechata yeUnited Nations uye inokonzeresa nyaya dzakakomba dzetsika nerubatsiro. Zvakare, hazvisi pamutemo sezvo Congress chete ine kodzero yekushandura mutemo weAmerica wakananga kuCuba. Muchokwadi, kubvira 2000, mutungamiriri weAmerica haachave nesimba rekuchinja mamwe maitiro ezvekune dzimwe nyika akananga kuCuba, kunyanya nezvekufamba. [23]. Nenzira iyi, Washington inotsvaga, zvisinei nemutemo wayo, kuisa hurombo husingagoneki pahuwandu hweCuba, kuitira kuti iite kusagadzikana kukuru. Kuwanda kwezvirango zvehupfumi uku kunotyora Chisungo chechipiri cheConvention for the Prevention and Repression of Genocide, yakagamuchirwa musi wa9 Zvita 1948. [24]
Mamwe matanho akati wandei anokurukurwa sekuti, pakati pezvimwe, kuramba kupa mavhiza kuvakuru vehurumende yeCuba, kumisikidzwa muWashington kwe 'nzvimbo yemurongi weshanduko muCuba', chirongwa chekushandiswa kwechitsauko III cheHelms- Burton Bill iro rine danho rekutonga rinopokana nemasangano emutemo (emuviri nehunhu) anodyara muCuba, uye kubatanidzwa kwenyika dzechitatu mumakwikwi ekurwisa chitsuwa chesocialist. [25]
Hurumende yeCuba yakabva yashora hurongwa uhu hwayakadaidza kuti hurongwa hwekunyomba: 'Matanho avo, ane hutsinye uye embwende, achaisa zvibayiro kuvanhu vedu, asi havazobudirira kwesekondi imwe chete kudzivirira kufora kwavo kuenda kuzvinangwa zvavo zvehunhu nemagariro, uye hapana achanetseka. Cuba haichazodzokeri zvakare kumamiriro ezvinhu anotyisa, asina tsitsi uye ane hutsinye ekoloni yeUnited States.' [26]
Maseneta mashanu, maDemocrats matatu, VaMax Baucus vekuMontana, VaChristopher Dodd vekuConnecticut, VaByron Dorgan vekuNorth Dakota, nemaRepublicans, VaMike Enzi vekuWyoming naVaLarry Craig vekuIdaho, vashora hurongwa hwaVaBush mutsamba yakatumirwa White House uye akazvitsanangura se 'zvisina musoro'. [27] Nenzira imwecheteyo, boka revatongi vemitemo gumi nevatanhatu rakazivisa mumharidzo kuMutungamiriri kuti 'zvisungo zvitsva zvine chekuita nekushanya uye mirairo yemari zvinopesana nehunhu hweAmerica, uye, zvichipihwa mamiriro eiyo Komisheni mvumo, tumira chiratidzo chekuti. United States inoshuvira kusimudzira shanduko yezvematongerwo enyika muCuba nekuwedzera matambudziko emari emhuri dzeCuba' [16]
Mutungamiri weboka reDemocrat uye mumiriri weNew Jersey, VaRobert Menendez, chizvarwa chekuCuba uye vanonyanya kuchengetedza mutemo weUnited States kuchitsuwa chikuru cheAntilles, vakapomerawo Bush "kubhejera mune zvematongerwo enyika nehupenyu hweCuba. vanhu mugore rino resarudzo '. "Kudiwa uye nguva yeKomisheni yeCuba muWhite House uye kuburitswa kwanhasi kweshumo zvine mubvunzo uye zviri pachena mune zvematongerwo enyika," akadaro. [29]
VaLarry Wilkerson, Munyori Mukuru waVaColin Powell, vakati zvirango zvehupfumi zveAmerica zvakatemerwa Cuba se "mutemo wakapusa pasi rose." Sekutaura kwavo, zvichakanganisa hutano hwevanhu veCuba uye vakapotsa vavariro yavo. Akakurudzira zvakasimba kuti gwara idzva ripiwe kuhukama neLa Havana.
