Infrastructure muIraq parizvino yakashata zvakanyanya kupfuura zvayaive pasi pehudzvanyiriri hwaSaddam Hussein, uhwo hwakapfuura nemakore angangoita gumi nematatu ezvirango zvakakomba zvehupfumi. Ivhareji yemhuri yeIraqi ine maawa asingasviki matatu emagetsi pazuva, zvishoma 13% yevanhu havana kuwana mvura yekunwa yakachengeteka, uye urovha huri pakati pe40% ne40% (70).
Chinotowedzera nhamo idzi kushaikwa kwekuchengeteka zvachose. Propaganda inoperekedza kuwedzera kwemauto eUS yakati kudzikira kwakanyanya kwemhirizhonga, asi chokwadi chinoratidza zvimwe. Iwo maministries emukati me, kudzivirira uye hutano mu
Nhamba yeUN yevaIraqis vakadzingwa imamiriyoni mana nemazana mapfumbamwe, uye inoda kusvika hafu yeavo vakatiza nyika. Ongororo yeUNHCR/IPSOS yevapoteri vekuIraq mu
Ongororo yakaitwa muThe Lancet muna Gumiguru 2006 yakafungidzira huwandu hwevaIraqi vakafa semhedzisiro yekupinda nekugara kuve 655,000 kana 2.5% yehuwandu. Huwandu uhu (ikozvino hwave hwekare), pamwe nenhamba yevaIraqi vakadzingwa uye avo vanoda rubatsiro rwechimbichimbi, zvinoreva kuti vangangoita mamirioni gumi emamiriyoni makumi maviri nenomwe vagari vafa kana kutiza kana kugara mumamiriro ezvinhu akaipisisa (10).
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Zvakadaro vatatu
Muna April the
VaObama, avo, parekodhi yavo yapfuura, vanofungidzirwa kuti vane mutemo wakanakisa wekubvisa mauto kubva
Obama akanyevera zvakasimba muna Gumiguru 2002: "Saddam haikonzeri njodzi uye yakananga kuUnited States, kana kuvavakidzani vake uye kunyange hondo yakabudirira yeIraq inoda hutori hweUnited States hurefu husingazivikanwi, nemutengo usingatarisirwi, nemigumisiro isingatarisirwi" uye " kupindira kweIraq pasina chikonzero chakajeka uye pasina tsigiro yakasimba yepasirese kunongopisa moto weMiddle East, uye kukurudzira zvakanyanya, pane zvakanakisa, zvishuvo zvenyika yeArab, uye kusimbisa ruoko rwekuunganidza al-Qaida" (7 )
Nhasi haangoregi kushevedzera kuti vabviswe zvachose - haatauri nezvekubviswa kwe "zvinogara" zvigaro zvemauto eUS muIraq uye embassy yakarongwa kuvhura ikoko mwedzi uno. Uku ndiko kukura kwe
Mamwe "mabhesi ekugara" asara, mana acho ari munzira yeCamp Victory padyo neBaghdad airport, inopetwa kaviri saizi yeCamp Bondsteel muKosovo, yatove imwe yemabhesi makuru eUS mhiri kwemakungwa akavakwa kubva kuVietnam. Camp Anaconda padhuze neBalad inogara mauto anopfuura 20,000, anopfuura 250 ndege, zviuru zvevashandi vemauto, Burger King, Subway, Pizza Hut uye Starbucks zvitoro.
