Sarudzo dzakaitwa muNepal, Mbudzi gore rapfuura, dzakashamisa vazhinji apo maMaoist akadzingwa pachinzvimbo chechitatu chiri kure apo Nepalese Congress yerudyi yakabuda sebato rakakura. Mubvunzurudzo neViewpoint, Feyzi Ismail anotsanangura chikonzero nei?
'Vhoti yakashandiswa kutanga ranga vaMaoist uye, chechipiri, kubvumira mapato makuru mukana wekuunza kugadzikana kuNepal,' anodaro.
A Teaching Fellow paChikoro cheOriental and African Studies (SOAS), London, Feyzi Ismail akatsvakurudza pamusoro peNGOs, kufamba kwevanhu uye kuruboshwe muNepal. Verenga pa:
Mhedzisiro yesarudzo dzakaitwa muna Mbudzi 19 muNepal zvino dzapedzwa neElection Commission. Chii chaikosha pasarudzo idzi? Ndeupi misiyano, kana iripo, kubva musarudzo dzakapfuura?
Mhedzisiro dzesarudzo muNepal dzinoratidza kurambwa kwezvipikirwa zvakakundikana zveUnified Communist Party yeNepal (Maoist) kana UCPN, bato rakatanga Hondo yeVanhu yemakore gumi izvo zvakazokonzera kubviswa kwehumambo muna 10. Kuodzwa mwoyo uku. nemaMaoist zvaireva kuvhota kwakakura kwemapato makuru - Nepali Congress uye CPN (Unified Marxist-Leninist) kana UML, ayo ave nesimba kwemakumi emakore - asi hazvina kureva kurambwa kwemaitiro ezvematongerwo enyika. Kunyange hazvo huwandu hwevakanyoresa kuvhota hwakaderera nemamiriyoni mashanu kubva muna 2008, maererano nevenhau zhinji vavhoti vanga vachiri pamusoro pe77 percent. Izvi hazvireve kuti vavhoti vakakurudzirwa nemapato makuru, uye havavimbi navo. Vhoti yakashandiswa pekutanga ranga vaMaoist uye, chechipiri, kubvumira mapato makuru mukana wekuunza mwero wekugadzikana kuNepal.
Sarudzo idzi, sezvaiitwa neConstituent Assembly (CA) dzakapfuura, dzaive dzekusarudza dare reConstituent Assembly rine vanhu mazana matanhatu nerimwe vaigona kunyora bumbiro idzva. Iyo CA inoshandawo separamende yeNepal. Dare repamusoro reCA rakatadza kunyora Bumbiro reMitemo nekuda kwekusiyana kunotyisa pamusoro pemagadzirirwo ehurumende pasi penyika, uye kuti zviwanikwa zvaizogovewa sei mumadzinza nemarudzi. Sezvakaitwa nesarudzo dzakapfuura, zvigaro mazana maviri nemakumi mana zvaifanira kusarudzwa kuburikidza nekutanga-yapfuura-iyo-nzvimbo, uye mazana matatu nemakumi matatu neshanu kuburikidza neproportional representation (PR). Vasara makumi maviri nevatanhatu vanodomwa nedare remakurukota rine nhengo gumi neimwe, sachigaro wemutungamiri wehurumende. Asi panewo misiyano mikuru. Sarudzo dzeConstituent Assembly muna 601 dzaiitika mune tariro huru zvichitevera bato regutsaruzhinji ra240, iro rakamanikidza Mambo Gyanendra - anga ari mambo wekupedzisira muNepal - kwete kungodzosera paramende mushure menguva inodarika gore mutemo wechimbichimbi, asi kubuda mune zvematongerwo enyika. Sarudzo dzemusi wa335 Mbudzi dzakauya mushure memakore mashanu ezvematongerwo enyika evazhinji, kusagadzikana kwezvematongerwo enyika pakati pemapato ezvematongerwo enyika uye pasina shanduko yechokwadi muhupenyu hwevarombo. Kuvhota kwakabatsira, mugumisiro wekuodzwa mwoyo pane kukurudzirwa. Vanhukadzi vashoma nemadzinza mashoma vakaiswa pamberi peCA iyi zvichienzaniswa neyakapfuura, uye paive nemapato akawanda ekusarudza kubva musarudzo idzi - mapato zana nemakumi maviri nemaviri akapa vanhu vachakwikwidza musarudzo idzi, asi muna 26 maive nemapato makumi manomwe nemana akanyoresa.
