NeMuvhuro, Chivabvu 16 makumi ezviuru zvevaBolivia vakaburuka kubva kumataundi akapoteredza La Paz, guta guru, vachida kuti hurumende yeCarlos Mesa iwedzere mitero kumakambani ekunze ekunze kubva pa18% kusvika pa50%. Pakazopera kufora kwacho manheru iwayo mupfumvu yehutsi hunokachidza, mabara erabha uye mabhomba emvura, zvavaida zvakanga zvachinja. MaProtestanti, anozivikanwa se'Pact of Unity,'[1] vanga vadzoka mumigwagwa neChipiri, asi zvino vanga vachida kuti makambani egasi neoiri apinzwe munyika, kuvharwa kweCongress uye kupomerwa mhosva kweMutungamiri.
Kuratidzira uku kunoenderera mberi pasi pekuchema kwavo kutsva kwehurumende inozvidavirira, uye mutemo wemafuta unovimbisa kuti nyika yakakura magasi echisikigo 'yechipiri pakukura muLatin America' ichashandiswa kupindura kune zvinodiwa munharaunda yevanhu veBolivia.
Hachisi chido chitsva. Muna Gumiguru, 2003, mazana ezviuru zvevaAymara neQuechua Vechivanhu uye varombo vekuBolivia vashandi vemumigodhi vakapinda mumigwagwa vachitsutsumwa nekutsikiswa kwemakambani egasi chaiwo nemvura nesarudzo yekuvaka pombi yegasi rechisikigo raizoendesa kunze kwenyika chiwanikwa kuburikidza neChile. Ipapo-Mutevedzeri weMutungamiri Carlos Mesa akashora mhirizhonga yezvakazozivikanwa sekumukira kwaGumiguru 2003, uye akatsiva aimbove Mutungamiriri Gonzalo 'Goni' Sanchez de Lozada. Zvakadaro Mesa akatevera tsoka dzeakafanomutangira, achienderera mberi nematare eUnited States nemasangano ekunze anokweretesa uye achisundidzira kuburikidza nekushambadzira kwemakambani egasi chaiwo uye emvura.
Guillermo Auguipa Copa inhengo yebato guru rezvematongerwo enyika reBolivia, Movement Towards Socialism (MAS), uye chikamu cheKomisheni yeKuvandudza Economic muBolivian Congress. Anoti maBolivia haachasiyanisa Mesa kubva kuSanchez. โVanhu vokuBolivia vakaora mwoyo. Mesa ine 'vanhu vanovimba' vakafanana neSanchez. Vazhinji vevanhu vanoita sarudzo muhurumende yeMesa vakabva kuhurumende yeSanchez.โ
Iko kugadzikana kushoma kwezvematongerwo enyika kwakange kwasara munyika kwakasvika pakudonha munaKurume apo Mesa, zvakare achiratidza kuve mubatsiri weUS pane mushandi wehurumende wevanhu veBolivia, akaramba kusaina Mutemo weHydrocarbons achiti waizotyisidzira kunze kwenyika. investment. Mutemo, waizotemera mutero we32% kumakambani emagetsi (kuchengeta 15% royalty) uye unoda kuti vatauriranezve zvibvumirano zvavo nehurumende, pakutanga wakatsigirwa nevaratidziri. Asi kusatendeseka kwaMesa kwakavasimbisa, vachiwedzera zvavaida. Vakatarisana nekuratidzira kuri kuramba kuchikwira, Mesa akasimudzira kusiya basa senzira yekumanikidza varatidziri kuti vabvume danho rake.
Sangano reBolivian Congress rine nhengo zana nemakumi mashanu nenomwe rakarebesa kugadzikana murudzi urwu 'rusingatongeke' rweAndean nekuramba nemubvumirano wekusiya basa kwaMesa. Kuratidzira kwakadzimwa pachishandiswa nzira yemutemo yakavhura nzvimbo yekuti Mutungamiriri weCongress, Hormando Vaca Dรez, apase mutemo pasina kusaina kwaMesa muna Chivabvu 157.