VaJeff Flake, Republican Congressman weArizona, vakashora nechisimba zvirongwa zvekupidigura hurumende zvakarongwa neRadio neTV MartÃ. 'Dai takanga takasimba mukukurudzira kwedu kuita kuti inzwi rakasiyana rinzwike kunze kweCastro, sei tisina kurega vaAmerica vachifamba ikoko?' akati. 'Pashure pezvose, Castro haagone kumhanyisa imwe kune imwe hurukuro'. [31]
Muchokwadi, zviremera zveAmerica zviri kuyedza kudzivirira vagari vemo kuti vaone kuti nzanga yeCuba yakasimukira sei. Sei? Izvi zvakaburitswa naVaPhilip Peters, vaimbove nhengo yeDhipatimendi reHurumende - pasi peReagan naBush manejimendi - uye mutevedzeri wemutungamiri weLexington Institute. 'Pakupedzisira, chikonzero nei manejimendi asingade chero kufamba kuenda kuCuba iri nyore. Izvo hazvidi kuti vanhu veAmerica vanzwisise, mumaminetsi gumi mushure mekusvika kwavo, kuti vakanyengedzwa nehurumende yavo nezvechokwadi cheCuba', akadaro. [32]
Muna Kubvumbi 2004, Barbara naWally Smith, vaviri vakasiya basa kubva kuVermont, vakatongerwa kubhadhara faindi yeUS$55,000 yekuenda kuCuba uye vakagadzira webhusaiti ine chekuita nerwendo rwavo. Muna Kukadzi 2004, Washington yakarambidza Ibrahim Ferrer, muimbi ane mukurumbira weCuba kubva muboka reBuena Vista Social Club, kuti aende kuUnited States kunotora Grammy Award yake. Kushanya kwake kungadai kwakakuvadza zvido zveAmerica, sekureva kwevakuru vakuru vachireva chikamu 212-f chemutemo wekubvakacha. Chikamu chino chinobata… magandanga, mhondi dzine mhosva nevatengesi vezvinodhaka. [33]
Nhengo dzine mukurumbira dzenharaunda yeCuba neAmerica dzakashora zvakasimba chirongwa cheMutungamiri Bush chekupindira. Alfredo Duran, aimbova nhengo yeUnited States Army, akapinda muCuba paPlaya Girón muna Kubvumbi 1961, muvambi weBay of Pigs Veterans 'Association, akataura kuti "chaive chirevo chechiziviso chinonyadzisa. Inobata mhuri uye haimiriri tsika dzeRepublican Party. Nekudzikamisa mukana wekuti vanhu vekuCuba-America vaende kuCuba kunoshanyira mhuri dzavo nemari yavanogona kushandisa ikoko, mitemo iyi inoranga hama dzavo' akawedzera. [34]
Bepa reChirungu rinochengetedza reFinancial Times rakashoropodzawo nzira itsva dzekuranga vanhu veCuba. "Kubudirira kutsva uku kunoratidza kudzvanyirirwa nevanonyanyisa kurudyi veCuba-America uye zvinonyatsopesana nezvinodiwa kusimudzira kuvhurwa, kushivirira uye democracy muCuba. […] Inomiririra kukanganisa mune zvakakosha zvegwaro rekunze. Nekuda kwezvinotsanangurwa nemumiriri weCongress sechinhu chinoshamisa chekupokana neCuba, zviwanikwa zvakakosha mukurwisa hugandanga zvichaburitswa kune mutemo wezvirango. Uye yakatozokundikana. Nekureva, VaBush vakarairwa zvakaipa kuti vasarudze gwara rinosanganisa pfungwa nezvematongerwo enyika kwenguva pfupi. [35]
