It aive 1933, uye Kuderera Kukuru kweKuderera kwakange kuri kukanganisa indasitiri yemapepanhau. Nyika yeNew York, yaimbova yaJoseph Pulitzer uye pepa gurusa reguta racho, yakanga yavhara makore maviri akanga apfuura, ichidzinga vanhu 3,000 XNUMX pamabasa. Mumaguta akawanda, mapepanhau akanga aderedza mubhadharo wevatori venhau nechikamu chimwe muzvitatu, kupfuura uya wevagadziri vetaipi nevadhindi vanodzivirirwa nemubatanidzwa. Achiona shamwari zhinji dzevatori venhau dzichiremerwa nemari, Heywood Broun, nhengo yeAlgonquin Round Table uye panguva iyoyo mumwe wevanyori vepepanhau vaizivikanwa zvikuru uye vaibhadharwa zvakanyanya, akazvipa mhosva yekufambisa nhamburiko yekubatanidza vamwe vake โhacks. โ Muna Nyamavhuvhu wegore iro, Broun, uyo akanyorera iyo New York World-Teregiramu, akashandura imwe yezvikamu zvake zvakabatanidzwa munyika yose kuva kushevedzera kwokukurudzira, kuti: โIdi rokuti vapepeti vepepanhau nevaridzi vepepanhau vanhu vane hunyanzvi harifaniri kutadzisa kurongwa kwesangano revanyori vemapepanhau. Panofanira kuva nemumwe. "
Koramu yaBroun yakanga yakafanana nemvura paivhu rakaoma. Mumwedzi miviri, zvitsauko zveAmerican Newspaper Guild zvakamera muNew York, Boston, Buffalo, Cincinnati, Cleveland, Duluth, Minneapolis, uye Philadelphia. Muna Kubvumbi 1934, The Guild yakasaina kondirakiti yayo yekutanga-yaive nayo The Philadelphia Record uye yaisanganisira gadziriro pamaawa akawanda, nguva yakawedzerwa, mwero wakaderera wekubhadhara, uye zororo rakabhadharwa. Pakazosvika Chikumi, mwedzi gumi mushure mechikamu chekutanga chaBroun, Chikwata chaive nenhengo 10, nevamiriri ve7,000 kubva pamapepa makumi manomwe vakapinda gungano remubatanidzwa mwedzi iwoyo.
Pamusoro pekumanikidza kuripwa kuri nani uye kuchengetedzeka kwemabasa, vatori venhau vakawanda veNewspaper Guild mazuva ekutanga vaitsvaga vimbiso yekuti vaigona kuita basa ravo vasina vaparidzi vane simba vakaita saWilliam Randolph Hearst naFrank Gannett, mutsoropodzi anotyisa waFranklin D. Roosevelt uye mumwe mumiriri wekudomwa kwemutungamiri weRepublican muna 1940, achivamanikidza kuti varerekedze utori hwavo kurudyi. Ben Scott, chipangamazano mukuru kuNew America akanyora rondedzero yake pamakore ekutanga eNewspaper Guild, anoti kutangwa kwayo โkwakanga kuri kwekugadzira nzira yekubvisa kuvimbika kwevatapi venhau vane hunyanzvi kubva mune zvematongerwo enyika nezvinonetsa vabudisi.โ
Chimwe chikonzero icho Brounโakamborondedzerwa nemunyori wenhau dzebasa Christopher Phelps seโbere romurume rine mwoyo mikuru, rinomonera, rinotema matandaโโakaomerera pakudana boka idzva kuti โsanganoโ kwaiva kudzima vapepeti vemapepanhau nevatori venhau vaifunga kuti mubatanidzwa. dzaingova dzeblue-collar proletariat. Muma1930, kunyange zvazvo vatori venhau vakawanda vakanga vasina madhigirii ekukoreji, vakawanda vaizviona sevamwe veโnyanzvi dzepamusoro.โ Broun akaedza kuvanyengetedza neimwe nzira. โVarume vanoumba mapepa enyika ino havangambozvitaridzi seizvo zvavari chaizvoโmahaki nevaranda vakachena,โ akanyora kudaro, achiwedzera kuti: โKuedza kupi nokupi kubatanidza makumbo, kunyorazve, dhesiki kana kuti makeup varume kwaizova. vakaseka zvekufa nema hacks aya enhau. Union? Sei, izvo zvakanaka kune madope akafanana nemaprinta, kwete kune varume vakangwara sevarume vepepanhau!โ (Mutauro waBroun wevatano wakanga wakarovedzeka panguva iyoyo, apo rusaruro rwakanga rwakapararira uye vakadzi vashomanene vaishanda savatapi venhau.) Broun akacherekedza kuti โmadope,โ ndiko kuti, vadhindi vakabatanidzwa, vakanga vachiโwana paavhareji iri nani ne30 muzana kupfuura vakangwara. yechina,โ nepo โvakomana vedhipatimendi rokupepeta nhau โvakachenjeraโ vachapfuurira kushanda maawa makumi mana nemasere pavhiki nemhaka yokuti vanoda kunzwa vachinzi โnyanzviโ uye nemhaka yokuti vanoona mubatanidzwa sokuderedza chiremera chavo.โ Broun akanyora kuti:
โZviri pachena, vaparidzi, nokubhabhadzira vashandi vavo misoro yakakora mumusoro uye vachivadaidza kuti โnyanzvi,โ vanotarisira kuchengetedza chiyero chevhiki chekushanda ichi. Uye vanozobudirira, nekuti varume vakaumba vapepeti venyika vanonyanya kubatwa nemhando dzinonyevenutsa dzakadai se 'nyanzvi,' 'vatori venhau,' 'nhengo dzechina,' 'varume vepepanhau,' uye mamwe mazwi. "
The American Newspaper Guild yakavambwa munguva apo mibatanidzwa yakanga ichiwedzera kuUS, ichikurudzirwa nemitemo miviri yeNew Deal, National Industrial Recovery Act-mutemo wa1933 wakanzi hauenderane nemutemo-uyezve National Labor Relations Act, yakadzikwa muna 1935. Kare ikako, vaparidzi vazhinji - kusafanana nemakambani mazhinji emazuva ano edhijitari - vakaramba nechisimba mubatanidzwa. The Associated Press yakadzinga mutori wenhau, Morris Watson, nokuda kwebasa rake re-pro-union, uye nyaya yake yakaenda kuDare Repamusorosoro. Mune imwe yeakakosha, a-switch-in-time-saves-pfumbamwe nyaya dzinotsigira New Deal mutemo, dare repamusoro rakatonga kuti Watson akadzingwa zvisiri pamutemo uye aifanira kudzoserwa pabasa. Muchiitiko ichocho cha1937, Associated Press v. NLRB, Vatongi vakaramba pfungwa dzevabudisi dzekuti rusununguko rwavo rwekubuditsa nhau rwakanga rwuchityorwa nemitemo yemubatanidzwa yaidzivirira kodzero yevashandi yekubatana uye kutengeserana pamwe chete.
Muna 1938, Hearst's Chicago Herald-Muongorori uye Chicago Manheru-America akadzinga vatsigiri vakawanda vemubatanidzwa mukuedza kukunda hurongwa hwekuronga. Kupfurwa uku kwakakonzera kuramwa kwemwedzi gumi neshanu umo manejimendi eHearst akashandisa hardball anti-union matekiniki akajairika muhafu yekutanga yezana ramakore. Matsotsi aishandira manejimendi akasaidzira motokari yemukuru weGuild muRwizi rweChicago, uye gare gare akaita zvimwe chetezvo kumotokari yemubatanidzwa. Mumwe mukuru weGuild akarohwa achipinda mumba make, uye hofisi yeGuild yeChicago yakabirwa, mafaira enhengo dzayo akatorwa. Vatsigiri vesangano vakataura nezvevatungamiriri vaiti vatyairi vadzore marori avo pamitsetse yepikicha, vachimhanyisa injini dzavo, uye vodzivhunga neutsiโzvose vatyairi vasati vaarova netsvimbo nemapoipi erabha. Hearst, kukuvara zvakanyanya nekuramwa, vhara iyo Herald-Muongorori muna 1939 uye akaibatanidza mu Manheru-America, Kugadzira iyo Chicago Herald-American.
Now, makumi masere emakore gare gare, vatori venhau vari kumhanya zvakare kumubatanidzwa-nguva ino mudhijitari media. Vanopfuura zviuru zviviri zvevashandi vekudhirowa vakabatana kuSlate, Salon, HuffPost, Vice, Vox, The Root, The Intercept, The Daily Beast, uye mamwe mawebhusaiti enhau. Kusiyana nema2,000s, masangano maviri ari kurwira vashandi ava: NewsGuild (Broun's American Newspaper Guild yakazvipa zita rekuti Newspaper Guild muna 1930, uye nepepanhau riri kupera, rakazvitumidza zita reNewsGuild muna 1970) neVanyori Guild of America East. (WGAE).