Nepo Mesa aidzivirira nhaka yekutsamwisa vabatsiri vake neoliberal uye (nenguva pfupi) yekusangana nedambudziko rakafanana nereGoni, zvakakosha kusimbisa kuti vanhu veBolivia, vakaodzwa mwoyo nehurumende yavo, vakakwanisa kumanikidza ruoko rwavo uye kuzadzisa kupfuura. yomurayiro. Aruguipa, anotsanangura mamiriro ezvematongerwo enyika, achivimbisa kuti 'vanhu vari kuunganidzwa'ยฆ.vari kuda kuti hurumende yeCarlos Mesa itore nzira imwechete iyo Chavez anayo.'
Kubva kusarudzwa kwaHugo Chavez Frรas muna 1998, demokrasi yeVenezuelan yakabva kune imwe rombo rakanaka kuenda kune chiridzwa chinobatika. Zvichienderana nekutora chikamu kwakakurumbira uye kubatanidzwa, yakapa simba ruzhinji rwaimbove nerusarura uye iri kushandura chimiro chenharaunda nezvematongerwo enyika zveVenezuela. Riberg Dรaz anoshanda kuVenezuela's state oil company Petroleos de Venezuela S.A. (PDVSA) mudunhu reZulia. 'Tiri kuzadzisa basa rakakosha rekubatanidza zvinorehwa nerunyararo munzanga, kuenzana, runyararo uye democracy yechokwadi,' anodaro. โVashandi [muZulia] havasi kungoisa zuva remaawa masere chete; vari kudzivirira uchangamire uye chengetedzo [yePdVSA] uye kutora kwavo chikamu'in el proceso (sekuzivikanwa kunoitwa shanduko yeVenezuela).
Ichiona kuti nyika haigone kuve nedemocracy neruzhinji rwayo rwakatambudzwa nekusagona kuverenga, kushaikwa kwemabasa uye kushaya chikafu, hurumende yeBolivarian gore rakapera chete yakatsaurira mari inopfuura 3.7 bhiriyoni emadhora kupa simba, kudzidzisa, kurapa, kurapa nekushandisa veVenezuela. Kuburikidza nemishoni dzedzidzo, kusagona kuverenga kwakabviswa uye mazana ezviuru zvevanhu ari kutora mukana wekuwana dhigirii rechikoro chepamusoro kana koreji. Co-ops, micro-kiredhiti uye endo native budiriro zvirongwa zvakaderedza kupwanya pasi uye kushaikwa kwemabasa. Barrio Adentro, chirongwa chinotsinhana oiri yeVenezuel kuvanachiremba veCuba, yakapa mamirioni evaVenezuela mukana wemahara wehutano munzvimbo dzavanogara. Vanopfuura mamirioni gumi veVenezuel vanotenga kuMisiรยณn Mercal, hurumende yakapa rubatsiro kuzvitoro zvegirosari, kwavanotenga zvemhando yepamusoro zvekudya pamitengo inosvika makumi mashanu muzana.
Kure neavhareji yako yehuwandu hwehuwandu hwevanhu hwakagadzirirwa kuzadzisa zvinodiwa nevanhu nekukurumidza uye kuunganidza mavhoti, Chavez ari kutevera zano rine chinangwa chekushandura Venezuela kubva kunyika yakapfuma nemafuta yepasirese yeMaodzanyemba kuenda kune yakazvimirira nyika umo vanhu vanokohwa hupfumi hwenyika. zviwanikwa zvavo. Icho chinangwa chinotenderera mukati uye kunze kweVenezuela.
Kuitira kuti ive nechokwadi chekuti huwandu hwemari inowanikwa mumafuta inosvika kuvagari veVenezuela pane kuti varambe vari muhomwe dzemakambani ehurumende ane huori uye anodzvinyirira, hurumende yeBolivarian yakazivisa mwedzi wapera kuti ichadzoreredza hutongi hwayo pamusoro peindasitiri yeoiri nekupedzisira ichishandisa 2001 Hydrocarbons. Mutemo.
Mutemo weHydrocarbons unoti chero mari yekunze muchikamu chemafuta inofanirwa kunge iri mumubatanidzwa pane chibvumirano chebasa. Inoganhurira makambani ekunze kune chikamu che49% mune chero chirongwa, ichichengeta ingangoita 51%, iyo yakawanda, yePdVSA. Uye inokwidza mitero (mari inofanira kubhadharwa kuhurumende kambani yekunze isati yabvisa mari yayo) kubva pa1% kusvika 16% yekuwedzera-inorema kugadzirwa muOrinoco belt uye kubva 16.6% kusvika 30% munyika yese. [2].