Kunyange Mexico, imwe shamwari yakatendeka yeUnited States, iyo hukama hwayo neCuba hwakashata zvakanyanya mumavhiki mashoma apfuura, yakashora chirevo ichi zvisina kunanga kuburikidza nemutungamiri wayo, VaVicente Fox. "Mexico haizouyi zvachose kuchikumbiro ichi chinopokana nehutongi hweCuba, kana kubvuma kupindira munyika ino neimwe nyika," akadaro. [36]
Chete nhengo dzeCuba yakanyanyisa bapiro rekurudyi dzakafarira matanho akatorwa achipokana nehuwandu hweCuba, seNhengo dzeCongress Ileana Ros-Lethinen naLincoln DÃaz-Balart. Vakapofumadzwa neanopesana nerevolutionary aversion anopfuura makumi mana emakore, vakagara vachiisa kugara zvakanaka kwevanhu veCuba pasi pezvavanokoshesa. "Matanho aya anonangana nekusvika demokrasi muCuba uye mazhinji acho akanyorwa mutsamba yatakanyorera kuWhite House gore rapfuura," akadaro Mai Ileana Ros-Lehtinen. [37]
Musi wa14 Chivabvu 2004, vakadaidzwa pamwe chete nevakuru, mamirioni akati wandei vekuCuba vakafora mumigwagwa yeLa Havana nemamwe maguta echitsuwa ichi, vachiratidzira vachipokana negwara rehutongi hweAmerica hwazvino. Kuitira kuzvidzivirira kubva mukupindira kwemauto, hurumende yesocialist yakatora matanho akasarudzika aionekwa seakakosha munyika iyo yatambura nekurwisa kwenguva refu pasi rose kwehugandanga. [38]
Chii chichava danho rinotevera? Kupindirwa nemauto munyika nemauto eUnited States zvichitevera 'chiitiko' chakagadzirwa neWashington, uye chakaitwa nyore nekugara kuripo kwendege yemauto pamusoro peCuba? New York Democrat Congressman, VaJose Serrano, vakamutsa mukana uyu: 'Chii chingaitika kana tikatanga kubhururuka pamusoro pechitsuwa, sezvazvingave zvakadaro, tichiziva hutongi uhwu? Izvi zvinogona kuita nzira yekumutsa mhinduro kubva kuHavana kuitira kuti tive nechikonzero chekurwisa Cuba'. [39]
Vepasi rose nevezvenhau vanofanirwa kushoropodza chirongwa ichi chinotyora kuzvitonga uye kuzvitonga kweCuba, uye kuedza kufa nenzara vanhu vese muzita re 'democracy'. Kana vakatadza kuita izvi, vachatakura mutoro unorema kana pakaitika mhirizhonga yemauto eAmerica pamusoro pevanhu vekuCuba.
ZVINYORWA:
[1] Salim Lamrani, « Les sanctions economiques contre Cuba : objectifs d'une politique imperiale », RISAL, 10 Mbudzi 2003. www.risal.collectifs.net/article.php3 ?id_article=735 (saiti yakabvunzwa 12.05.2004).
[2] Granma, "Bush anogara achifarira kuenda kuCuba kuBin Laden", 29 Kubvumbi 2004. www.granma.cu/espanol/2004/abril/juev29/bush-e.html (saiti yakabvunzwa 30.04. 2004).
[3] Max Baucus, "Baucus Anodaidza Bush Cuba Policy 'Absurd' », Senate.gov, 6 Chivabvu 2004. www.senate.gov/ baucus/Press/04/05/2004506C41.html (saiti yakabvunzwa 14.05. 2004).
[4] United States Dhipatimendi reNyika, Maitiro eGlobal Terrorism 2003 (Washington: United States Department of State, Kubvumbi 2004), p. 86. www.state.gov.documents/organization/31912.pdf (saiti yakabvunzwa 30.04.2004).