Chokwadi mumwe mutsauko ndewekuti sarudzo dzichangopfuura dzakaputirwa nemubatanidzwa wemapato makumi matatu nematatu urikukurudzira kuramwa mabasa. Mubatanidzwa wemapato makumi matatu nematatu wakatungamirwa neCommunist Party yeNepal (Maoist), bato rakakosha rakapatsanuka kubva kuUCPN muna Chikumi 33 pamusoro pezvavanoti maMaoist akapandukira zvinangwa zvebato. CPN yakataura kuti sarudzo idzi - uye iyo CA inoumbwa semhedzisiro - hazvisi pamutemo nekuti hazvigone kuitwa pasi pehutongi hwenguva pfupi hunotungamirwa neMutongi Mukuru weDare Repamusorosoro. Kunyange zvazvo zvisiri pamutemo zvakashumwa panguva yesarudzo, iyo yaitarisirwa nezviuru zvevacherechedzi venyika nevekunze uye yakaziviswa yakasununguka uye yakasununguka, migumisiro yakamira. Kuumbwa kweCA, zvisinei, kwakakanganiswa nekunonoka kuendesa mazita enhengo dzeCA kuElection Commission, uye kunetsana pakati pemutungamiri wenyika neMutongi Mukuru pamusoro pekuti ndiani achadaidza musangano wekutanga weCA.
UCPN yakadzoserwa pachinzvimbo chechitatu chiri kure zvichitevera sarudzo, ukuwo Congress yakakunda. Neiko vaMaoist vakava vasingafarirwi zvikuru munhambo pfupi yakadaro yenguva? Musarudzo dzakapfuura, kuratidza kwavo kwaishamisa. Sei paine gakava resarudzo?
UCPN yakawana rutsigiro nekufamba kwemakore nekuti vaivavarira kumiririra imwe nzira yechokwadi yemakumi emakore ekukundikana kwevimbiso nemapato makuru. Vakanga vakurudzira uye vakakurudzira vanhu kuti varwire kururamisira, vakanga vatanga masangano akafanana aipikisa mamiriro ezvinhu uye kwenguva yakati aiita sekunge vaive nehurongwa husingachinji hwaizodzivirira zvido zvevarombo. Musarudzo dzakapfuura vanopfuura chikamu chimwe muzvitatu chevavhoti vakavhotera maMaoist. Kunyange hazvo vakahwina zvigaro mazana maviri nemakumi maviri, havana kukwanisa kuumba ruzhinji muCA. Zvinopokanwa kuti vakakwanisa kuumba ruzhinji vangadai vakashandisa nhevedzano yeshanduko shoma. Izvo padivi, dambudziko chairo raive sarudzo muna 220 yekuita runyararo rwakafambiswa neIndia uye kutora chikamu mune zvematongerwo enyika dzeparamende panguva imwe chete vachisiya zvematongerwo enyika.