Mutemo unoda kuti sangano remutero reVenezuela Seniat riongorore zvese zvibvumirano zvebasa makumi matatu nembiri izvo hurumende inazvo nemakambani emafuta ekunze uye kutora matanho emutemo kune chero vekunze vakabira mutero kana kutyora chibvumirano chayo. Sekureva kwaGurukota reMagetsi uye Mutungamiriri wePdVSA Rafael Ramรrez, 32% yemakambani ane chekuita akakanganisa magwaro achivagonesa kuzivisa kurasikirwa uye nekudaro havana kubhadhara mutero kana kungotadza kubhadhara mutero nemitero, zvichikonzera kurasikirwa kwakasanganiswa kweUS $ 90 bhiriyoni mitero uye $ 3 bhiriyoni muzvikwereti. Pamusoro pezvo, nguva pfupi yadarika yakabuda pachena kuti akati wandei veaya matransnational akatyora zvibvumirano zvavo nekuwedzera kugadzirwa, kusvika zvakapetwa kaviri chikamu chakatemerwa muzvibvumirano zvavo, zvakasanganiswa zvinorema uye zvisina kuchena uye havana kutevedzera mabasa avo ekudyara muPdVSA.
Kutyisidzira Kwemuenzaniso Wakanaka
Venezuela inyika yakambozivikanwa neWashington senhengo ye 'axis of conversion' uye yakasimudzwa neveLeftists semuenzaniso wedemocracy yakashandurwa kubva kune epamusoro-inotongwa kuenda kune inobatanidzwa uye inosanganisirwa. Kupokana kwakadai semanzwiro epasirese anoratidza kugarisana kweavo vanoda mutungamiri weVenezuela ane tsitsi, uye avo vanomuvenga. Nekudaro, polarization mune zvematongerwo enyika zveVenezuelan, munyika uye pasi rose, iri kure nekuparadzaniswa kwe50/50. Yakabatwa neDatanalysis, femu yekuvhotera yakabatana nebato rinopikisa reDemocratic Action, seine 71% yemvumo yenyika, mukurumbira waChavez hauna kumbobvira wakwira.
Pasi rose, sezvo pfungwa ye 'socialism yezana ramakore rechi 21' ichitenderera kuburikidza neLatin America uye sezvo shanduro yeBolivarian yehutongi hwemagariro evanhu ichienderera mberi neruzhinji rwevaLatin America, nhare dzekutevedzera Chavez dzakasimba. Vanopopotera kubva kuMexico City, uko angangove mumiriri wemutungamiri wenyika, Lopez Obrador, anotyisidzira kupikisa hutongi hwehupfumi hweUS, kuenda kuUruguay, uko Tabare Vazquez akatyora hutongi hwemapato maviri hwemakore 170 mune zvematongerwo enyika muUruguayan kuti apinze izvo zvinotarisirwa kuve shanduko yemagariro. - yakananga hurumende.
Zvakadaro zvingave zvisizvo kutenga mukutsvairwa kwakazara kutaura kuti simba reBolivarian Revolution rakapa shanduko yezvematongerwo enyika kuenda Kuruboshwe muLatin America. Zvinogara zvichitaurwa kuti zvikamu zvitatu kubva muzvina zvenyika dzeLatin America zvinotongwa nevatungamiriri 'vekuruboshwe' zvichibva pakuti vaimhanya nematiketi ekuruboshwe kana kuti ndevemapato ane tsika akabatana neKuruboshwe. Vanhu vekuArgentina, Brazil, Ecuador, Bolivia nePeru vakavhotera vatungamiriri vakapikisa vimbiso dzekurwisa maimperialist uye anti-neoliberal' โmapuratifomu aive akakura zvakanyanya kupfuura marongero avakaita kana vangosarudzwa. Izvi zvinoratidzirwa nemhirizhonga muEcuador neBolivia, Mutungamiri wePeruvia Alejandro Toledo's 4% yemvumo ye XNUMX%, kuratidzwa kusina kunaka kweLula's Workers 'Party mumasarudzo ematunhu achangopfuura; uye mapoka evaMexico, aisvika mazana ezviuru akaungana muZocalรยณ kuti vataure kutsigira kwavo Lรยณpez Obrador.
