1. Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty, 1996. Chakasainwa nenyika 164 chikasimbiswa ne89 kusanganisira France, Great Britain, neRussia; yakasainwa naPresident Clinton muna 1996 asi yakarambwa nedare reSeneti muna 1999. US ndeimwe yevasina ratidzo gumi nevatatu pakati penyika dzine zvombo zvenyukireya kana zvirongwa zvesimba renyukireya. Muna Mbudzi 13, US yakamanikidza vhoti muKomiti yeUN yeKubvisa Zvombo uye Chengetedzo kuratidza kupikisa kwayo Chibvumirano, uye yakazivisa hurongwa hwekutangazve kuyedza nyukireya yekugadzira zvombo zvitsva zvenguva pfupi.
2. Antiballistic Missile Treaty, 1972. Muna Zvita 2001, US yakabuda zviri pamutemo kubva muchibvumirano chakakosha-kekutanga munguva yenyukireya iyo US yakaramba chibvumirano chikuru chekudzora zvombo.
3. Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention, 1972, yakasimbiswa nenyika zana nemakumi mana neina kusanganisira US. Muna Chikunguru 144 US yakabuda mumusangano weLondon kuzokurukura chibvumirano cha2001 chakagadzirirwa kusimbisa Chibvumirano nekupa kuongororwa kwenzvimbo. KuGeneva munaNovember 1994, Undersecretary weHurumende yekutonga kwezvombo John Bolton akataura kuti "protocol yakafa," panguva imwe chete ichipomera Iraq, Iran, North Korea, Libya, Sudan, neSyria yekutyora Chibvumirano asi vasingapi mhosva chaiyo. kana kuti humbowo hunotsigira mhosva dzacho. Muna Chivabvu 2001 Bolton akapomera Cuba mhosva yekuita tsvakiridzo yehondo yeutachiona, zvakare isina kuburitsa humbowo. Mwedzi mumwe chete iwoyo, magwaro matatu ePentagon akaburitsa zvikumbiro, zvekutanga kubva ku2002, kugadzira zvombo zvinogumbura zveUS zvinoparadza zvinhu ("biofouling uye biocorrosion"), mukutyora Chibvumirano uye mutemo we1994 US unoshandisa Chibvumirano.
4. Chibvumirano cheUN cheKumisa Kuyerera Kwezvombo Zviduku Zvisiri Mhiri Kwepasi Pose, 2001: US ndiyo chete nyika yaipikisa. Undersecretary Bolton akati chibvumirano ichi "idanho rakakosha" kunharaunda dzepasirese, asi iro iro US "isingagone uye" isingatsigire, nekuti inogona kukanganisa kodzero yeBumbiro reMitemo yevanhu vekuAmerica yekuchengeta uye kutakura zvombo.
5. International Criminal Court (ICC) Treaty, 1998. Yakagadzwa muThe Hague kutonga vatungamiri vezvematongerwo enyika nevarwi vanopomerwa mhosva dzehondo uye mhosva dzevanhu. Chakapera muRome muna Chikunguru 1998, Chibvumirano ichi chakasainwa nenyika 120. Kunyangwe hazvo Mutungamiri Clinton vakasaina Chibvumirano ichi muna Zvita 2000, vakazivisa kuti US ichaipikisa, pamwe nevamwe vatanhatu (kusanganisira China, Russia, neIsrael). Muna Chivabvu 6 hutungamiriri hwaBush hwakazivisa kuti "yakanga isiri kusaina" -kuramba - Chibvumirano, chinhu icho US yakanga isati yamboita, uye kuti haizocherechedzi masimba eDare kana kupa ruzivo rwekubatsira Dare kuunza mhosva kune chero munhu. Muna Chikunguru 2002 ICC yakatanga kushanda mushure mekunge yatenderwa nenyika dzinopfuura makumi matanhatu dzaidiwa, dzinosanganisira Britain, Canada, France, Germany, Italy neSpain (Russia yanga yasaina asi isati yatenderwa).