Kubva vapinda muhurumende maMaoist havana kukwanisa kutarisa nezve kupihwa neveruzhinji, uye kutadza kuratidza kune veruzhinji kusiyana kwavo. Panzvimbo pezvo, vakasimbisa murangariro wakapararira wokuti vezvamatongerwe enyika vose vane uori uye havafariri kuchinja. Nokuda kweizvi Maoist haana kuunganidza zvigaro makumi masere. Congress yakatora huwandu hwe196, 105 avo vakasarudzwa kuburikidza nekutanga-yapfuura-iyo-post. UML yakaitawo zvakanaka, yakatora zvigaro zana nemakumi manomwe neshanu. Kuparara kwevhoti yeMaoist saka kune chekuita nekutadza kwavo kuburitsa chero mhedzisiro inobatika: mune yavo ichangoburwa muhurumende (pamwe chete nemubatanidzwa wemapato eMadhesi), kwakatora mwedzi ingangoita makumi maviri, maMaoist akange asiri chete. vasingakwanisi kugovera betsero dzokunyama kuvarombo zvikurusa asi akaita kufambira mberi zvishoma chete pagwara. Kukundikana kwainyatsooneka kwakanga kusiri kugadzira Bumbiro reMitemo rakavimbiswa, iro ivo pamwe nevamwe vaiti raizounza kugadzikana kwezvematongerwo enyika. Asi zvichida chimwe chechinetso chakanga chisiri kukundikana kunyora Bumbiro reMitemo asi kuti kunyanyosimbisa Bumbiro reMitemo, uye kusakwana pakupa zvinhu zvinobatsira โ migwagwa, zvikoro nemakiriniki ezvoutano izvo zviri kushaikwa zvikuru.
Nepo chinzvimbo cheMaoist chave chekugonesa kuwana zviwanikwa kune vedzinza madiki uye Madhesis pasi pehurongwa hwemubatanidzwa, havana kukwanisa kumirisana nehurongwa hweparamende kunyangwe pamubvunzo uyu unokosha. Zvido zveboka nemapoka zvevakuru vari kutonga izvo zviri kutyisidzirwa nekugovaniswazve zvakakurira maMaoist, uye pachinzvimbo chekurwisa zvido zvevakuru vakakanda mapfumo pasi, vachizivikanwa nehuwori husingaenzaniswi nemamwe mapato. Kupatsanurwa kwebato muna 2012 kungadai kwakakonzerawo hukuru hwevarombo, nepo kune vasiri vatsigiri vepakati, kuvhotera maMaoist (avo tsigiro yavo yadzikira) kwakaonekwa kusisabatsiri. Pakupedzisira, kuvepo kwakanyanya kwekuchengetedza kwakatenderedza sarudzo kwakakanganisa mapato ese. Hurumende yakatumira zvingangoita zvikamu zviviri muzvitatu zvemauto kuti vachengetedze panguva yesarudzo, uye muganho pakati peIndia neNepal wakavharwa kwemazuva akati wandei mukumhanya uye panguva yesarudzo, neIndia ichibvuma kushandira pamwe nekuchengetedza, zvinhu. uye kuongorora. Pakange paine mishumo yekuti uku kwakawedzera kuvepo kwekuchengetedzwa, pamwe nekuramba kwemubatanidzwa wemapato makumi matatu nematatu nemhirizhonga yakazotevera, zvakakurudzira vamwe kuti vasavhote.
UML yakawanazve rutsigiro uye vhoti yekuruboshwe ichiri yakakura kupfuura yerudyi, maererano nezvigaro, zvirinani. Kunyangwe pakanga pasina shanduko yekurudyi, pakanga paine imwe shanduko. Ungazvitsanangura sei?
Iyo Nepali Congress yakawana zvakare chinzvimbo chayo chekuve bato hombe muNepal, ichitsiva Maoists. Asi seMaoist muna 2008, yakatadza kuumba ruzhinji. Mapato emonarchist RPP neRPP-Nepal vakaitawo zvirinani - musarudzo dzakapfuura vakahwina chete zvigaro zvisere uye zvina zvakateerana, nepo musarudzo idzi vakawana zvigaro gumi nematatu nemakumi maviri nemana - pamwe chete hafu yezvigaro zvakawanikwa nevaMaoist. India yakatsigira sarudzo idzi netarisiro yekuti ruzhinji rwakajeka rweCongress ruchaona maMaoist achibuda musimba. Zvisinei nekubudirira kuri kuita zano iri uye kuwana kodzero, kuvhota kwaisave kunoratidza kuvimba nevavhoti mukodzero, uye hapana pfungwa yokuti kudzorera humambo uye kumutsidzira nyika yechiHindu, iyo iyo RRP-N iri kurwira, inoshanda. Iyo RPP-Nepal pachayo inoita kunge ine kupatsanurana pamusoro pekusawirirana pakusarudzwa kwemazita kune yavo PR list.