Kusagadzikana kwazvino kwevanhu munharaunda yese muLatin America kunoratidza kusemeswa kwevanhu nehunyengeri hwevatungamiriri vavo vakasarudzwa. Chavez asati asvika, vanhu vekuLatin America vaida shanduko, mihoro iri nani uye mamiriro ekushanda, mabasa emagariro uye mikana yedzidzo. Nekusvika kwaChavez, vane muenzaniso chaiwo wekutevedzera uye vari kubata Bolivarian Revolution yeVenezuela semuenzaniso weshanduko kunyika dzavo.
'Hatina chinhu,' anodaro Aruguipa, 'saka, hapana imwe nzira kunze kwekuwanazve zviwanikwa zvedu.'Ichi ndicho chinhu chikuru kuzvizvarwa zvedu zvinotevera,' anoenderera mberi, 'ndosaka ndichitenda kuti tinosimbiswa. nekupindira kwakasiyana kwakaitwa naChavez. Uku kusimbaradzwa kunoonekwa kwese kwese muBolivia: muCongress pamwe nekubatanidzwazve kwemasangano akasiyana-siyana.โ
Zvakaitwa neBolivarian revolution zvakamanikidza maPresident eLatin America nevamiriri vemutungamiri wenyika kuti vafambe mutsetse mutete pakati pevanozviti vanotevera muenzaniso waChavez kuitira kuti vadzivise kutsausa mabhesi avo, uye kusatsamwira Washington. Sezvinoratidzwa naRumsfeld naRice zvakatadza kuedza kutsaura Venezuela panguva yerwendo rwavo rweLatin America, zvinoita sekunge Latin America iri kukoshesa hukama hwayo hwezvematongerwo enyika neCaracas kwete neWashington.
Asi mushandi wemafuta weVenezuelan Riberg Dรaz PdVSA Zulia anoyambira kuti haisi maitiro aChavez asi kuti budiriro ye'Bolivarian revolution' inosangana nevanhu pasi rese. 'CIA naBush vanoti Chavez ane simba. Icho hachisi chokwadi. Bato reChimurenga ndiro rine simba. Mamwe mafambiro anotora Bolivarian Revolution sechinhu chekutarisa. Uye shanduko yeBolivarian yakapesvedzera padanho repasi rose, kwete muLatin America chete, asi muSpain, muFrance, muIraq neIran'ยฆZuva rega rega vanhu vari kutora pfungwa huru, kuzvipira kukuru kuLatin America, kune nyika, kurugare nekune vakabatwa,' Dรaz akasimbisa kudaro.
Izvi ndizvo chaizvo zvinoita kuti Chavez ave nengozi kuWashington. Kazhinji kurwiswa kweWashington paBolivarian Revolution kunonyorwa sekushushikana kweUS neropa rehupfumi hwayo: oiri, uye pasina kupokana kukosha kweiyo geopolitical yemafuta eVenezuela kuhupfumi hweAmerica hakugone kurerutswa. Matura emafuta eVenezuela, makuru kuWestern Hemisphere, ane 78 bhiriyoni mbiya, mukuwedzera kune 1.2 matiririyoni emadhiri eakanyanya heavy crude. Nekudaro uhwu hukama hwekudzoreredza: iyo US inoenderana nekugona kweVenezuela kubvisa oiri seVenezuela zvinoenderana nekugona kweUS kuipedza.
Zvakangodaro, kutonga kwaChavez pamusoro peimwe yezvakakosha pasi rose zviwanikwa, handizvo zvinomuita njodzi. Mutungamiri weVenezuelan neBolivarian Revolution yake vanotyiwa neWashington nevamwe nekuda kwemuenzaniso wairi kuita kune dzimwe nyika. Uye mutemo weUS wagara uchiedza kukanganisa dzimwe nzira.
Nei zvimwe US โโingadai yakapinda Grenada, chitsuwa chidiki chevanhu zviuru zana? Hazvina kumbove izvo munhu angati geopolitical goldmine. Nei Haiti, nyika ine hurombo zvakanyanya muWestern Hemisphere yakapindirwa nemauto anotungamirwa neUS muna 100,000? Nei panguva ye2004s-1960s iyo CIA yakadzidzisa nekubhadhara mapurisa eGuatemalan kuponda, kutambudza uye kunyangarika mazana maviri evagari vemunyika yavo uye nei maitiro akafanana akadzokororwa muEl Salvador, Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay, Chile, pakati pevamwe? Nei Washington yakapinda muPanama muna 1980? Sei vakamanikidza makore makumi mana nemashanu pasi rose kurambidzwa kwevanhu veCuba? Sei vakadyara mamirioni emadhora mukuparadza Revolution yeNicaragua ine runyararo, inharaunda dzechiKristu, mashopu enhetembo uye mishandirapamwe yekuverenga nekunyora?
