AKABEREKWA mugore iro chimurenga cheBolshevik chakazunungusa nyika. Pamakore makumi masere nemanomwe, Eric Hobsbawm achiri kuratidza hunyanzvi hwekuongorora uye kugona izvo zvakaita kuti averengerwe semumwe wevanyori venhoroondo vakanyanya kukosha. โHitler akatanga kutonga apo Eric Hobsbawm akanga achienda kumusha achibva kuchikoro muBerlin, uye Soviet Union yakawa apo akanga achipa musangano muNew York. Akaturikira Che Guevara muHavana, akadya Kisimusi neSoviet spymaster muBudapest uye manheru kumba naMahalia Jackson muChicago, "butiro renhoroondo yake yemazuva ano, Interesting Times, inotaura nezvemurume uyu.
Mubvunzo: Nguva pfupi mushure mekurwisa kwemagandanga kwaGunyana 11, 2001, Mutungamiriri weCuba, Fidel Castro, akataura kuti nyika yakanga ichipinda muchikamu chine njodzi. Unobvumirana nemaonero akadaro here?
Prof. Hobsbawm: Hongu, uye ndiri kutya kuti zvanga zvichiitika kuMiddle East [West Asia] zvinotsigira maonero aya. Maonero angu panguva iyoyo aive ekuti boka revaneo-conservative vekuAmerica vakatora mukana uyu, kutaura zvazviri, kuisa pamberi pekuda kwehutongi hwenyika, hutongi hwenyika. Vari kuita chinangwa ichi pari zvino รขโฌโ zvishoma, pari zvino, chete nenyaya yekuti zvakatonyanya kuoma pane zvavaitarisira. Uye, kuti kuongorora kwavo chaiko kwechokwadi chemamiriro ezvinhu kwaive, zvakajeka, kwakakanganisika.
Tinoona mishumo yemazuva ese yemhirizhonga ichibuda muIraq รขโฌโmuchikamu chino chekumashure. Iwe unonzwa here kuti kupinda kweIraq kunoratidza miganhu kusimba reAmerica kana isu tinoona izvi sekuratidzira kwesimba reAmerica?
Makore angangoita gumi apfuura, pandakanyora nhoroondo yangu ye10th Century, mamiriro akanga akaita zvinhu zvekuti nyika dzakabudirira dzekuchamhembe dzaikwanisa kukunda chero hondo yadzaida. Shandura izvo mumashoko chaiwo, maAmerican anogona kukunda chero hondo yavaida. Dambudziko guru raive rekuchengetedza kutonga pasi mushure mezvo รขโฌรขโฌโkunyanya nekuti simba rekudzikamisa rehumambo rakanga raparara -kureva, kuda kwevanotongwa kugamuchira chero mutemo unoshanda semutemo uri pamutemo รขโฌโzvinoreva kuti kunyange. kuchengetedza kudzora kwekutanga kwakaoma zvakanyanya kupfuura zvazvaive kare.
Muenzaniso wakanaka wandakazotora; izvi zvaive pamberi peIraq, asi mushure me[1991] Gulf war yakaratidza chero hondo inogona kuhwinwa; asi kwete rugare shure kwaizvozvo. Enzanisa mamiriro eSomalia munguva yehumambo apo yakaunza matambudziko madiki kumasimba maviri ehumambo - Great Britain neItaly - munoziva kwaive nemabhunu, kune vanhu veBrits vaidaidza kuti mad Mullahs - asi, zvinobudirira. , idzi dzaive makoroni ainyatsotarisirwa zvakanyanya nekuti huwandu hukuru hwehuwandu hunofungidzirwa, kana mumwe munhu akauya, azere nesimba rinoshanda, ndizvozvo. Asi tarisa kuSomalia zvino.
Ndinofunga kuti kusvika pamwero uyu inoratidza miganhu kune simba reAmerica. Ndiko kureva miganhu yekukwanisa kweAmerica kugadzirisa nyika - kwete miganhu yekukunda hondo kana kugadzira bongozozo, mhirizhonga, kusagadzikana.