Tarisiro yakaipa
Kune avo vane tarisiro yekuti sarudzo dzichaunza shanduko yegwara reAmerica muIraq, Amai Hillary Clinton vane tarisiro yakaipa. Akaramba achiramba kuvimbisa kubvisa mauto eUS kubva kuIraq panopera temu yake yekutanga, 2013, kana akasarudzwa. Musi wa17 Kurume Clinton akatsanangura hurongwa hwake mukutaura kunoudza paGeorge Washington University. Paakadaidzira kuti mauto eUS abviswe zvishoma nezvishoma, akaramba kukumbira ruregerero nekuda kwevhoti yake ya2002 ichibvumidza kupinda. Haana kana kamwe chete akabvuma kusatenderwa kwedanho iri kana kutsanangura zvaakataura panguva iyoyo nezvechimiro chemauto eIraq uye hukama neal-Qaida. Akaramba ari mutsigiri akasimba webasa iri kusvika azviwana ave kukwikwidzana naObama pamavhoti eruzhinji zvino achipesana nebasa; uye anoti anoda kubvisa mauto eUS kubva kuIraq.
Clinton anoedza kukanganisa pfungwa kubva pachinzvimbo chake nekupomera Mutungamiri George Bush. "Pave nemakore mashanu svondo rino kubva mutungamiri wedu akatiendesa kuhondo kuIraq," akadaro mukutaura kumwe chete, achisiya nyaya yekuti Bush akakwanisa kutanga mhirizhonga chete nekuti Clinton, pamwe nevashoma veDemocratic Democrats. Vazhinji veRepublican, vakapa mavhoti anodiwa kuti vapinde nekupinda muIraq. Clinton akapembedza vhoti yake achiti Saddam "akapa rubatsiro, nyaradzo uye nzvimbo tsvene kumagandanga, kusanganisira nhengo dzeAl-Qaida" uye kuti kurwisa uku "kwakanakira nyika yedu".
Parwendo rwake rwega kuIraq muna Kukadzi 2005, chikopokopo chakaendesa Clinton kuGreen Zone nekuti mugwagwa mukuru pakati peBaghdad International Airport neguta waive nenjodzi. Zvizhinji zvevaIraqi uye angangoita musoja mumwechete weUS akaurayiwa panguva yekushanya kwake, asi akasimbirira kuti basa iri "raishanda zvakanaka". Gare gare mwedzi iwoyo paNBC's Meet the Press akati zvingave kukanganisa kubvisa mauto eUS kubva kuIraq, kana kuseta nguva yekubvisa, nekuti "hatidi kutumira chiratidzo kuvapanduki, kumagandanga, vachabva pano pane vamwe, munoziva, zuva chairo". Izvi zvinoenderana nehutongi hwaBush naJohn McCain.
Muna Mbudzi 2005 Clinton akashora kurudziro yemumiriri John Murtha yekuti mauto eUS abude se "chikanganiso chikuru". Muna 2006 senator John Kerry akatsigira shanduko yaizoda kuendeswazve kwemauto eUS kubva kuIraq. Clinton akavhota achipikisa. Iye zvino ari kuda kubvisa mamwe mauto asi akatsunga kuti US inofanirwa kuchengetedza "mauto pamwe nezvematongerwo enyika" muIraq.
Kufanana nehutongi hwaBush, Clinton anotsiura izvi sechinhu chakakosha kumisa pesvedzero yeIran mudunhu, kuchengetedza vashoma veKurdish, kutsigira mauto eIraqi uye kudzivirira Iraq kuti ive nyika yakakundikana, zvese zvingave zvibodzwa zvenhema kune chero munhu anoziva mamiriro ezvinhu. muIraq. Gore rakapera paABC's This Week, akapa chimwe chikonzero chakasimba: "Tinofanirwa kuchengetedza vashandi vedu, embassy yedu ichave iripo" (8).
Clinton anonzwika achipokana paakarwisa mutevedzeri wake weDemocrat Obama, uyo aipikisa kupindira kubva pakutanga. Airevei chaizvo achiti: "Zvino, mupikisi wangu weDemocrat anotaura zvakawanda pamusoro pehurukuro yaakapa muna 2002. Ari kutikumbira kuti timutonge nemashoko ake, uye mazwi anogona kuva nesimba, asi chete kana mutauri akaashandura Seneta Obama anoramba achipikisa hondo yepakutanga, asi haana kutanga kushanda nesimba kuti apedze hondo kusvika vatanga kukwikwidza musarudzo dzemutungamiri wenyika.Saka pavakawana mukana wekuita maererano nekutaura kwavo, akasarudza kunyararaโ (9).
