Murray Bookchin (1921-2006) akanzwisisa kare kupfuura chero ani zvake kuti dambudziko rezvakatipoteredza rakanga risiri kuuya chete asi rakaisa dambudziko kune capitalism uye kurongeka kwese kwemagariro. Mumakore ekuma1950 nema1960, vanhu vakawanda vasati vatomboziva kuti ecology chii, aikurudzira mhinduro dzakakosha. Kuva pamberi penguva yake, zvisinei, kwaireva kuti mifungo yake yaigona kufuratirwa kana kuti kushurikidzwa apo yakatanga kubudiswa; vanoramba vachizivikanwa zvisina kukwana nhasi.
Bookchin akabatana nesangano reAmerican Communist pazera remakore mapfumbamwe, munguva yeGreat Depression; aodzwa mwoyo, akanga ari muTrotskyistโmutezo weSocialist Workers Party (Fourth International)โkubva muna 1939 kusvikira muna 1947. Pashure paikoko akaramba Marxism yezvamatongerwe enyika asi akaramba akazvipira kufambisira mberi purojekiti yechimurenga chokurwisana noukuru. Aizofungazve zvematongerwo enyika echimurenga, otsvaga hurongwa hutsva hwazvo. Akatsaurira hupenyu hwake hwose kudzidziso, kukurudzira, uye kuedza kuronga chimurenga chaizova kwete chesocialist chete asi (kusiyana neMarxian socialism) antihierarchical, democratic, uye ecological.
Kutanga muna 1952, Bookchin akatanga kunyora nezve โdambudziko remakemikari ari muchikafuโ kumagazini yeNew York. Matambudziko Aripo. Vati kushandiswa kwemishonga yezvipembenene, mishonga yesora nemimwe mukurima kuri kukanganisa utano hwevanhu. Kuti vaderedze kudiwa kwavo, akakurudzira muchato wetaundi nenyikaโkureva kuti, kurima zvokudya pedyo nepazvinofanira kudyirwa, kudyara, kutarisira, uye kukohwa zvirimwa munharaunda iyoyo. Akashoropodza kushandiswa kwekurima mumwe chete uye akadana zvirimwa zvakasiyana; akashora kuneta kwevhu repamusoro uye akarayira kutenderedzwa kwezvirimwa; akashora kurima kwakakura, kwepakati, uko kwakaderedza varimi kuvashandi, uye kudana panzvimbo pekurima diki, umo avo vaishanda ivhu vaichengeta kubatana kunokosha kune zvakasikwa. Pakazere, akashora kunyudzwa kwekurima muhurongwa hwecapitalist, uko kwaishandira kukosha kwekuwedzera purofiti, uye panzvimbo pacho akadana kurima organic, kwakabatanidzwa pane kuparadzaniswa nekugara kwevanhu. Pamwero weuzivi, akatsoropodza kuparadzaniswa kwevanhu kubva kune zvakasikwa.
Asi mukati mema1950, apo vaAmerica vakanga vakabatikana kupemberera โkurarama zviri nani kupfurikidza nekemesitiri,โ vashomanene vaida kunzwa nezvengozi dzoutano dzamakemikoro iwayo, kana kuti ngozi dzendangariro dze<em>capitalism.
Mumazuva iwayo, US, yakavharirwa mujaho rezvombo neSoviet Union, yaiedza zvombo zvenyukireya muPacific. Zvishoma nezvishoma sangano rakatanga kupikisa kuedzwa. Bookchin yaive chikamu chayo, ichisimudza alarm yekuti fallout yaikuvadzawo hutano hwevanhu. Kusafanana nemimwe mitezo yesangano rorugare ravama 1950, iye akatsoropodza kwete bedzi kuedza kwezvombo asiwo โmaatomu orugareโโsimba renyukireya. Muna 1963 Con Ed akakarakadza kuvaka gwenya renyukireya muRavenswood, Queens, muna 1963. Bookchin akabatanidzwa mukurwisana nayo, uko kwakanga kuri kurwisana kwokutanga kwenzanga mukurwisana nesimba renyukireyaโiyo yakauraya chirongwa chacho nenzira inobudirira.