Pane dzidziso dzakasiyana pamusoro peavo vari kumashure kwekupokana muIraq - Al-Qaeda, vezvematongerwo enyika, vatsigiri vaSaddam Hussein. Mungati pane simba reurudzi riri kushanda pano?
Handizive. Zvakanyatsojeka kuti kana paine chinhu chimwe chingangobatanidza vese vekuIraq, zvisinei ivo vakasiyana pakati pavo, ndezvekuti havadi kugarwa. Kusvika pakadaro, unogona kutaura kuti kune rudzi rwehurudzi, asi chinhu ndechekuti vanhu vari kuita mhirizhonga, kana kuramba, hapana mubvunzo kuti inongova chikamu cheIraqis, pamwe zvakanyanya maSunni mune mamwe maguta makuru. Izvozvo hazvirevi kuti vasara vari kufarira kutorwa kune dzimwe nyika.
Mukutaura kwako kuIndia International Center, wakataura kune vezvenhau. Tine kubuda kwe Al-jazeera seimwe nzira yeruzivo, asi isu zvakare tine kumisikidzwa kwevatapi venhau munguva yehondo yeIraq. Imwe maonero ehondo akapihwa neruzhinji rwevezvenhau vekuAmerica - takaona vatapi venhau vakapfeka mureza weAmerica pamabheji avo. Tichanyanya kuwana maonero aya here?
Ndingati pamwe kwete. Kutanga, Indaneti haidzoreki. Saka, kusvika padanho iri, kugona kwevanhu kuwana mamwe marudzi ekuona kwakakura zvisingaite kupfuura kare. Ungataura kuti munzvimbo dzakawanda dzenyika, nhamba yevanhu vanokwanisa kushandisa Indaneti ishoma kunyange zvazvo mune dzimwe nyika yakakura zvikuru. Kunyanguvezvo, kutaura idi, shoko rinotenderera uye, kusvikira kutambanuko iyi, ruzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu rwazvino uno rwakaita kuti kubvire kuita ikoku. Somuenzaniso, mumazuva okupedzisira eSoviet Union, zvaiita kuti vanhu vomuMoscow vazive zvaiitika muMoscow nemhaka bedzi yokuti vanhu vaivafonera, e-mail vari kunze kwenyika. Uye, ruzivo urwu runogona kutenderera ... Ndinofunga kuti iyi mamiriro matsva.
Wanga uchiverenga mapepanhau, ndinofungidzira, angangoita makore makumi matanhatu kana asiri akawanda.
Ehe. Asi, chokwadika, mapepanhau haachisiri nhau huru.
Iwe unofunga kuti mapepanhau ari kuderera?
Haiwa, hungu, kunenge kuMadokero, ivo varamba, kutaura yakati. Kana toreva nezvevanhu vakawanda muWestern Europe, terevhizheni ndiyo nhau huru [pakati]. Ndiko kune ngozi uye, hongu, mukana wehukama, wekuva nechinhu chakadai Al-jazeera. Hurumende dzine njodzi dzinoti, senge, [Silvio] Berlusconi muItari haana basa nekuva nenhepfenyuro yemahara chero terevhizheni isiri yemahara. Ndimo mune ngozi chaiyo.
Zvakangodaro, hazvireve kuti nhau dzakabviswa zvachose nenzira iyo, semuenzaniso, yaimbobviswa muhurumende dzechinyakare dzehudzvanyiriri kana dzehudzvanyiriri, kwawaisagona kuverenga chero chinhu kana kunzwa chero chinhu, icho chaive chisiri pamutemo. , sokunge zvakadaro, inobvumirwa.
Tine chiitiko chehugandanga hwechiIslam munyika yanhasi. Ko tyisidziro ichatsanangura makore makumi mashanu anotevera here?