Kunyangwe vakuru veWGAE neNewsGuild vasingade kukurukura nezvazvo, pane makwikwi asingarambike pakati pemibatanidzwa miviri mukukwezva vashandi vedhijitari. Mibatanidzwa miviri iyi ine zvirevo zvavo. Iyo WGAE inodada kuti ndeye hipper uye ishoma yechinyakare uye yakakwezva zvakanyanya vatori venhau vedhijitari; The NewsGuild inoti ine ruzivo rwakawanda zvikuru pakumiririra vatori venhau. Kunyange vatungamiriri vevashandi vazhinji vachiti kukwikwidza kwakadayi kunokuvadza, kwakatowedzera nekukasira kuedza kubatanidza vatori venhau.
Nezvese shanduko mukutapi venhau kubvira kudanwa kwaBroun kuhondo, vatori venhau vanhasi vari kupinda mumubatanidzwa nekuda kwezvikonzero zvakawanda zvakafanana nevatori venhau kuma1930s: mihoro isina kunaka, maawa marefu, mabhenefiti, uye kunetseka nezvekudzingwa basa. "Ndidzo nyaya dzakafanana dzinokurudzira vanhu kuti vabatane munhoroondo yese: Vanobatwa sei, vanobhadharwa sei, ndezvipi mabhenefiti?" anodaro Linda Foley, aiva purezidhendi weNewspaper Guild kubva muna 1995 kusvika muna 2008. โUye nguva dzose pane chikamu chekuchengetedza basa.โ
Chimwe chakafanana: Vazhinji vevatori venhau vemazuva ano, sevakavatangira kuma1930s, vanoda kwazvo kuve nemubatanidzwa wekubatsira kuona kuti vanogona kuita basa ravo rakadzivirirwa kubva kudzvinyiriro nezvido zvebhizinesi kana vashambadzi. Mazuva ano, vazhinji vanodawo kuona kuti mawebhusaiti avo ane mutsetse wakajeka pakati pezvinyorwa zvenhau uye izvo zvinonzi zvakatsigirwa kana zvemukati.
Kune, hongu, misiyano mikuru mikuru pakati pemubatanidzwa wanhasi wedhijitari uye kuviriswa kwakabereka Sangano reNewspaper. Makambani emazuva ano edhijitari anonyanya kuzeza kudzinga vashandi vanobatanidzwa mukuedza kwemubatanidzwa, WGAE neNewsGuild vakuru vanoti, kunyangwe mamaneja mune mamwe maindasitiri mazhinji vanowanzo daro kumisa kuronga madhiraivha. Munguva ino yesocial media, vatungamiriri vedhijitari vanoziva kuti kana vakadzinga vatori venhau kuti vatsigire mubatanidzwa, Twitter ichange ichitsva nenhau, uye mawebhusaiti avo nemukurumbira zvichange zvichinetsa-kunyanya kana mawebhusaiti mazhinji enhau, nevaverengi vawo, vachitsvedza. kuruboshwe.
Chinhu chakashata chaive nzvimbo dzenhau dzemunharaunda DNAinfo neGothamist, dzaJoe Ricketts, bhirioni muvambi weTD Ameritrade, uko maneja akayambira vashandi kuti kana vakabatana, anogona kuvavhara. Ricketts akaita zvakanaka pakutyisidzira ikoko paakavhara zvese muna Mbudzi apfuura, mushure me25 ye27 DNAinfo nevashandi veGothamist muNew York vakavhota kupinda muWGAE.
Mushandirapamwe weGawker unionization โ uye gakava rayo repamhepo rinopisa, rakanyanya veruzhinji pamusoro penyaya iyi โ yakaratidza kuti kuronga kwedhijitari kungave kwakasiyana munzira huru kubva kune yekubatanidza vatori venhau muzana ramakore rapfuura. Zvingave zvisingaverengeki zvakanyanya kuruzhinji nekuda kwesocial media. Chinhu chimwe chete chinowanzoita kuti kuronga dhiraivha ikurumidze, ichikurumidzira maitiro ekuhwina rutsigiro mukati mekambani uye kuwana rutsigiro rweveruzhinji. Eric Vilas-Boas, mupepeti weThrillist, anoti social media yakapa kukurudzira kukuru kumubatanidzwa wevashandi. "Imwe pundutso yeruzhinji rwemushandirapamwe wedu ndeyekuti tine vatinoshanda navo vazhinji muindasitiri vane mapuratifomu ekutaura paTwitter," anodaro Vilas-Boas. "Izvi zvinobatsira kuita kuti zvinhu zvipfupi uye zvive pachena nekukurumidza."