[5] David Usborne, « Rumsfeld Akasunungura Mitemo Yekubvunzurudza, Inoti 'New Yorker' », The Independent, 17 May 2004. . www.news.independent.co.uk/world/americas/story.jsp ?story=522047 (saiti yakabvunzwa 17.05.2004); Ignacio Ramonet, « Images et bourreaux », Le Monde Diplomatique, June 2004
[6] Dhipatimendi reUnited States reNyika, Maitiro eGlobal Terrorism 2003, op. cit., p.88; El Nuevo Herald, « Cuba aún mantiene vÃnculos con organizaciones gandanga », 30 Kubvumbi 2004. www.miami.com/mld/elnuevo/news/world/cuba/8552703.htm (saiti yakabvunzwa 30.04. 2004).
[7] Colin L. Powell, Komisheni Yerubatsiro kuCuba Yemahara, (Washington: United States Dhipatimendi reNyika, Chivabvu 2004). www.state.gov/documents/organization/32334.pdf (saiti yakabvunzwa 7.05.2004).
[8] Rui Ferreira, « La última misión de Otto Reich », El Nuevo Herald, 8 Chivabvu 2004. www.miami.com/mld/elnuevo/news/world/cuba/8616852.htm (saiti yakabvunzwa 9.05.2004).
[9] Iyo National Security Archive, Public Diplomacy uye Covert Propaganda. The Declassified Record yeAmbassador Otto Juan Reich (Washington DC : United States Department of State, 2 mars 2001); James Petras, "The Coup Yakatungamirwa neWhite House", Socialist Worker, 9 mai 2002. www.zmag.org/content/LatinAmerican/petrassocwork.cfm (saiti yakabvunzwa 25.02. 2003).
[10] Colin L. Powell, op. cit., p. 22.
[11] Ibid. ; Dan Erikson, Annie Lord & Peter Wolf, Cuba's Social Services : Ongororo yeDzidzo, Hutano, uye Hutsanana (Washington: World Bank, 2002), p. 3.
[12] Colin L. Powell, op. cit., p. 23 ; Latin American Laboratory Yekuongorora uye Hunhu hweDzidzo, "Kudzidza muLatin America", UNESCO, 3 Gunyana 1999. www.unesco.org/education/educnews/99_09_03/latinlab.htm (saiti yakabvunzwa 10.03. 2003).
[13] Colin L. Powell, op. cit., p. 23.
[14] Ibid., p.28.
[15] Mabell Dieppa, « Basulto : US Conspired with Cuba », The Miami Herald, 18 janvier 1997 ; La Jornada, « Los anticastristas quieren llevar a Clinton a la guerra, advierte Fidel », 3 March 1996 ; Wayne S. Smith, « The US-Cuba Imbroglio. Anatomy yeCrisis », Center for International Policy, muna 1996. www.us.net/cip/imbroglio.htm (saiti yakabvunzwa 7.03. 2003).
[16] Colin L. Powell, op. cit., pp. 25, 32.
[17] Salim Lamrani, « Reporters sans frontières et la droite radicale de Floride : une alliance kana grand jour », RISAL, 2 fevrier 2004. http://risal.collectifs.net/article.php3 ?id_article=823 (saiti yakabvunzwa 20.03.2004).
[18] Reporters sans frontières, « Le Comite de soutien à Raúl Rivero distribue des livres aux touristes en partance pour Cuba », 27 mars 2004. www.rsf.org/article.php3 ?id_article=9662 (saiti yakabvunzwa 2.04. 2004).
[19] Colin L. Powell, op. cit., p. 32 ; Isabel Garca Zarza, "Devuelven la ciudadanÃa a siete veteranos de BahÃa de Cochinos", El Nuevo Herald, 22 mai 2004. www.miami.com/mld/elnuevo/news/world/cuba/8727210.htm (saiti yakabvunzwa 25.05. 2004).