Ndizvo zvinodiwa nemaAmerica. Iye zvino zvausina muvengi chaiye, unoda muvengi, sokunge zvakadaro, kuti ugone kuunganidza, uyo wokuunganidzira. Ndiyo yakanga iri dzidziso yaHuntington, handizvo here? Ichava hondo yetsika kusvika kufa kwetsika.
Handizvitendi. Pakutanga, Islam inongova chikamu chimwe chete chenyika. Zvinetso zvechiIslam, dambudziko revatorwa vechiIslam kana mabasa echiIslam, zvinongobata mamwe mativi [enyika]. Semuenzaniso, nekuda kwezvinangwa zvinoshanda, hazvingomuke kune mazhinji eAmerican kondinendi.
Chinhu chiri mukati meIslam che, sekunge, manzwiro ekuti hausisiri subaltern nekuve muMuslim, icho chinhu chiri mumamiriro ezvinhu ayo, pamwe, akakosheswa.
Iwe unoona Europe ichibuda sesimba richadenha United States?
Kwete. Chekutanga, Europe haisi simba remauto. Iyo ine yakanaka Chirungu neFrench Mauto, ayo ari maviri madiki. Munzvimbo yechipiri, panguva ino, mauto anopikisa-huremu kuUnited States haafungidzike maererano ne-hi-tech.
Chinonyanya kufunga ndechekuti mumwe munhu adzore mamwe masisitimu ekutaurirana epasirese ayo vanhu vekuAmerica vanovimba nawo uye kunyange izvo, nepo zvichibvira kuti maChinese anogona kuzviita, parizvino, handifunge kuti pane munhu kunetseka zvikuru, munguva pfupi, kutarisana neUnited States.
China hupfumi hukuru uye huri kukura hune hurongwa hwezvematongerwo enyika husingadiwi neUnited States. Pane mukana wekukonana here pano kana kuti unoona vachigara nekushanda vese?
Mupfungwa, munhu aigona kuona, sokunge zvakadaro, kugara pamwe chete รขโฌโ kugarisana murunyararo, sezvaimbove mutsara. Mukuita, hazvina kunyatsojeka. Izvo zvinoenderana zvakanyanya neAmerican policy ndinofunga.
Vanhu vanogara munyika dzisiri dzeEuropean, Third World vanoona zvichiramba zvichinetsa kuenda kuMadokero. Kana iwe uri mundima yeruzivo rwemichina, imwe nyika inogona kukukoka iwe. Munyika, iyo inoti iri kuwedzera kudyidzana kwepasi rose, unoona vanhu vachibatanidzwa nenzira dzemazuva ano dzokutaurirana asi vachibatanidzwa?
Zvakaoma kuziva. Europe yakanyanya kuvakwa kuchengetedza vanhu kunze kana kudzora kuwanda. Zvakadaro, kwave nekuuya kukuru. Ikoko hakuna nyika zhinji dzeEurope dzisina, semuenzaniso, chero chinhu chinosvika mapfumbamwe-gumi muzana chehuwandu hwevanhu sevanobva kune dzimwe nyika. Kana uchinge wava nazvo, hazvisi nyore kuvhara musuwo zvachose ...
Chimwe chinhu ingori dzvinyiriro huru yevanhu vanobva kunyika dzine urombo vari kuedza kusvika ku ... nyika dzakapfuma. Yakanyanya kucherechedzwa, semuenzaniso, kubva kunzvimbo dzakaita seAfrica kana kunyange zvikamu zveLatin America kuenda kuEurope uye, zvirokwazvo, kubva kuLatin America kuenda kuUnited States. Ini ndinofunga nezvikonzero zvezvematongerwo enyika kana zvepfungwa United States iri kuita kuti zvinyanye kuoma kufamba.