Chinangwa chemushandirapamwe weCongress ndechekusimudzira bhizinesi, uye kubudirira kwayo musarudzo akapa chivimbo kumisika. Congress yagara iine hukama hwakasununguka neIndia, uye ine chinangwa chekufambisa mari yakawanda, rubatsiro uye kutengeserana kubva kuIndia. UML yakawana nekuti vanoonekwa sechikamu chekugadzwa, kune rimwe divi bato rakachengetedzeka, rine mwero, uye kune rimwe divi bato rinenge riine zvisaririra zvekusiya zvitupa. Kubva 2008, ingave UML kana maMaoists vakatungamira hurumende, kudzamara Mutongi Mukuru atora chigaro kwenguva pfupi. Kunyangwe maMaoist uye nekuruboshwe kuruboshwe vakakwanisa kuputsa hegemony yeNepali Congress, zviri hazvishamise kuti kana kuruboshwe rworuboshwe rwatadza kupa kongiri uye inokunda zano rekuona imwe nzira, kodzero ichawana. Zvichakadaro, dambudziko rekugadzirisa zvinodikanwa zvekumiririrwa pakati pemarudzi akashongedzwa, vakadzi nemaDalits, richiripo.
Chinhu chimwe ndechechokwadi: kuodzwa mwoyo nemapato ezvematongerwo enyika uye vezvematongerwo enyika kwakabatanidzwa. Vanhu vakadyiswa kwete nezvematongerwo enyika asi nevezvematongerwo enyika. No bato rakawana rutsigiro rwakakura uye mapato ese anoenderera mberi nekupa kubvumirana. Chikamu chedambudziko nekubvumirana - kunyanya kana Congress iri kutungamira - ndeyekuti kwete chete kumhanya kwechero shanduko kunononoka asi democracy inotambura. Sarudzo dziri kuverengwa pari zvino dzinoitwa kuburikidza neHigh Level Political Committee (HLPC) ine vatungamiri vepamusoro vemapato mana makuru. Sezvo sarudzo dzaitwa uye mazita aendeswa, kuita sarudzo kunofanirwa kuitwa kuburikidza neCA yakasarudzwa, kwete HLPC, isina kusarudzwa kana kubuda pachena.
Kupera kwehumambo kwaive kubudirira kwevaNepali vakasara, kunyanya maMaoist. Asi iwe unofunga kuti pane zvimwe zvakakosha zvakaitwa neNepali zvakasara zvakave nerutsigiro rwakafara rwekuruboshwe, kana asiri maMaoist?
Kubviswa kwehumambo kwaive kubudirira kukuru, uye maMaoist aive pachena aive pakati pekubudirira uku. VaMaoist vakakurudzirawo kuti CA yekutanga ive mumiriri, uye vakaita basa mukuona kuti izvozvo 33 muzana yezvigaro zvakaenda kuvakadzi, zvigaro makumi mana zvakaenda kuDalits uye 40 kune vemarudzi maduku. Iyo CA yapfuura yaionekwa sedare rinomiririra zvakanyanya munhoroondo yeNepal uye rakanyanya kumiririra kupfuura mamwe maparamende mazhinji pasi rese. Asi kwanga kusiri kungomiririra kana kubatanidzwa kwairwirwa neMaoist, pakutanga. VaMaoist vakaziva kare kuti kudzvinyirirwa kwemarudzi nemitauro kwaifanira kupinzwa muhondo yekirasi, uye kuti Nepal yaisagona kusunungurwa pasina kuenzana kwakakwana uye rusununguko rwemarudzi ose. Vakatora chikonzero chekuzvisarudzira sechikamu chepakati chezano ravo.