Muna 2002 na2003, US yakashanda kuputsa chibvumirano ichi nekusaina zvibvumirano zvepasirese zvekusatumirana vagari vemo pamberi peICC. Pakazosvika pakati pa2003 US yakanga yasaina zvibvumirano makumi matatu nenomwe zvekudzivirira zvirwere, kunyanya nevarombo, nyika diki muAfrica, Asia, Central America, uye Eastern Europe. Ichityisidzirwa nokurasikirwa nemamiriyoni 37 emadhora murubatsiro rweUnited States, somuenzaniso, Bosnia yakasaina chibvumirano chakadaro. Muna Chikunguru 73 hutungamiriri hwaBush hwakamisa rubatsiro rwese rwemauto kunyika makumi matatu neshanu idzo dzakaramba kuvimbisa kupa vagari vemuUS chengetedzo pamberi peICC.
6. Vienna Convention pamusoro peMutemo weZvibvumirano, 1969, iyo US yakasaina asi haina kubvumirana. Muna Chivabvu 2002, sezvo US yakanga ichisaina Chibvumirano cheICC, yakazivisa panguva imwe chete kuti haizosungwa neVienna Convention, iyo inotsanangura zvisungo zvemarudzi kuteerera zvimwe zvibvumirano. Chisungo chegumi nesere chinoda kuti nyika dzakasaina dzisatore matanho ekukanganisa zvibvumirano zvavanosaina kunyangwe vasina kuzvisimbisa.
7. Mutemo weAmerican Servicemen's Protection Act, 2002. VaBush vange vachishanda kwenguva yakareba kudzima ICC. Muna Mbudzi 2002 Mutungamiri akasaina Mutemo uyu, uyo usingarambidze kubatana neICC chete uye kutyisidzira zvirango kune nyika dzinoutambira, asi unobvumidza kushandiswa kwe "nzira dzese dzinodiwa" kusunungura chero chizvarwa cheUS chinogona kuvharirwa muThe Hague kutongwa. pamberi peICC.
8. Land Mine Treaty, 1997. Kurambidza kushandiswa, kugadzirwa kana kutumirwa kwemabhomba anorwisa vashandi nemigodhi, chibvumirano chakasainwa muOttawa muna Zvita 1997 nenyika zana nemakumi maviri nenhatu. Mutungamiri Clinton vakaramba kuiendesa kuti ibvumidzwe, vachiti migodhi yaidiwa kudzivirira South Korea paโsimba guru remautoโ reNorth Korea, chirevo chakarambwa nevakuru veNorth neSouth Korea muna June 123. Muna August 2000 Mutungamiri Bush vakaramba chibvumirano ichi. .
9. Kyoto Protocol ya1997, yekudzora kuburitswa kwegasi rinopisa uye kuderedza kudziya kwepasi: yakanzi โyakafaโ naPresident Bush muna Kurume 2001. Hapana imwe nyika yakasarudza kusiya chibvumirano zvachose. Muna Mbudzi 2001 hutungamiriri hweBush hwakaramba nhaurirano muMarrakech (Morocco) kuti dzigadzirise chibvumirano, kunyanya nekuchidiridza mukuyedza kuwana mvumo yeUS. Muna Kukadzi 2002 VaBush vakazivisa hurongwa hutsva hwekudzikamisa kuburitswa kwemhepo-nezviyero zvinofanirwa kuve zvekuzvidira. IUS ndiyo inogadzira hurusa imwe chete yekuburitsa, inogadzira makumi maviri muzana ehuwandu hwepasirese.
10. International Plan for Cleaner Energy, 2001. IUS ndiyo chete nyika yaipikisa Chirongwa ichi, chakaitwa neG-8 boka renyika dzemaindasitiri (US, Canada, Japan, Russia, Germany, France, Italy, UK) Genoa muna Chikunguru 2001. Yaizobvisa rubatsiro rwemafuta ezvicherwa uye kuwedzera mari yezviwanikwa zvesimba zvisingasvibisi pasi rose.