Mukuvamba kwama1960 tyisidziro itsva kuutano hwomunhu dzakaratidzika kuva dziri kwose kwose. Maguta makuru akanga ari nzvimbo dzokushatisa mhepo nemvura; mhepo ine chepfu nemvura zvakare zvakanga zvichiita kuti munhu arware. Kungogara mumaguta akawandisa kwaikonzera kusagadzikana kusingadzoreki, uye kushushikana (kwaingove kunzwisiswa) kwaive nemhedzisiro yehutano.
Maguta makuruโmegalopolisโakanga achikonzera rimwe dambudziko renguva refu. Vaivimba nekushandiswa kwemafuta efossil. Asi fossil fuels, iye akanyora muna 1964, vakanga vachibudisa chimwe chinhu chinonzi greenhouse effect: โIri gumbeze riri kukura re<em>carbon dioxide, kupfurikidza nokudzivisa kupisa kunoyerera kubva pasi kuenda muchadenga, richatungamirira kukukwira kwetembiricha yomuchadenga, kukutenderera kwemhepo kwamasimba masimba zvikuru, kumadutu anoparadza zvikuru. , uye pakupedzisira kunyunguduka kweaizi yepasi (zvichida mumazana maviri kana matatu emakore), kukwira kwemvura yemugungwa, uye kuzara kwenzvimbo huru dzenyika. Kure semafashamo akadaro, kuchinja kwe<em>carbon dioxide kune mamwe magasi omuchadenga inyevero yetapuro iri kuita munhu pakuenzanisa kwechisiko.โ
Nyika yakadaro yakanga isiri nzvimbo yokuti vanhu vararame. Vanhuwo zvavo, Bookchin akagutsikana, aisazozvimiririra. Vaisazoshivirira uku kurwiswa kwakapararira uye kwakarongeka pahutano hwavo, pakuvimbika kwemiviri yavo. Vaisazomirira kuparadzwa kwemhoteredzo negreenhouse effect. Nekuda kwekurarama chete, vaizomukira kupesana nehurongwa hwaiburitsa zvese izvi. Muganhu kucapitalism wakanga usiri, sezvakanga zvaitwa naMarx, kunyengedzwa kweboka revashandi; kwaiva kukukurwa kweutano hwevanhu.
Sosaiti isina capitalism yaizova iyo yakaenzaniswa nevanhu, umo taundi nenyika zvakabatanidzwa; umo kurima kwaive kwenzvimbo uye chikamu chehupenyu hwemazuva ese.
Uye yaizova isina mafuta efossil.1
Maguta makuru, akadaro, anotsamira pamasimba makuru epakati pesimba. Kubva kuma1950, musayendisiti kuMIT anga achiedza neatsva, mamwe masosi esimba: zuva, mhepo mafungu. Aya masimba echisikigo anogona kushandiswa chero kupi zvako. Kusiyana nemafuta efossil, ayo akakosha kune yakakura nharaunda, aya mamwe masosi emagetsi anozvikweretesa kune chizvarwa chakaiswa uye varidzi. Iwo anogona kushandiswa pachiyero chenharaunda mune solar panels uye mhepo turbines, mudiki hydro, geothermal zvidyarwa. Kutanga mukutanga 1960s, Murray akapokana kuti solar, mhepo, uye tidal simba zvaive zvakakodzerwa nediki-diki, inozvibata, yakatemerwa nharaunda dzinozvitonga.
Asi social ecology, sekudaidza kwaakaita iyi pfungwa, zvaisareva kudzoka kune husiku hwekare-maitiro evarimi. Nemhaka yoruzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu rwazvino unoโuyo Bookchin akaona seakanaka zvikuruโbasa nokushanda zvakaoma zvaigona kubviswa. Vanhu vaisazofanira kushanda, nekuti michina yaizoita basa racho. Vaizosununguka kuve vakagadzira.
Muna 1962 akaburitsa pfungwa idzi mubhuku rinonzi Yedu Synthetic Environment. Mwedzi mishoma gare gare Rachel Carson akaburitsa Silent Spring, iyo yakamusimudza zvachose, uye akaisawo kutsoropodza kwemishonga inouraya zvipembenene muhurongwa hwaienderana necapitalism.
Asi nekufamba kwenguva Bookchin aive chokwadi kuti dambudziko raive system. Nepo Carson akakodzera kurumbidzwa nekumutsa kufamba kwazvino kwezvakatipoteredza, Bookchin-nekushoropodza kwakanyanya-anofanirwa kupihwa mbiri sababa veiyo radical ecology movement. Yake muna 1964 Ecology uye Kufunga Kwekuchinja yaive yekutanga manifesto yeradical ecology.
