Kwakabva: Waging Nonviolence
MuHong Kong, iyo 2020 National Security Law uye mafungu ekusungwa kwekutaura "kupandukira". stifled bato regutsaruzhinji raimbova nesimba. MuRussia, Vladimir Putin ane mhosva kushoropodzwa kwe "special mauto oparesheni" muUkraine, yakavharira social media ichizadza internet yeRussia ne disinformation uye. vakasunga zviuru yevanopikisa hondo. Zvichakadaro, muMyanmar, mauto akashandisa tekinoroji yekuongorora yakagadzirwa neWestern kudzvinyirira kuramba kusvika muna 2021 coup.
Zvikamu izvi zvinomiririra zvakatambanuka uye zvine chekuita nemaitiro. Hurumende dzakadzvanyirira pasi rese dziri kumbundira maturusi matsva etekinoroji ekuongorora, kuongorora uye manyepo kuti vasimbise kubata kwavo simba, zvichiratidza nguva itsva. digital authoritarianism.
Tichifunga nezvezvinoitika izvi, the Nonviolent Action Program kuUS Institute of Peace, kwandinoshanda, nguva pfupi yadarika yakaburitsa mishumo miviri pamusoro digital authoritarianism uye sei varatidziri vari kugadzirisa kumamiriro ezvinhu aya. Takabva takokorodza a chinotenderera nenyanzvi dzinotungamira, varatidziri uye vanoita zvemitemo kuti vakurukure matambudziko arikuenderera mberi ekusaita mhirizhonga munguva yedhijitari. Zvidzidzo zvitatu zvakafara zvakabuda mukuedza uku.
Kuyerwa zvinotarisirwa
Chidzidzo chekutanga ndechekuti isu tinofanirwa kudzokorodza tarisiro yedu yekuti tekinoroji iri kusimukira yedhijitari inogona kubatsira uye kukuvadza kusaita mhirizhonga.
Kune rimwe divi, tsvakiridzo yedu inoratidza kuti kufara kwekutanga pamusoro peโtekinoroji yerusunungukoโ yakasimba kare. Kunyangwe hudzvinyiriri hwepasirese hwakanonoka kukoshesa shanduko yeinternet, vari kugadzirisa nguva yakarasika, uye nzvimbo yepamhepo yanyanya kudzvanywa kupfuura zvayaive makore mashanu apfuura.
Kunyanya, ma autocrats ari kudzidza kutora mukana wekuwedzera "kutendeseka" kwemagariro emazuva ano. Sezvo isu tichirarama zvakanyanya uye nekuwedzera kwehupenyu hwedu pamhepo, data yaimbove isina kujeka ikozvino yave kunzwisisika kune iyo nyika, yakatendeka yakanyorwa munhoroondo dzekutaura, data yenzvimbo, mafoto uye shamwari rondedzero. Algorithmic yekutarisa zvemukati, AI-yakakwidziridzwa kuzivikanwa kwechiso, spyware uye invasive anti-yakavanzika mitemo zvese zvinogonesa hutongi hwehudzvanyiriri kushandisa iyi data kuziva uye kuranga vanopikisa. Varatidziri vanowedzera kutya kutaura vakasununguka pamhepo, uye vane masimba edhijitari vanogona dzvinyirira mberi pikisai isati yaungana. Nekudaro, zvirinani preemptive kudzvinyirirwa zvakare kunoderedza njodzi yekuremara kwemauto (kazhinji inonyanya kukosha kuti kufamba kubudirire) nekubvisa vanorwira kubva kumidziyo yekuchengetedza iyo inovadzvanyirira uye nekudzikisira kudiwa kwekupokana, uko kunoisa njodzi yekumukira pakati pemasoja akapihwa basa rekudzvinyirira.
Kune rimwe divi, nihilistic techno-pessimism zvakare haina kurongeka. Varatidziri vari kutora matanho ekuchengetedza anoshanda (VPNs, kupera-kusvika-kumagumo encryption, kunyangarika mameseji, nezvimwewo) izvo zvinoderedza zvakanyanya njodzi yekuongororwa kwedhijitari. Vazhinji vakawana nzira dzekugadzira dzekukwikwidza propaganda yehutongi uye censorship, senge Alexey Navalny tweeting kubva. kuseri kwembariro apo vashandi veRussia vanoshandisa nhamba dzerotari kugadzira zvinongedzo zvisingaverengeki kune anopikisa mawebhusaiti, kana maChinese netizens achigadzira inogara ichichinja kushora lexicon kunzvenga automated censorship.