Kukurudzira kukuru
Sekureva kwaDr Stephen Zunes, purofesa wezvematongerwo enyika uye sachigaro wezvidzidzo zveMiddle East paYunivhesiti yeSan Francisco: "Obama akaita zvakawanda kupfuura kupa hurukuro: akapa hurukuro, akakurudzira nhengo dzeCongress uye akaita nhevedzano yezvimwe zvirevo umo. akanyevera nezve mhirizhonga yemasekete nemadzinza ayo anogona kubuda zvichitevera kupinda nekugara kweUS, njodzi dzenguva refu yekuzvipira kwemauto eUS, uye chiitiko chine njodzi chekupa carte blanche yehondo isati yatanga "(10).
Kune chikwereti chake, muna Ndira 2007 VaObama vakaunza mutemo "kupedza hondo muIraq zvine mutsindo, nekubviswa zvishoma kwemauto ari muhondo" uye akavimbisa kutora "nhanho dzekukurumidza kutarisana nenjodzi iri kuramba ichibatsira vanhu".
Ranga risiri basa riri nyore kuwana zano rakajeka kuburikidza nevezvenhau nezvechinzvimbo chemumiriri wega wega paIraq kana kuisa marongero avanoda kuita ipapo. Norman Solomon, munyori wepepanhau uye muvambi director weInstitute for Public Accuracy, mubatanidzwa wenyika dzevaongorori vezvematongerwo enyika uye vanoongorora, akandiudza kuti: "Chero maitiro aivepo munhau dzeUS muna 2006 yekutarisira kubviswa kwemauto eUS zvakanyanya kubva ipapo. zvino nevanokwikwidzana nemutungamiri wenyika vasara, vaine mukana chaiwo wekuve mutungamiri wenyika, havasi kuda kukwikwidzana nevezvenhau."
Ongororo yakaitwa neProjekti Yekunaka muJournalism yakaratidza kuti mukupera kwegore 2007 kutariswa kwenhau kwakange kwatama kubva pakubata kweIraq kuenda kumushandirapamwe wemutungamiri wenyika, kubvisa-kubatanidza vaviri ava. Chirevo chebasa chakadonha zvakanyanya panguva iyo mushandirapamwe wemutungamiri wenyika wa2008 wakabuda senyaya yepamusoro.
Izvi zvinoshanda kune mukana weseneta weArizona, John McCain, asina kujeka pamusoro penzvimbo yake yekutsigira basa. Ari mundege yake yemushandirapamwe McCain akaudza vatori venhau muna Kubvumbi kuti: "Takarwa hondo neJapan neGermany. Mushure mezvo takachengeta kuvepo kwemauto ikoko, izvo zvatiri kuita nhasi. Takarwa hondo muKorea, takachengeta kuvepo kwemauto muKorea, iyo tichiri kuita nanhasi. Jumbling nguva, nzvimbo uye chokwadi, akagumisa: "The Gulf hondo yokutanga, takakanda Saddam Hussein kubva Kuwait, uye tine mauto kuvapo kusvikira nhasi" (11).
McCain akashorawo VaObama nekuda kwekushaya ruzivo uye kuziva nezvekugara: โSaka iyeโฆ zvibvumirano zvehurumende nehurumende zvinokurudzira kuvepo kweUnited States nekudzivirirana.Kwete munyika iyoyo chete, asiwo munharaunda ... zvinoratidza kusanzwisisa kwakakosha kwenhoroondo uye kuchengetedza kwatakaita kuchengetedzwa kwenyika, uye zvatinoda kuti tiite. ita mune ramangwana kuchengetedza kuchengetedzeka kwedu takatarisana nedambudziko rakakura rekunyanyisa kweIslam."