Saka maMaoist, uye nhoroondo yeUML, yakapesvedzera kukura kwekuziva kwezvematongerwo enyika muNepal. UML payakasiya chero pfungwa dzezvematongerwo enyika dzakasimba uye ikaita danho rekugamuchira miganhu yeparamende, nzvimbo yakasiiwa yakavhurika kune veMaoist. Mapato ekuruboshwe anobva kutsika yakarebesa yekuronga-kuruboshwe muNepal, yakapesvedzerwa nesangano rekuzvitonga muIndia muma1930 nema40s. Kubva pakazoumbwa bato rekutanga reCommunist of Nepal muna 1949, pfungwa dzeruboshwe dzave nesimba, mungave mukupikisa muparamende kana kunze kweparamende. Kunewo maonero akapararira muNepal kuti ruboshwe ruri kudivi revarombo uye vanodzvinyirirwa. Mapato anoti zita rechikomunisiti rinotora nhoroondo iyi uye rinoshandisa maonero aya.
Asi mapato akasiya aona zvichinetsa, kana zvisingaite, kuti vazadzikise zvavakavimbisa vari muhurumende. Kana vaMaoist vaiziva nezvekuchinja kweUML kurudyi, vakatadza kutora zvidzidzo zvekudzivirira shanduko yakadai. Kuramba kwavo kutambira zvakabuda musarudzo vachida kuti paitwe ongororo yesarudzo uye kunonoka kuumbwa kweCA, kunongoratidza kudzika kwekudzika kwavo muhukuru uye kuramba kufunga zvikanganiso zvekare. Munguva pfupi yapfuura, pane zviratidzo kuti iyo UCPN inogona kupatsanurwa pamusoro pekusawirirana pakati pevatungamiri vakuru pamusoro pePR list. Kubva pavakapinda mune zvematongerwo enyika zvakabvumiranwa muhurumende uye kusiya maonero ekirasi, vakabvumira nyaya dzemaitiro kutonga mamiriro ezvematongerwo enyika uye vakasiya vatsigiri vavo vekare vachiwedzera kuodzwa mwoyo.
Kubva pakapinda maMaoist mune mainstream, chii chaunoona semisiyano yakakura pakati peUCPN neUML?
Sezvo maMaoist vakasarudza kujoinha ruzhinji, hapana mubvunzo kuti vakaswedera pedyo neUML. MaMaoist anochengeta mwero wekutaura nezve ramangwana resocialist nzanga, kusiyana neUML, asi kumapato ese ari maviri chirongwa ndechekusimudzira hupfumi pamwe nemitsara ye capitalist. Zvinopokana kuti maMaoist vakaita chikanganiso ichi pavakapinda muruzhinji kana kuti yaive yakamira muhurongwa hwavo hwekumukira. UML yakaita chibvumirano ichi mukutanga kwema1970. Mapato ese ari maviri anotaura nezvekuunza runyararo nebudiriro kuNepal nekuchengetedza kana kusimudzira kodzero dzevakadzi, madzinza, Madhesis nedzimwe nharaunda dzakasarirwa, asi UML inoti ine hurongwa hwechokwadi uye zvinangwa zvinogoneka, uye kuti vaMaoist vanoita zvipikirwa zvenhema. Zvakadaro UML inotadza kuburitsa zano rakajeka rekuti kubatanidzwa uku kuitwe sei, kunze kwehutongi hwejekerere husina kujeka.