Pakati pema1960, iye neboka rake rezvematongerwo enyika โ New York Federation of Anarchists โ vakaenda kukuratidzira vakatakura zvikwangwani zvaidaidzira kuti โecology nenharaundaโ vanhu vakati, โchii ecology?โ Akaedza kunyengerera vanhu vakuru muNew Left kuti ecology inofanira kunge iri nyaya yakakosha kwavari. Asi vaive vakabatikana zvakanyanya nekutevedzera Che Guevara naMao Zedong naHo Chi Minh uye kuwedzera kwechimurenga cheMarxist. Vaiona kushushikana kwemhoteredzo nemakemikari kuve petty bourgeois uye vamwe vakaseka Murray se "Smokey the Bear."
Asi neZuva rePasi 1970 uye kutanga kwekufamba kwezvakatipoteredza, pfungwa dzake dzakangoerekana dzauya panguva. Muna 1974 akavamba chikoro muVermont - Institute for Social Ecology - izvo zvakapa zviuru zvevacheche kuratidzwa kwavo kwekutanga kurima organic uye simba rezuva nemhepo.
Kudai iyi seti yekukudziridza yemazano yanga iri mupiro weBookchin wese, angadai akafanirwa nenzvimbo munhoroondo yakakura. Asi pakanga pane zvakawanda. Aive wekutanga kuita musangano wedemocracy chikamu chechirongwa chesocialist.
Kusiya Marxism zvairevawo kusiya pfungwa dzeMarxian nezvesangano rekuchinja. Kufungazve nezvechirongwa cheshanduko kwaireva kusarudza masangano matsva echimurenga, chokwadi chimiro chezvematongerwo enyika chenzanga itsva, nenzira yaisazodzoreredza hutongi hweMarxist. Panofanira kunge kusisina Stalins, pasisina Robespierres. Bato idzva rechimurenga raizofanira kunge risina hudzvinyiriri. Uye pachinzvimbo chekuisiya kune yanguard Politburo kuti iite sarudzo, yaizoita sarudzo zvine demokrasi.
Kuvambira kumashure kuma1950 mamwewo aive akamusikira, akave mumiriri wedemocracy yakatarisana. Akaziva kuti vaAtene vekare vakanga vatungamirira nzanga yose pamwe chete, kuburikidza nemagungano evagari vemo. Kana zvaigona kuitwa kamwe chete, zvaigona kuitwa zvakare. Zvamazvirokwazvo, zvino sezvo unyanzvi hwokugadzira zvinhu hwakaderedza kudikanwa kwebasa rokugadzira, nzanga ingagona kuenzana kana kuti kupfuura utongi hwezvido zvevanhu hweAtene.
Kutanga mukupera kwema1970, Bookchin akaedza kunyengerera kuruboshwe kuti iyi ndiyo yaive nzira yakanaka kutora. VaMarxists veNew Left vakanga vasingafariri, asi mhirizhonga, pasi pehutungamiri hwake, yakawana rumutsiriro uye yakagashira kudanwa kwake kwekuzvitonga kwenharaunda munharaunda yezvakatipoteredza. Vamwe vanarchist vakamuseka se "institution freak," asi ainzwisisa kuti raive basa rebato rekuchinja kuti ripe hwaro hwesangano idzva.
Kusangano reshanduko resangano, akatanga (muna 1969) achifambisira mberi boka rekubatana sechinhu chakakosha. Mudzidzi uye munyori wenhoroondo we 1930s revolutionary Spanish anarchism, akawana kuti ava vakasununguka vakazvironga se grupos de afinidad, zvikwata zvevadiki, vakabatana vakabatana vanoshanda pamwechete pamapurojekiti akafanana. Yaive Bookchin yakaunza zita uye zano kubva kuSpanish anarchism kupinda muAmerican mamiriro. The anuclear movement Clamshell Alliance (maakatora chikamu) akatora boka rekubatana sechikamu chesangano muna 1976-78. Mapoka eAffinity kubvira ave musimboti kune vekuruboshwe musangano kuronga, kusvika 1999 anti-WTO Seattle kuratidzira uye mberi.