11. UN Convention on the Law of the Sea, 1982, uye 1994 Agreement inechekuita neImplementation of Part IX (Deep Seabed Mining), kumisa hurongwa hwemutemo hwekutarisira zviwanikwa zvemugungwa nekuchengetedza nharaunda yegungwa kuitira zvizvarwa zvinotevera (kusanganisira hove). masheya, zvicherwa, mafambiro epasi rose, marine sainzi research uye marine technologies). Mutungamiri Clinton vakaendesa zvibvumirano izvi kudare reSeneti muna 1994, asi hazvina kutambirwa, sezvakaitwa nenyika zana nemakumi matatu neshanu nezana dzakatevedzana. Icho chipingamupinyi chikuru pakuvashandisa chinoramba chiri kusavapo kweUS ratidzo.
. Kusvika iye zvino, yakagamuchirwa nenyika gumi nenhatu uye yakasainwa nedzimwe 12, kusanganisira United Kingdom, Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Ireland, zvose Koreas, China, India, Indonesia, Argentina, Mexico. IUS yakagara ichipokana kuti hapana chikonzero cheprotocol yakadaro, haina kuisimbisa, uye haitarisirwe kuita kudaro.
13. European Union (EU) Hurukuro pamusoro pehusori hwehupfumi uye kuongorora kwemagetsi kwemafoni, e-mail, uye fax, May 2001. US yakaramba kusangana nenyika dzeEU kuti dzikurukure, kunyange mumatunhu akaderera ehurumende, mabasa aya akaitwa. pasi pechirongwa chayo cheEchelon. Zvichakadaro, US yakawedzera kushora kwayo chirongwa cheEU cheGalileo, chirongwa chepasirese chekufambisa satellite chaizokwikwidza US Global Positioning System (GPS), inopihwa mari uye inodzorwa neDhipatimendi reDziviriro uye kushandira zviuru zvevashandisi vemakambani nevega pasi rese, vese vanotariswa. uye yakanyorwa neUS. Muna Zvita 2001 Mutevedzeri weMunyori weDziviriro Paul Wolfowitz akaudza EU kuti Galileo aizova "nemigumisiro yakaipa kune ramangwana reNATO mashandiro" uye aizokanganisa GPS (chaizvoizvo zvakarongwa kuenderana). Muna Kurume 2002 EU yakazivisa kuti yaizoenderera mberi neGalileo, yakarongerwa kushanda mu2008.
14. Hurukuro dzemarudzi akawanda dzakatsigirwa nesangano reOrganisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, Paris, Chivabvu 2001, pamusoro penzira dzekupedza โMakwikwi Anokuvadza Muteroโ- kunzvenga mitero uye kubira mari kunoitwa kuburikidza nenzvimbo dzekutandarira dziri kunze kwemahombekombe. US yakaramba kutora chikamu. The US, Secretary of Treasure Paul O'Neill akati, "haizotora chikamu mune chero chirongwa chekuyananisa mitero yenyika."
Munhaurirano muVienna pasi pemubatanidzwa weUN, US neEU dziri kurwisanawo pamusoro pegwaro repasi rose reConvention Against Corruption. Europe inoda chibvumirano kuvhara mabhizinesi nehurumende; US inoda kuti zvingoendera kuhurumende chete.