Padanho rehurongwa, pane misiyano pakati peUCPN neUML pamusoro pekugadziridza nyika. UML inokurudzira muenzaniso wevakawanda-identity-based federalism, ichipikisa kuti Maoist's ethnicity-based model ine mukana wekukurudzira kupatsanurwa uye kupatsanura. Pano iyo UML iri padyo neNepali Congress, uye iyo sarudzo dzakavaswededza pedyo. VaMaoist, kune rumwe rutivi, vanoramba vachipokana kuti federalism pahwaro hwekuzivikanwa huchaisa kuenzana kwemarudzi, izvo Bumbiro re1990 uye kuedza kwekuendesa matunhu zvakatadza kuita. Asi sarudzo dzakanyatsobvisa chivimbo chevaMaoist, uye vanobvuma kuti havana kukwanisa. kupwisa veruzhinji pamusoro pemubvunzo wedzinza. Zvimwe hazvisi zvekusakwanisa kugonesa veruzhinji, zvisinei, sekushaikwa kwezano mukubata nemubvunzo wenyika: kusimudzira kuvandudzwa kweruzivo rwemadzinza pasina maonero ekirasi uye kuchengeta manyepo mune pfungwa yekuti kubvumirana- Bumbiro remitemo rakavakirwa richagadzirisa zvakaringana zvichemo zvekare nezvido zvazvino zvekodzero dzemarudzi. UML ine ruzivo rwakawanda sebato rine mwero muhurumende, uye nepo vaMaoist vakagamuchira mwero mune zvematongerwo enyika, dzimwe nguva vanokumbira kune yavo yapfuura sevanomukira. Saka pane misiyano pakati peUCPN neUML asi misiyano iyi iri kuramba ichive shoma.
Ndedzipi tarisiro dzenguva yemberi dzaunoona kune veNepali vakasara?
Ipo paimbova maMaoist akasarudzika nzanga pamwe nemitsara yekirasi, pari zvino hapana nzvimbo yezvematongerwo enyika iyo veruzhinji vanogona kuunganidzwa. Chokwadi pane kusawirirana mune zvematongerwo enyika, asi izvi zviri kunyanya pakati pevezvematongerwo enyika, avo vese vanogamuchira hwaro hwekuvandudzwa kweneoliberal. CPN, iyo ingadai yakaita basa rakakosha semauto anopikisa kunze kwehurumende, inokurudzira kuti paitwe musangano weround-tafura nemapato ese - kusanganisira kodzero - kubatwa paBumbiro reMitemo nezvematongerwe enyika mune ramangwana, panzvimbo yeCA. Kunyange zvazvo bato iri pachena nezvekusabatana nehurumende kana kutora chikamu muCA, yakataura kuti kana UCPN yaizobatana neCPN mumigwagwa uye kugadzirisa kukanganisa kwakapfuura, yaizobatana zvakare neUCPN. Iyi nzira, zvakadaro, ichiri kutadza kutarisa zvakadzama kuti chii chakashata panguva yeHondo yeVanhu uye zvakazoitika. Zvichida imwe yehutera hwekuruboshwe ipapo ndeyekuti hutungamiriri hunoita sehusingadi kuongorora zvakanyanya kukanganisa kwekare, kunyangwe paine inoda kutariswa pakati peiyo UCPN chinzvimbo uye faira. Kunyange paine chokwadi mune zvinorehwa neCPN zvekuti Bumbiro reMitemo idzva richafarira mamiriro ezvinhu uye izvozvo hazvizove bumbiro remitemo yevanhu, CPN haina kuzviratidza kuti isimba rinopikisa rinovimbika. Kuedza kwakakundikana kukanganisa sarudzo - kutanga kuramba uyezve kubvuma kubhomba pamberi pesarudzo โ apo mafungiro eruzhinji aifarira sarudzo, hazvaigona kubatsira kukurumbira kweCPN. NeNepali Congress neUML nevatsigiri vavo vekune dzimwe nyika vachiwana simba repamusoro zvichitevera sarudzo, uye neIndia yave kuvimbisa mamwe madhiri ekudyara nekutengeserana senzira yerunyararo nekugadzikana, zvikamu zvekuruboshwe zvine mukana. Havafanire kungofumura kutadza kwevari muhurumende chete, asi kuti vapewo motokari iyo ruzhinji runogona kuratidza kusawirirana kwavo uye kupa dzimwe nzira. Izvi hazvireve kushora kwekuruboshwe kana kukanganiswa nerudyi, asi kuungana kutenderedza seti yezvido zvegutsaruzhinji zvinogadzirisa zvinodikanwa zveruzhinji.
ZNetwork inopihwa mari chete kuburikidza nerupo rwevaverengi vayo.
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