Lowell Peterson, director director weWGAE, anoti vatori venhau vemazuva ano vanoomerera pakubuda pachena uye kubatana panguva yemubatanidzwa, uye mhedzisiro "yachinja nzira yatinoronga." "Tinofanira kufamba nekukurumidza," Peterson anowedzera. โKana yangoenda kudhijitari, yave pachena. Zvinoitika nekukasira, uye isu tinofanirwa kuwedzera maitiro ekuzivikanwa [kubva kukambani] kare kare pane kuronga kwechinyakare. "
Nhaurirano dzekondirakiti dzeDigital media dzinowanzo tarisa nyaya dzingadai dzisina kumbopinda mupfungwa dzeNewspaper Guild bargainers mumazuva ekutanga emubatanidzwa uyu. Vatori venhau vemazuva ano vanowanzosimbirira pazvibvumirano zvinodaidzira kusiyana kwakakura-kubhadharisa vanhu vane ruvara, vakadzi, vatori venhau veLGBTQ, uye vanhu vakaremara. Zvimwe zvibvumirano zvinodaidzira misangano nguva nenguva nevatungamiriri kuti vakurukure mafambiro pamusoro pekusiyana. Uku kusimuka kubva mumakumi emakumi emakore ekutanga evashandi, apo mibatanidzwa mizhinji yakasiya mapoka aya.
Imwe nyaya yakakurumbira muindasitiri nhasi kusaenzana mubhadharo: Mumwe munyori mukamuri yenhau anogona kuita madhora zviuru makumi matatu nezvinomwe, uye mumwe ane ruzivo rwakafanana uye mabasa anogona kuita $37,000. Kuderedza kusiyana kwakadaro, kondirakiti yaGawker yakagadzira $52,000 mubhadharo wepasi wevanyori uye $50,000 yevanyori vakuru nevapepeti.
Mune kumwe kubva mumakumi emakore apfuura, Grant Glickson, mutungamiri weNewsGuild's New York chitsauko, anoti vatori venhau vedhijitari vane shungu dzekuti masangano asundire chiyero chebasa-mhuri. "Vanhu vari kushanda siku nesikati," anodaro Glickson. โZvakaomera vanhu nekuda kweruzivo rwechizvino-zvino, kuburitsa nyaya nhatu kana ina pazuva. Zvakawanda zviri kutarisirwa kwauri.โ Jay Rosen, purofesa wezvenhau paNYU, anozviisa neimwe nzira, achiti munhau dzedhijitari, kune zvakawanda zve "hamster-wheel effect," uye "kuda kusingagumi kwezvinyorwa zvitsva" pane zvaivepo mumakamuri enhau ekare.
Kondirakiti yeGawker yaive nehurongwa husina kumbobvira hwaiswa muzvibvumirano zvemapepanhau echinyakare. Hazvitauri kuti vashandi vanogona kungodzingwa "nekuda kwechikonzero." Ivo panzvimbo pezvo vanoramba vari-vanoda vashandi, zvinoreva kuti vanogona kudzingwa chero nguva chero chikonzero kana pasina chikonzero zvachose. Hurongwa uhu hwava mumwe wemisiyano mikuru pakati peWGAE neNewsGuild: Kusiyana nemukwikwidzi wayo, NewsGuild inoti haigamuchire kondirakiti pasina โnekuda kwechikonzeroโ kupihwa. Vashandi veGawker havana kusundira gadziriro iyoyo nekuti vaiona utori venhau senzvimbo yaigara misiyano yekugadzira pakati pevapepeti nevanyori. Vazhinji vakafunga kuti vapepeti vanofanirwa kukwanisa kudzinga vanhu kana paine misiyano yakakomba yekugadzira pakati pavo, chero bedzi kondirakiti ichipa kuparadzaniswa kwakanaka.