15. World Conference against Racism, Racial Discrimination, Xenophobia and Related Intolerance, September 2001, wakakokerwa neUNESCO (UN Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) neUnited High Commission for Human Rights uye kuunza pamwe chete nyika zana nemakumi matanhatu nenhatu. IUS yakabuda mumusangano uyu, ichipokana neaponti-Israel uye anti-Semitic zvematongerwo enyika kubva kune vakawanda vamiriri. Chiziviso chekupedzisira cheMusangano chakaratidza "kunetseka pamusoro penhamo yevanhu vePalestine pasi pekugara kune dzimwe nyika" uye "vakaziva kodzero isingabviswi yevanhu vePalestine yekuzvisarudzira uye kugadzwa kweNyika yakasununguka uye . . . kodzero yekuchengetedzwa kweNyika dzese mudunhu, kusanganisira Israel. "
16. The embargo zvisiri pamutemo pamusoro peCuba neUS, ikozvino 39 makore: pasi peBush II, yakasimbiswa. Muna Mbudzi 2002, UN General Assembly yakapfuura, kwegore regumi nerimwe rakatevedzana, chisungo ichida kugumisa kurambana nevhoti ye173 ku3, ruzhinji rwevanhu vakawanda kubvira apo General Assembly yakatanga kukakavara nyaya iyi muna 1992. Senguva dzose, US, Israel, neMarshall Islands vakavhota vachipokana nechisarudzo ichi.
17. US yakasiya UNESCO ndokumisa kubhadhara kwayo bhajeti reUNESCO, 1984. Chikonzero chaive cheNew World Information and Communication Order (NWICO), chaive chisiri chirongwa cheUNESCO asi chirevo, chakatsigirwa nemapoka akati wandei anosanganisira UNESCO, yekuchinja mune Nhaurirano dzepasi rose dzakagadzirirwa kuderedza kuvimba nenyika dzichiri kusimukira panhau dzekuMadokero, masangano enhau, uye mafemu ekushambadza. Chikumbiro cheNICO chakadonhedzwa muna 1989; US yakaramba kujoina UNESCO. Muna 1995 hutungamiriri hwaClinton hwakakurudzira kujoina zvakare; kufamba kwakavharwa muCongress. Muna Kukadzi 2000 iyo US yakazobhadhara imwe yezvikwereti zvayo kuUN asi isingabatanidzi UNESCO. Mutungamiri Bush akataura kuti US ichabatana zvakare neUNESCO munaGunyana 2002, pavakamira pamberi peUN kuti vakumbire chisungo chaimubvumidza kurwisa Iraq.
18. Dare reInternational Court of Justice (ICJ) muHague rakabata US ichityora mutemo wepasi rose we "kushandiswa zvisiri pamutemo kwechisimba" muNicaragua, 1986, kuburikidza nezviito zvayo uye izvo zveContra proxy army. US yakaramba kucherechedza masimba eDare. Chisarudzo cheUN cha1988 icho "chinodaidzira kuteedzerwa kuzere uye nekukurumidza neKutonga kweInternational Court of Justice ye27 Chikumi 1986 panyaya ye'Mauto uye Paramilitary Mabasa mukati uye neNicaragua" mukuenderana nezvinodiwa zveChata ye. United Nationsโ yakabvumidzwa 94-2 (US neIsrael yekuvhota kwete).
19. Optional Protocol, 1989, kuUN's International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (1966), ine chinangwa chekubvisa mutongo werufu uye ine mutemo unorambidza kuurayiwa kwevari pasi pemakore gumi nemasere. kubva mugadziriro yekupedzisira, ichiiita imwe yenyika shanu dzichiri kuuraya vana (neSaudi Arabia, Democratic Republic of Congo, Iran, Nigeria). China yakabvisa tsika iyi muna 18, Pakistan muna 1997.
20. Chibvumirano cheUnited Nations cheKubvisa Marudzi Ese erusarura kune Vakadzi, 1979, chakatsinhirwa nenyika zana nemakumi matanhatu nepfumbamwe. Mutungamiri Carter vakasaina CEDAW muna 169, asi Senate yakavhara. Nyika chete dzakasaina asi dzisina kubvumidzwa iUS, Afghanistan, Sao Tome nePrincipe.