Panguva imwecheteyo, mukana wakakura uyo United States uye imwe kana mbiri dzimwe nyika, Canada neAustralia dzakave nekuvhura mikova ndeyekuti, kana uchida, pane kupokana pano pakati pezvido zvehutongi nezvematongerwo enyika. kunyangwe zvido zvehupfumi zvemakambani nehupfumiโฆ
Ini ndinofunga kuti nekuda kwezvikonzero zvezvematongerwo enyika kuyerera kwevanobva kune dzimwe nyika kunenge kuri kushoma pane kuyambuka muganhu wezvimwe zvinhu. Zvakadaro, ndinoona zvakaoma kudavira kuti inogona kudzorwa kumashure.
Takaonawo, semuenzaniso, vapoteri muAustralia vachisona miromo yavo mushure mekuiswa munzvimbo dzevasungwa. Maive nevanhu vaisvetuka kubva mungarava. Takazvionawo zvese izvozvo.
Iwe wakataura nezvekudyidzana kwepasi rose kutanga mu16th Century. Ungati here kutakurwa kwevashandi veIndia kuenda kunyika dziri kure seFiji kwaiva rutivi rweiyi muitiro wepasi rose?
Zvakanaka, ndinofunga, hongu, mupfungwa yokuti kutakurwa kwevaranda uye, pakupedzisira, basa rakagadziriswa mushure mekubviswa kweuranda, imhando yekusikwa kwehupfumi hwenyika. Ndinofunga, zvisinei, izvi zvakasiyana nemafungu emazuva ano ekutama.
Mumazuva iwayo, zvaiita sokunge zvakadaro, kubva kune imwe nzvimbo yakadzokera shure kuenda kune imwe nzvimbo, izvo zvaida budiriro youmamboโโGuyana, Trinidad, Mauritius.
Parizvino, chinhu chikuru [kutama] kubva kunyika dzine urombo kuenda kunyika dzakapfuma รขโฌโ ngatitii kubva kuIndia kuenda kuEngland neAmerica. Ndiyo mamiriro matsva ... ndinofunga kuti izvi hazvifadzirwe zvakanyanya muAsia nekuti hunhu hwekuyambuka muganhu muAsia ndehwerumwe rudzi.
Unogona here kutiudza pawakapedzisira kuuya kuIndia uye maonero ako nezvenyika ino?
Ndangoenda kuIndia kaviri chete. Pane imwe nguva, muna 1968 kana kuti madaro, pandakanga ndiri kuno kwounenge mwedzi, ndichifamba munyika yose uye, chechipiri, anenge makore mana kana kuti mashanu apfuura, ndakauya somushanyi, asi panguva ino South India, kwandakanga ndisati ndamboenda.
Hazvigoneke kuti ndienzanise mushure memazuva maviri kana matatu muDelhi pane zvakatwasuka.
Dai ndaifanira kuenzanisa, ndaizoenzanisa nezvandaiverenga, zvandinoudzwa nevanhu, kwete nemafungiro emunhu ...
Muhurukuro dzako naAntonio Polito, rakabudiswa se The New Century, unoreva India sesimba redunhu uye kuti hauna kuiona ichibuda sesimba renyika kwemakore makumi mashanu anoteveraโฆ
Zvakaoma kutaura nokuti, zvakajeka, kubvira panguva iyoyo [bhuku racho rakabudiswa muna 1999], India, maererano nokukura kwoupfumi, yakaita zviri nani zvikuru. Pano zvakare, semunyori wezvakaitika kare, handisi munzvimbo yekufungidzira pamusoro peizvi. Ndingadai ndakafunga, chaizvoizvo, kana India kana China yaizovavarira kuva masimba enyika mupfungwa yokuti United Kingdom yakanga iri simba renyika mumazuva ehumambo uye maAmerica zvino.
Ndingati kunyange maChina ane tsika refu yokuva, sokunge zvakadaro, simba rinotungamirira munyika. Ini handifunge maererano nekutonga kwenyika nenzira yavanofunga kuti rimwe remazuva ano richave hupfumi hukuru pasi rose ...