Dai boka rekubatana raive resangano rekufamba, chikamu chemasangano chesangano idzva chaizova gungano reruzhinji rwevanhu vakatarisana. Mushonga wekudzora magariro evanhu nemasimba makuru asiri munhu, kuhutungamiriri nekutonga, kuhupfumi hwemusika, kumusika nzanga, uye kugadzirisa zvese zvehupenyu hwemagariro uye hwemunhu, ishamwari yakatarisana kubva pasi zvichikwiraโ kuvaka sangano retsika rinopikisa capitalism, uye communal democracy. .โTinoda zvikuru nzanga yakadzikama,โ aiudza vateereri, โkumutsiridzwa kwenharaunda, kupiwazve simba kwevagari vedu, nharaunda inokosha yeruzhinji umo vanhu vanogona kuwanazve kuonana nomumwe nomumwe uye kutora kutonga kwavanoda. โ
Apo vezvemhoteredzo vakakarakadza kuti gadziriro youpenyu yaigona kuchengetedzwa kupfurikidza nokudzivisa kunyanyisa kwe<em>capitalism nemutemo, kufanana nezviito zveMhepo Yakachena neMvura, Bookchin akazviramba, achidana mirangariro yakadaro kuva inochinja; chete (social) ecology, akadaro, nekushanda kubvisa capitalism, inogona kusvika pamudzi wedambudziko reecology. Akasimbirira kupokana nevese vaiuya kuti izvo zvinokonzeresa ndezvemagariro, kupesana, toti, biological. Vamwe vakaedza kupomera mhosva pazvinhu zvevanhuโkuwandisa kwevanhu (Paul Ehrlich), tekinoroji (Theodore Roszak)โnepo vamwe (vekutanga, vezve ecologist) vane misanthropic zvekuti vataure kuti vanhu havana kukosha hukuru kupfuura chero chinhu chipenyu chiri mubhayosphere. .
Akaramba zvese, achisimbisa kuti dambudziko harisi mumakamuri edu ekurara (kuwandisa kwevanhu) kana mune tekinoroji yedu (yakawanda iyo inozobatsira mukusunungurwa) kana muDNA yedu asi muhurongwa hwedu hwemagariro: muhupfumi hwemusika wekukura kana kufa. umo mabhizinesi anofanirwa kukwikwidza kuti atengeserane uye kuti awedzere purofiti - chinhu chakakosha chiri kuparadza pasi. Nharo yake ine tariro: kana chinetso chiri muhunhu hwemunhu, ipapo zvirokwazvo taizoparara; asi sezvo chinetso chiri gadziriro yenzanga, uye gadziriro dzenzanga dzichiumbika, ipapo vanhu vanotanga imwe itsva, vachitsiva capitalism negadziriro inobatira pamwe yesosharisiti.
Akataura nezve kumukira kwetsika kunopikisa capitalism, achikurudzira kusemburwa nekusava nematuro uye kusakosha kwehupenyu hwakarongwa maererano nekutengesa. "Zviregedzei," aiudza vadzidzi veInstitute for Social Ecology, yaakavamba muna 1974 uye kwaakadzidzisa hupenyu hwake hwese. Chikoro ichi chakadzidzisa zviuru mukurima organic, aquaponics, renewable energy, food justice, and revolutionary social theory. Vadzidzi vakaenderera mberi vachive varatidziri vekuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze, vashandi vezvemagariro, magweta ezvemamiriro ekunze, varongi venharaunda, varimi vekurima, uye veGreen activists.
Akapa iyi pfungwa yegungano redemokrasi mazita akati wandei: libertarian municipalism, communalism. Akaedza akatadza kuivaka muGreen movements dzakabuda pasi rose mukutanga kwema1980. Nhasi maKurds eAnatolia akazvigamuchira, pasi pezita rokuti "democratic confederalism," Nzira kurusununguko. Zvaakanyora pamusoro penyaya iyi zvinoramba zviri purani kune avo kumwewo vangashuvira rimwe zuva kushandura iyo nzanga yerusununguko kuita chinhu chaicho.
Zvichida bhuku rake raipesvedzera zvikuru raiva Ecology yerusununguko2 (1982 reprint 1992), iyo yakabatanidza mazano kubva kuanthropology, revolutionary history, biological science dialectical philosophy, uye nezvimwe kugadzira maonero anowirirana.