21. Chibvumirano cheUnited Nations cheKodzero dzeMwana, 1989, chinochengetedza kodzero dzevana mune zveupfumi nemagariro. US yakasaina asi haina kubvumidzwa. Imwe chete nyika isingabvumirwe iSomalia.
22. Cairo Action Plan, yakagamuchirwa nenyika 179 paCairo International Conference on Population and Development muna 1994, nokuda kwekutanga "mabasa ehutano hwekubereka uye kutarisira utano" senzira yekuderedza kuwedzera kwevanhu munyika dzichiri kusimukira. Muna Chikunguru 2002 US yakamisa mari yayo yepagore yemadhora 34 miriyoni kuchirongwa cheUN chekuronga mhuri, uye muna Mbudzi yakabvisa tsigiro yayo yeCairo Action Plan. Hofisi yeDhipatimendi reVanhu veHurumende yakataura kuti Chirongwa ichi chaireva kodzero yekubvisa uye yakakanganisa mushandirapamwe wepasi rose weUS wekudzivisa kuita zvepabonde kudzivirira kubata pamuviri. โIzvi zvakarova kunge bhomba. Vanhu vakashamiswa,โ mukuru mukuru weUN akadaro.
23. UN Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, 1948. US yakazobvumira muna 1988, ichiwedzera "kusagadzikana" kuzhinji kuti Bumbiro reUnited States uye "zano nemvumo" yeSeneti inofanirwa kutonga. kana โzvinoitika mukurwisana nezvomboโ zvipi nezvipi zvingaumba kuparadza rudzi. Kuchengetedzwa kwacho kunorambwa neBritain, Italy, Denmark, Netherlands, Spain, Greece, Mexico, Estonia, nedzimwe.
24. Convention Against Torture and Other Cruent, Inhumane or Degrading or Punishment, 1987, yakasimbiswa neUS muna 1994. MuUN Economic and Social Council munaChikunguru 2002, US yakaedza kumisa kuvhota pagwaro rekuti risimbise Chibvumirano. . Iyo protocol yaizogadzira hurongwa hwekuongorora majeri nenzvimbo dzekuvharirwa pasi rose kuti vatarise kushungurudzwa. US yakataura kuti hurongwa hutsva hwaizobvumira vatariri kuwana mukana kune vasungwa vekuAmerica nevasungwa-kusanganisira, pamwe, vangangove vakavharirwa mumisasa yevasungwa yeUS muGuantanamo neAfghanistan, uye ikozvino Iraq.
25. Vienna Convention on Consular Relations and Optional Protocols, 1963. US inotyora mutemo kwenguva refu, nekuchengetedza zvizvarwa zvekune dzimwe nyika uye kutadza kuzivisa hurumende dzavo. Muna 1999 vagari vaviri vokuGermany, Walter LeGrand nomununโuna wake Karl, vakaurayirwa mukamuri yegasi muArizona. Pavakasungwa muna 1984 nekuda kwekuponda kwemubhangi, veLeGrands havana kuziviswa nezvekodzero yavo yekuonana nemumiriri weGerman, uye vakuru vakuru veGerman havana kukwanisa kupa rubatsiro rwemutemo. Muna 1998 Dare Renyika Dzepasi Pose (ICJ) rakatonga kuti US yakanga yatyora mutemo wenyika dzakawanda munyaya yacho uye yakakumbira Dare Repamusorosoro reUnited States kuti rimise kuurayiwa; Dare Repamusorosoro rakarasa chikumbiro chacho. Muna 2002 Mexico yakateterera ICJ kuti ibvumidze kugara kwekuurayiwa kwevanhu makumi mashanu nevana veMexico vaive pamutsara werufu muUS, vachipokana kuti vakuru vakuru veUS nevakuru vehurumende vari kutyora chibvumirano cheVienna. Muna Nyamavhuvhu 54 Mutungamiriri weMexico Vicente Fox akadzima musangano neMutungamiri Bush papurazi rake rekuTexas vachipikisa kuurayiwa kwakaitwa mugari wekuMexico Javier Suarez Medina neAlabama, akanyimwa kodzero yekutsvaga rubatsiro kubva kuhurumende yake paakasungwa muna 2002.