Kudzingwa paThrillist naVice, iyo yaive pedyo nemubatanidzwa mushure meGawker, yakabatsira kukurudzira mubatanidzwa pamawebhusaiti aya nekuti vashandi vaida kuramwa basa, uye nhungamiro dzakajeka pakudzingwa. Kim Kelly, mupepeti wemimhanzi kuVice, anoti mihoro yakaderera yaive chimwe chinhu chikuru - vamwe vanyori ikoko vakawana mari inosvika zviuru makumi matatu nezvishanu zvemadhora vasati vabatanidzwa. Achitaura nezvaShane Smith, muvambi weVice uye CEO, Kelly anoti, "Paunenge uchiverenga kuti Shane aivaka imba ye $35,000 miriyoni uye uri kunetsekana kuwana mari yepasi pevhu, zvinozokanganisa pakuda kubatana." Kelly anoti mamwe mawebhusaiti anofunga kuti anogona kusabhadhara mihoro shoma nekuti kutora nhau ibasa rinonakidza kushanda. Kondirakiti yemubatanidzwa weVice yakakwidzwa zvinokatyamadzaโVice akaisa mari inosvika zviuru makumi mana nezvishanu zvemadhora kuvanyori vayo, vamwe vatori venhau vachiwana mihoro yemadhora zviuru zvisere kana gumi.
Muna Nyamavhuvhu 2017, Mic, webhusaiti yenhau uye maonero, yakashamisa vashandi vayo nekudzinga vashandi makumi maviri nevashanu pasina yambiro. Vavhundutswa nedanho iri, vashandi vakati wandei vakatanga kukurukura kuti mubatanidzwa ungabatsira sei, uye muna Kukadzi, vatsigiri vemubatanidzwa vakashandura makadhi anoratidza kuti 25 muzana yevashandi vekunyora veMic vaida kujoina NewsGuild.
"Chinhu chikuru chakabuda mukudzingwa ndechekuti taida kuve nechokwadi chekuti taive nechengetedzo yebasa," anodaro Madeline Taterka, mupepeti wekopi yeMic uye anotsigira mubatanidzwa wekutanga. "Kuti kana kudzingwa kwakawanda kukauya, tingadai tine izwi mukuita izvi, uye kuti taizonzwa takachengeteka zuva nezuva mumabasa edu, uye kusanzwa kuti tinogona kurasikirwa navo chero nguva pasina chiziviso." Muchirevo chavo chechinangwa, vatsigiri vemubatanidzwa vakati vanoda kukwidzwa kwakarongwa nguva dzose, 401 (k) mutambo, kuzvipira kune zvakasiyana, uye "chigaro patafura." Vatungamiri veMic vakabvuma kuziva mubatanidzwa muna Kurume.
Nhasi, semuma1930, vatori venhau vazhinji vanoda kwazvo kubatana zvekuti vese vari kungozvironga. Asi, mumakore ekutanga eChikwata cheMapepanhau, vamwe vashandi vakawanda vaishandirwa nemapepanhau, vakadai sevagadziri vetaipa, vadhindi, uye vatyairi, vakanga vatobatanidzwa. Vaya vanonzi "vashandi" vaiwanzoshandisa simba ravo kubatsira vatori venhau kuti vabatane uye vawane zvibvumirano zvakanaka, kunyange zvazvo boka racho rakura, paigara kune kusawirirana nemamwe masangano emapepanhau.
Pamakambani emazuva ano edhijitari (asiri enhaka) enhau, hapana masitaipi, maprinta, kana madhiraivha, uye izvo zvinopa vatori venhau simba rakawanda uye simba mukushanda. Peterson anoti WGAE yakafunga kurova makambani akasiyana edhijitari, isati yasvika pazvibvumirano zvekondirakiti.
Ben Fractenberg, mutori wenhau weDNAinfo akarasikirwa nebasa pakavharwa kambani yake, anoti kunyangwe manejimendi akatyisidzira kuvhara, akatsigira neshungu mubatanidzwa nekuda kwekushaikwa kwehutano hwenhau uye kusasimudzwa. Anotaura kuti kushushikana kwakawanda kwevatapi venhau kwaramba kwakafanana makore gumi mushure memakore gumi: kuchengetedzeka kwebasa, muripo wakanaka, uye miitiro yekunyora. "Handifungi kuti zvakawanda zvachinja," anodaro Fractenberg. โIchi tekinoroji nyowani, asi zvakawanda zvinonetsa zvakafanana. Vanhu vachiri kuda basa ravanogona kuzviriritira uye kuva nemhuri.โ
Steven Greenhouse aive a New York Times mutori wenhau kwemakore makumi matatu nerimwe, achibata mabasa nenzvimbo dzebasa kubva 31 kusvika 1995. Ndiye munyori we Iyo Hombe Squeeze: Nguva Dzakaoma dzeMushandi weAmerica uye ari kunyora bhuku rekare, razvino, uye remangwana remibatanidzwa yevashandi uye simba revashandi muAmerica.
ZNetwork inopihwa mari chete kuburikidza nerupo rwevaverengi vayo.
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