[20] Comite Central du Parti Communiste de Cuba, "Matanho Akashata ezvematongerwo enyika uye ehupfumi achipokana nenyika yedu uye achipesana nevagari vemuCuba muUnited States", 7 Chivabvu 2004. www.cubaminrex.cu/English/currentissues/Dec-PCC-Gov.htm (saiti yakabvunzwa 12.05. 2004).
[21] Colin L. Powell, op. cit., p. 40.
[22] Ibid., p.41.
[23] Francisco Aruca, « Una entrevista en La Habana », Progreso Semanal, 27 Chivabvu - 2 Chikumi 2004. www.progresosemanal.com/index.php ?progreso=FranciscoAruca&otherweek=1085634000 (saiti yabvunzwa 28.05.2004).
[24] Haut-commissariat aux droits de l'homme, « Convention pour la prevention et la repression du crime de genocide », United Nations, 9 Zvita 1948. http://193.194.138.190/french/html/menu3/b/p_genoci_fr.htm (saiti yakabvunzwa 10.03. 2004).
[25] Colin L. Powell, op. cit., p. 52.
[26] Comite Central du Parti Communiste de Cuba, op.cit.
[27] New York Times, "Bush Anopikira Kukurumidza Kupera Kutonga kwaCastro muCuba", 7 Chivabvu 2004. www.nytimes.com/reuters/politics/politics-cuba-bush.html (saiti yakabvunzwa 8.05.2004).
[28] New Zealand Herald, "U.S. Chirevo Chakaonekwa Chichidaidza Tougher Cuba Embargo", 6 Chivabvu 2004. www.nzherald.co.nz/latestnewsstory.cfm ?storyID=3564894&thesection=news&thesubsection=world (saiti yakabvunzwa 8.05.2004).
[29] Peter Slevin, « White House Inofamba Kuti Isimbise Cuba Kufamba, Kurambidzwa Kwemari », Washington Post, 7 Chivabvu 2004 : A28.
[30] Krishnadev Calamur naEliza Barclay, « US Inozivisa Matanho eAnti-Cuba », Washington Times, 6 Chivabvu 2004. http://washingtontimes.com/upi-breaking/20040506-053915-4856r.htm (saiti yakabvunzwa 8.05.2004).
[31] Peter Slevin, op. cit.
[32] Dan Griswold, « Ko US Inotengesa neCuba Ichasimudzira Rusununguko kana Kutsigira Hudzvinyiriri? », Cato Institute Policy Forum, 25 Chikunguru 2002, 37. www.cato.org/events/transcript/020725et.pdf (saiti yakabvunzwa 4.11.2002).
[33] Douglas Starr, "Kusimbisa Zvikumbiro paCuba", The Boston Globe, 18 Chivabvu 2004. www.iht.com/articles/520459.html (saiti yakabvunzwa 20.05.2004).
[34] Peter Slevin, op. cit.
[35] Financial Times, "Mutungamiriri: A Cuban Dead-End", 10 Chivabvu 2004. http://search.ft.com/search/article.html ?id=040510000214&query=Cuba&vse_appId=totalSearch&state=Form (saiti yakatariswa 11.05. 2004).
[36] Rui Ferreira, « La última misión de Otto Reich », op. cit.
[37] Pablo Alfonso, « Severas medidas contra Castro », El Nuevo Herald, 7 Chivabvu 2004. www.miami.com/mld/elnuevo/8608187.htm (saiti yakabvunzwa 8.05.2004).
[38] Granma « Fidel encabeza gigantesca marcha en La Habana. Bush cares de autoridad moral para hablar de Cuba », 14 May 2004. www.granma.cu/espanol/2004/mayo/vier14/fidelmarcha.html (saiti yakabvunzwa 17.05.2004).
[39] Albor Ruiz, "Bush Yakashata Kurova Cuba", New York Daily News, 9 Chivabvu 2004. www.nydailynews.com/boroughs/story/191433p-165512c.html (saiti yakabvunzwa 11.05.2004).
ZNetwork inopihwa mari chete kuburikidza nerupo rwevaverengi vayo.
dhoneta