Kana iri remangwana reIndia, zviri pachena kuti rine ramangwana rakanaka; ramangwana rakakura zvikuru mu21st Century kunyange kupfuura, ndinofunga, maIndia mazhinji angadai akarota mumakore ekutanga 30-40 erusununguko. Zvinoita sezviri pachena. Asi, chaizvo, chimiro chezvematongerwo enyika kana chirevo chezvematongerwo enyika chekusimuka uku kweIndia sehupfumi, tsika, uye nekuda kwechinhu ichocho, senyika huru, kutaura kwevanhu, ichave.
Patiri kuenderera mberi munzvimbo dzakawanda, takaonawo chiitiko checommunalism. Iwe unoona here kusimuka kwemauto emunharaunda muIndia sekutyisidzira kune yayo syncretic tsika uye nyika yayo?
Ehe. Ini ndinofunga, zviripachena, kusimuka kwemapoka ezvitupa zverumwe rudzi kana rumwe, kunopesana nekuvandudzwa kwematunhu makuru, ematunhu, ayo, mushure mezvose, kusvika nguva pfupi yadarika, aive chikamu chekutanga chehurumende, chekutonga, chezvese ... kune nyika idzo, zviri pachena, dzakatyisidzira kuvepo kwenyika - kutanga, hongu, munyika dzisina simba, idzo maAmerica anodana nyika dzakakundikana kana dzakakundikana.
Asi, kwete chete ipapo. Pane imwe nguva, munhu anogona kutaura chokwadi kuti tine chokwadi here, kuti mumakore makumi mashanu, pachava neUnited Kingdom kana imwe Spain? Handizive. Ndinofunga kuti nyaya ine ngozi zvikuru panguva ino haizi kumutsidzira ruvengo rwenyikaโฆ asi kumutsiridzwa kwecommunalism mupfungwa yechitendero.
Izvozvo, ndinofunga, zvine ngozi uye hazvina kuganhurirwa kuchitendero chimwe. Kuti kumutsidzirwa kwechitendero chinhu chikuru kusvika papi hauna kujeka. Neimwe nzira, vanoomerera pakuti, mupfungwa chaiyoiyo, vanhu vashoma, vashoma zvikuru; asi handifungi kuti vanga vari hukuru.
Asi vanoomerera pazviri vave vakagona zvikuru pakutora simba. Uye kana vangotora simba, zvinhu zvakawanda zvinozotevera. Ndipo pane ngozi. Zvakangodaro, ichi chinhu chekuti, pane zvese, handifunge kuti vazhinji vedu, kana chero mumwe wedu, akafanotaura chaizvo, uye chinhu chinoshungurudza zvikuru.
Ini ndinoona izvi kunyangwe muzvinhu zvakaita seBuddhism รขโฌโ munzvimbo dzakaita seSri Lanka yakagadzira rudzi rwekurwira nyika, mhirizhonga, iyo, chokwadi, vanhu vashoma vangadai vakafunga.
Kwaidavirwa kuti nokufambira mberi mune zvokunyama, misiyano yorudzidziso yaizoderera. Zvinoita sezvisina kuitika.
Zviri pachena kuti isu [vanyori venhoroondo] takarerutsa kuenderera mberi kwebasa rekunamata kana kutenda mutsika nezvimwe zvese.
Chimwe chezvikonzero zvaita kuti tizvikoshese imhaka yekuti hatina kutarisisa zvakaringana kunhoroondo yevanhukadzi. Wese munhu aiziva, semuenzaniso, kuti vakadzi vainamata zvakanyanya kupfuura varume, kunyanya muEurope uye vanoramba vakadaro, asi nekuti vanhu havana kukoshesa izvi zvakakwanaโฆ pakati pemamwe mapoka, asi kazhinji. Zvakaoma kwazvo kuzvikanganwa iye zvino.
ZNetwork inopihwa mari chete kuburikidza nerupo rwevaverengi vayo.
dhoneta