Nekudaro, isu tinofanirwa kuchengetedza njodzi dzehutongi hwemadhijitari mune maonero. Yakaparadzaniswa uye yakanyanya censored yenyika internet ecosystems munyika dzakadai China uye Iran idambudziko rakakura. Zvakadaro hutongi huzhinji hahuna pese padhuze neiyi tech-savvy, uye kurongeka kwepamhepo kuchiri chikomborero chikuru kumasangano everuzhinji anga asisina mweya - munyika inopikisa isipo shanduko yedhijitari, hudzvinyiriri hunenge hwakanyanya, kana husingawedzere hudzvanyiriri. Tekinoroji tekinoroji ndiyo chikonzero chekusakurumidza kukunda kana kupererwa, asi kuti tinyatso tarisisa, sezvo varatidziri vanoyedza kuchengetedza mabhenefiti ekuratidzira kwedhijitari uku vachideredza njodzi.
'Intaneti ndiyo itsva isina Indaneti'
Chidzidzo chechipiri chine chekuita nehukama hwakasiyana-siyana pakati pe "chaiyo" uye "chaiyo-yenyika" kuratidzira uye zvazvinoreva kune zvemazuva ano mafambiro emagariro.
Nepo mafambiro asina mutungamiriri achigona kudzikisa vadzvanyiriri, vanogonawo kunetseka kuti vazovharira shanduko dzakabudirira dzedemokrasi.
Vamwe vakaratidza kushushikana kuti kuunganidza padandemutande kwapera, uye kuti โkutsvedzaโ anotadza kurima nyika chaiyo zvisungo zvakasimba zvinosimbisa mishandirapamwe yakabudirira. Vanyanyi vedu, zvisinei, vakasimbisa kuti online vs. Digital activism haisi imwe mumvuri wakajeka webudiriro yevagari vemo. Asi, nzvimbo chaiyo inoyevedza ecosystem umo zvizvarwa zvechizvarwa zvinogadzira tsika, zvinoumba zvichemo zvakagovaniswa uye zvishuwo, uye kudyidzana nenyika. Zvinenge zvese zvemazuva ano mafambisirwo emagariro akagadzira tsoka dzepamhepo, kana chete nekuti midhiya yenhau yakakosha zvakanyanya nhandare yehondo kuti irege muhondo yekupokana nedemocracy disinformation.
Izvo zvakati, zera redhijitari riri kushandura zvakajeka chimiro chekufamba kwevanhu, uye nenzira dzisiri dzakanaka nguva dzose. Funga nezvesocial media. Nekudzikisa zvakanyanya mari yekubatanidza, social media inofambisa vakadzvinyirirwa uye vasina mutungamiriri kuratidzira kunokurumidza kuunganidza uye kunetsa kudzvinyirirwa. Nepo mafambiro asina mutungamiriri aya anogona kudzikisa vadzvanyiriri, vanogonawo kunetseka kuti vazovharira shanduko dzakabudirira dzedemokrasi. Kusavapo kwehutungamiriri kunokanganisa kuedza kutaurirana nevasara vehurumende uye kuti mativi ose ari maviri aite shanduko yezvematongerwo enyika.
Pamusoro pezvo, kunyangwe kushatirwa kuri nyore kugadzira pamhepo, nyaya yanhasi inhau dzemangwana, zvichiita kuti zviome kune vanorwira kuchengetedza kwenguva refu. Uye nepo kuunganidza kwepamhepo kunogona kuita vanhu vaimbosarudzika, izvi zvinogona kusanganisira anti-democracy vari kure-kurudyi vanonyanyisa vanoshandisa social media kutsvaga nhengo itsva.
Aya masimba ari kuitika munguva chaiyo, uye zvakawanda zvinoramba zvisina chokwadi. Zvakadaro digital activism iri pachena pano kuti igare. Kunzwisisa kuti vatsigiri vanogona sei kuroora pamhepo uye kuunganidza pasina Indaneti saka uchave musoro wakakosha wekudzidza mumakore anotevera.
The digital balance of power
Chidzidzo chekupedzisira chine chekuita nezve "chiyero chesimba" uye nzira idzo vatsigiri nevatsigiri vavo vanogona kukwevera zvikero kuti vafarire mauto edemocracy.
Digital authoritarianism ikudyidzana kuri kuitika pakati pevanozvitonga nenharaunda dzavanodzvanyirira. Makumi gumi apfuura, vatsigiri vakabata mukana uyu, chokwadi chakasimbiswa neArab Spring. Autocrats kubva ipapo vakagadzira nhanho dzekupikisa uye zvino voita sevanokwira. Zvakadaro mamiriro ezvinhu aya haachinjike, sezvo kukurumidza kusimukira kwetekinoroji zvichireva kuti chiyero chedhijitari chesimba chiri kuramba chichichinja.
Hutongi hwehudzvanyiriri hwepasi rose huri kuendesa kunze matekinoroji anodzvanyirira uye nekubatana sezvavanojairana nenguva yedhijitari - vatsigiri vanofanira kuita zvimwe chetezvo.
Chirevo chikuru ndechekuti isu tinofanirwa kutarisa zvishoma pane chaiyo tekinoroji hunyanzvi, iyo inogona kusashanda nehusiku humwe, uye zvakanyanya pakurima maitiro uye masangano anogadzirira varatidziri kune chero chinounzwa mangwana. Kuedza ikoko kunofanirwa kufambira mberi nemativi maviri: kusimudzira kugona kwevaratidziri kujairana neanodzvanyirira matekinoroji uye kumisa hunyanzvi pakati pevane masimba edhijitari.