Zvinokosha zvakaenzana, mukuona kwangu, ndizvo Kusimuka kweUrbanization3 (1986), iyo inorondedzera nhoroondo yekurwisana pakati pemaguta nemaguta, kune rumwe rutivi, uye nyika-nyika kune rumwe. Nzvimbo yaiitirwa chimurenga yakanga isiri fekitori (sezvaiitwa nevaMarx) asi guta, uko kuwanda kwevanhu kunoita kuti nhepfenyuro yakakurumbira, kusangana kunodzokororwa, chiitiko chevavakidzani, magungano akakurumbira, uye kuviriswa kwechimurenga kuvepo. Mafambiro makuru enhorondo yechimurenga, kana akanyatsotariswa, anobuda ave emudhorobha.
Uye akavaongorora. Chimwe chikonzero chaakanyora nhoroondo yemafambiro akakurumbira munguva dzechimurenga chaiva chekuchengetedza tsika yechimurenga uye kuunza zvidzidzo zvayo munguva ino. The Spanish Anarchists4 (yakanyorwa muna 1969, yakabudiswa muna 1977), ichifukidza sangano kubva pakuvambwa kwayo muzana remakore rechigumi nemapfumbamwe kusvika muna 1936, yaiva nharo yakawedzerwa yokuti vanarchist vaigona, zvinopesana nemafungiro ose, kurongeka. Basa rake remagisterial mavhoriyamu mana, The Third Revolution5(1996-2005), anorondedzera tsika iyo masangano echimurenga anozvisikira paari.
Akanga ari mutsigiri anoshingaira wetsika dzeChiedza dzepfungwa uye dzehunhu. Semunhu wevanhu, akapikisa misanthropy mukufamba kweecology. Zvakava mufashoni kupomera vanhu saivo pakuparadza zvisikwa. Bookchin akapokana kuti pane kudaro, isu tinovimba nehungwaru hwevanhu uye hunyanzvi hwekutsvaga mhinduro kudambudziko.
Munyika isingachakoshesi kubatana, Bookchin akashinga kuwirirana. Somugumisiro, pfungwa dzake dzine pfungwa dzomukati. Semaonero akavandudzwa mumagariro evanhu ane kutsoropodza kukuru kwehutungamiriri, capitalism, uye nyika, inonongedza kune imwe nzira yeutopian uye inotiyeuchidza kuti nzanga yakanaka inogona kutaridzika sei, uye rupo munharaunda iyo vanhu vanogona. Kupandukira kwetsika kunopikisana necapitalism kunotaura nezvechido chezvinoreva uye kukumbira kusangano revanhu rakanaka.
Aine mafungiro uye fungidziro yetsika yekuchinja kwesimba, akachengeta magumo enguva refu ari pameso. Ane moto uye anopisa, aitarisira zvakanyanya mufananidzo mukuru, zvibodzwa zvakakura, pane zveruzivo. Munzanga yaisava nengozi, akanga asina hanya nokuisa mukurumbira wake mungozi. Akanga asingadi kufadza kana kutya kusatenderwa nevamwe. Pasinei nemasimba makuru enzanga airwisana, akachengetedza hasha dzake. Akanzwisisa kuti kunyangwe budiriro isingagone kuitika ipapo, sarudzo dzatinotarisana nadzo ndedzeapocalyptic. Akashandura chirevo chaRosa Luxemburg chokuti โSocialism kana barbarismโ kuita โEcology or annihilationโ: kana kuti zviri nani zvakadaro, โIva anonzwisisa ita zvisingagoneki, nekuti ukasadaro tichava nezvisingafungidzirwe.โ6
Janet Biehl, mushandiri wehupenyu hwekupedzisira uye shamwari yaBookchin, ndiye mugadziri we "The Murray Bookchin Reader" (1998). Parizvino ari kunyora biography yake.
1 Murray Bookchin, Dambudziko mumaguta Edu (1965).
2 Bookchin, Murray (1986). Iyo Ecology yeRusununguko: Kubuda uye kuparara kwehierarchy.
3 Bookchin, Murray (1986). Kusimuka kweUrbanization uye Kuderera kweVagari.
4 Bookchin Murray (1977). The Spanish Anarchists, makore ane heroic 1868-1936.
5 Bookchin, Murray (1996). Chimurenga chechitatu: Mafambiro ane mukurumbira munguva yechimurenga.
6Bookchin "Toward an Ecological Solution," Ramparts, May 1970. Pashure pacho akagumisa hurukuro dzakawanda nemutsara uyu.
ZNetwork inopihwa mari chete kuburikidza nerupo rwevaverengi vayo.
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