Kutenderera kutenderera
Soromoni anoonesa, kuti: โKusabatanidzwa kwegadziriro yokuzvidavirira nokuperevedza kwoutongi hunoshanda muUnited States pamwe chete kunoparira mukaha mukuru pakati pomurangariro wakakurumbira nomutemo wokune dzimwe nyika weUnited States. Muchina wehondo unokwanisa kuenda kumberi pasina kukanganiswa kunoitwa neruzhinji.Muchikamu izvi zvine chekuita nekukanganisa kuri kuramba kuchiitika kwehunyanzvi hwepro-war spinners kushandisa malever enhau kuvharira zvinoita sezvinokwanisa. zvematongerwo enyika."
Izvi zvinotsanangura kuti sei vakwikwidzi vachikwanisa kuswedera pedyo nesarudzo yaMbudzi vasina kupihwa mhosva pagwara ravo. Soromoni akati: "Uchenjeri hwemazuva ose hwenhau hunozvidya pachahwo. Zvinozivikanwa nevatapi venhau vakawanda veUnited States ndizvo zviri kutaurwa nevamwe vatori venhau, uye saka kutenderera kunoenda. Vatungamiri veRepublican neDemocratic muWashington.Nhepfenyuro dzenhau dzinoti hondo iri kuderera senyaya yezvematongerwo enyika; kana vari kukwikwidza vataura zvishoma nezvehondo, vatori venhau vanonongedzera kwavari kutaura zvishoma seumbowo hwekuti hondo iri kupera senyaya yezvematongerwo enyika.
US haidi kuva muIraq - kureva kuti, 65% yevanhu chaivo vekuAmerica vanopikisa kutorwa kwehurumende - zvakadaro Obama, Clinton naMcCain vanofora vakananga kusarudzo nevezvenhau vasingapikisane nekusawirirana kwavo muIraq. Kana vari veIraqis - kana paine mumwe wevatatu avo arikuteerera - vhoti ichangoburwa yeBBC/IPSOS muIraq yakaratidza kupfuura 70% yevaIraqi vanopikisa kuenderera mberi kwebasa, nepo sarudzo dzemuno dzakawana 92% yevaIraqi vachiipikisa.
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Dahr Jamail mutori wenhau uye munyori weBeyond the Green Zone: Dispatches kubva kune Unembedded Mutori wenhau muIraki Yakabatwa, Haymarket Books, Chicago, 2007.
(1) "Mukuru mukuru weUN anoratidza kusimba kwemamiriro ezvinhu evanhu", International Regional Information Network, 4 Kubvumbi 2008.
(2) Derry, New Hampshire, 3 Ndira 2008.
(3) "Kurwa Kutsva Kunoputika muIraq", Al-Jazeera Chirungu webhusaiti, 16 Kubvumbi 2008.
(4) "Kusimuka kune Dambudziko reHumanitarian muIraq", Oxfam International, Chikunguru 2007.
(5) Gilbert Burnham, Riyadh Lafta, Shannon Doocy, Les Roberts, "Kufa mushure mekupinda muIraq muna 2003: muchinjiko-chikamu chesample sample survey", The Lancet, 11 Gumiguru 2006.
(6) Eli Lake, "Obama Adviser Anodaidza Mauto Kuti Agare muIraq kuburikidza ne2010", New York Sun, 4 Kubvumbi 2008.
(7) Barack Obama, 2 Gumiguru 2002, www.barackabama.com
(8) http://abcnews.go.com/Video/playerI...
(9) Hillary Clinton, kutaura kuGeorge Washington University, 17 Kurume 2008, www.hillaryclinton.com
(10) Stephen Zunes, "Clinton's GWU Iraq Speech," Foreign Policy mu Focus, 25 Kurume 2008.
(11) "McCain, Obama Spar Pamusoro Pekupedza 100 Makore muIraq", FoxNews.com, 1 Kubvumbi 2008.
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