Pane yekutanga, tsvakiridzo yedu inoburitsa akati wandei matanho anogona kutorwa nevatsigiri. Pamwe chinonyanya kukosha kuisa mari mukati murwiri wenyika linkages. Hutongi hwehudzvanyiriri hwenyika kuendesa kunze michina inodzvinyirira uye nekubatana pavanenge vachichinjira kunguva yedhijitari - vatsigiri vanofanira kuita zvimwe chetezvo, kuitira kuti vadzidze kubva pane zvavanosangana nazvo uye nekukasira kugovera hutsva kumiganhu. Kindred reformers isimba guru revaratidziri, uye kufambisa network yepasi rose ndeimwe yeanonyanya kukosha. mafomu anoshanda yerutsigiro rwekunze. Semuyenzaniso, iyo Latin American Regional Institute for the Study and Practice of Strategic Nonviolent Action iri kurima matunhu anorwira nharaunda nekuunza varatidziri pamwechete. kudzidziswa kwepasi rose, uye nzvimbo yangu paUS Institute of Peace iri kuita mabasa akafanana mu-munhu uye online forum.
Pane imwe nhanho yakakosha, masangano epasi rese anofanirwawo kuwedzera kuwanikwa kwedzidzo yekuchengetedzwa kwedhijitari. Apo vazhinji chakanakisisa Resources zviripo, kudzidziswa hakuna kugovaniswa zvakaenzana - nyika dzakakoshesesa dzakazadzwa nepo nyika dziri pedyo dzichiregeredzwa - uye mune dzimwe nyika ruzivo rweveruzhinji rwehutsanana hwedhijitari hunoramba husina kunaka. Zvinenge zvese zvekushandisa zviri muChirungu, uye kune mashoma akakwana ekuedza kugadzirisa misimboti yakajairika. Semuenzaniso, itsika yakanaka kushandisa maviri-factor authentication, asi Apple haitsigiri mbiri-chinhu chechokwadi muIran, saka vashandisi veIranian iPhone vanofanirwa kuvimba nemamwe matanho ekuchengetedza. Saizvozvo, kuwanikwa kweVPN kunosiyana zvakanyanya zvichienderana nemitemo yenyika, uye kukosha kwayo kunoenderana nekusiyana kwenzvimbo yekutarisa pamhepo. Vatsigiri vekunze vanofanirwa kuwedzera pamwe nekunatsiridza zvirongwa zvekudzidzisa, uye padikidiki vanofanirwa kushandura madhairekitori epamhepo mumitauro yakasiyana-siyana.
Pane chekupedzisira, vatambi vepasi rese vanofanirwa kushanda kuvhiringidza hutongi hwemadhijitari, kana kumbomira kuzvigonesa nemaune. The Pegasus spyware spyware, iyo yakaratidza kuti hurumende dzakasiyana-siyana dzakashandisa kambani yeIsrael NSO Group's flagship "counterterrorism" spyware kuongorora vatori venhau, varatidziri uye vezvematongerwo enyika pasi rese, ndiwo mhedzisiro inofanotaurwa yekusadzoreka kwekutengesa kwehuviri-kushandisa kusefa uye kuongorora tekinoroji kudzvinyirira. kuzvitonga. Mademocracies ekuMadokero ari kutanga kutora kuvanzika kwedata zvakanyanya, asi nzira irikumberi irefu, kunyanya yakatenderedza kuyedza kudzika midzi yekumisikidza yakaunganidzwa rusununguko rwepamhepo (zvichida pakati pemubatanidzwa wakabatana techno-democracies).
Panyaya iyi, mitemo yekuvanzika yedata yeUS, hodgepodge yemitemo yechinyakare inosiyana nenyika nechikamu, kunonoka. zviri pachena kumashure EU ichangoburwa kudzora kuedza. Hurumende yeUS inofanirwawo kutsvaga nzira dzekuita indasitiri yetekinoroji mukuedza uku, ichikurudzira mainjiniya emasoftware kuti abatanidze misimboti yekubuda pachena, kuzvidavirira uye kuchengetedzwa kwekodzero dzevanhu mune zvakakosha zvidhinha zvezvigadzirwa zvavo.
Kurwira pakati pevaratidziri vedhijitari uye ma autocrats chinhu chinotsanangura chezvematongerwo enyika muzana ramakore rechi21. Mumakore achangopfuura, ma autocrats vakaita zvakakosha. Asi kana maDemocracy ekuMadokero akazvipira kusimbisa masimba evaratidziri uku zvichikanganisa hunyanzvi hwekuita, tekinoroji yedhijitari inogona kuramba ichizadzisa vimbiso yavo semidziyo yekusunungura vanhu vazhinji.
ZNetwork inopihwa mari chete kuburikidza nerupo rwevaverengi vayo.
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