Mushure meSeptember 11, 2001 US kutyorwa kweChibvumirano kwakawedzera, uye vanopfuura 600 "varwi vasiri pamutemo" vakavharirwa muGuantanamo nedzimwe nzvimbo pasina mhosva, vakanyimwa kodzero dzose dzepamutemo, uye vakachengetwa kuti vatongwe pamberi pematare echiuto akavharwa.
26. Chibvumirano pakati pedzimwe nhengo zana nemakumi mana nenhatu dzeWorld Trade Organisation (WTO) yekubatsira nyika dzine urombo kutenga mishonga yekurwisa AIDS, tuberculosis, malaria nezvimwe zvirwere, kuburikidza nekurerutsa mitemo yemvumo inoita kuti mitengo yemishonga isasvike painosvikira, yakapera paWTO. Ministerial Conference muDoha, Qatar muna Mbudzi 143. Muna Zvita 2001, US yakaparadza chibvumirano ichi. Source kuWTO kuGeneva akati danho reUS rakabva zvakananga kuWhite House, zvichitevera kukwezva kwakanyanya kubva kumakambani emishonga eUS.
27. Ndiyo mamiriro ekuti "tiri vekutanga!" Hutsinye hwakakurirwa nerubatsiro rwerupo rwekunze rwunopihwa nyika dzine rombo rakanaka? Vatatu vakanakisa vanopa rubatsiro kubva kunze kwenyika muna 2002, vakayerwa nechikamu cherubatsiro chezvigadzirwa zvavo zvepamba, vaive Denmark (1.01%), Norway (0.91%), neNetherlands (0.79). Yakaipisisa yaive US (0.10%) ichiteverwa neUK (0.23%). Indekisi ya2003, yakabatanidzwa nemagazini yeCenter for Global Development and Foreign Policy uye kuronga mupiro wakaitwa nenyika 21 dzakasimukira mukukura munyika dzichiri kusimukira, yakaisa US yechi20; Japan chete ndiyo yakaderera.
Chinyorwa chiri pamusoro cheRogue chikuru pane ese hachisanganisire . . . kushandiswa kwechiuto kune dzimwe nyika. Sekureva kweCongressional Research Service (Chirevo 96-119F, "Mamiriro Ekushandiswa kweUnited States Armed Forces Abroad"), kubva muna 1798 kusvika 1995 paive ne251 zviitiko, izvo zvishanu chete zvakaziviswa hondo, apo US yakashandisa mauto ayo kunze kwenyika. , mumamiriro ezvinhu ehondo kana kurwisana kunobvira kana kuti zvimwe zvinhu zvisiri zvenguva dzose zvorugare. Kuti uwane nhoroondo yekupindira kweUS kune dzimwe nyika kubva kuHondo Yenyika Yechipiri, ona William Blum, Rogue State (Common Courage Press, 2000). Kubva pakaparara Soviet Union, mwero wemauto eUS kune dzimwe nyika "hauna kumboitika." โKubva pakupera kweHondo Yemashoko, United States yakatanga kupindira kwechiuto kunosvika makumi mana [mukati ma1989-1999] kusiyana ne16 chete mukati menguva yose yeHondo Yemashoko. Kupindira kwakawanda uku, kwakafanana nekweSomalia, Haiti, Bosnia, neKosovo, kwakatangwa munzvimbo dzagara dzichionekwa sedzisingakoshese zvido zveUSโ (United States Commission on National Security/21st Century, New World Coming. American Security in the 21st Century , September 1999).
ZNetwork inopihwa mari chete kuburikidza nerupo rwevaverengi vayo.
dhoneta