Chikonzero chiri mukudzivirira muenzaniso. MuThe Last Colonial Massacre: Latin America muCold War (2004) Greg Gandin anopikisa kuti hondo yepfungwa panguva yeCold War yakanga isiri pakati pe capitalism necommunism, asi pakati pemhando mbiri dzedemocracy: imwe yakamira uye inotyisa uye imwe ine simba. mukana wekuchinja magariro evanhu. IUS yakaunza hondo iyi kune chero nyika yakaedza kuita zvekupedzisira; Hurumende dzeUS dzanga dzichipa chiokomuhomwe, kuuraya nekupwanya chero rudzi rwehuchangamire kana kuramba kubva pakatanga Monroe Doctrine.
Hondo Yemashoko yapera, asi hondo iyi pakati pehurumende dzegutsaruzhinji ichienderera mberi. Kubva Mesa paakatora chigaro muna 2003 muBolivia kwave nekuratidzira kwe900 (uye kuverenga), uye gwara richatorwa nenyika yeAndean harina kujeka. Zvinoratidza kuti Evo Morales ndiye 'mutungamiri wechisikigo weBolivia,' mumashoko aAruguipa uye akagadzirira kutungamirira Bolivia hazvina mubvunzo. Morales uye MAS' inosvika paruzhinji nzanga inoda kuwedzera mitero pamakambani ekunze kusvika makumi mashanu muzana mukuwedzera kumutero we50%. Nekudaro, hurukuro dzaMorales dzichangoburwa dzinoita sekunge dzakadirwa mvura uye dzisingabatanidzwe nekufora uye kuratidzira kunotyisa kwevanhu uye kudana kwemutungamiri weMAS kuti apedze kuvharika kwemigwagwa pakati pemaguta makuru uye kutungamira kunze kwenyika hazvina kuteererwa. Izvi hazvina kumboonekwa. Mutungamiriri wepanyama kana kuti kwete, mumashoko emumwe mutungamiri weMAS, Roman Loayza, 'mabhesi ari kutipfuura. Tinoda kufora tichitsvaga zvikwereti, asi vanhu vanoda nationalization. Uye nokuda kwaizvozvo tichatamburira.โ Dionisio Nuรยฑez, MAS Congressman, anobvumirana nazvo. โTicharwisana nemutemo,โ akatsinhira kudaro. 'Kufora kunofanirwa kuenderera mberi nekuti muCongress havasi vese maseneta nevatevedzeri vanodzivirira vanhu. Dzimwe nguva vanodzivirira vemarudzi akawanda.โ
Zvikumbiro zvevanhu veBolivia zvava kutenderera, kwete pakuwedzera mitero kana mitero sevamiriri veMAS, asi zvinokurudzira kutorwa kwenyika uye kunyange kubvisirwa zvinhu pasina muripo. Vanopokana kuti makambani ekunze akapamba zviwanikwa zveBolivia uye akabira nekushaisa vanhu vayo. Kukwidza mitero kunoonekwa sediki mbatatisi. โVanhu vane kodzero yokuita nyika yavo uye kutorera nyika,โ anotsinhira kudaro Jaime Solares, mutungamiri weBolivian Workers Central, achisimbisa kuti โvanhu havachadaviri muusununguko.
Kunyange hazvo United States ichida kuparadzanisa Chavez, Mutungamiriri weCuba, Fidel Castro, varatidziri veBolivia uye chero ani zvake anoedza mamiriro akaita zvinhu, vanotadza kuziva kuti sezvo Bolivarian Revolution inowedzera, hazvigoneke kuti vanhu vekuLatin America vashivirire vimbiso dzemushandirapamwe dzisina kuzadzikiswa. . Muchirevo chezvakabudirira zvemuenzaniso weBolivarian, kuratidzira nekusagutsikana kungangowedzera kudzamara vatungamiri vakasarudzwa varatidza kuti vakakodzera kutaura kwedemocracy yavanorwira nekuunza mhedzisiro uye shanduko yakadzama.
Washington, kuburikidza nekusina kunanga (uye pamwe yakananga) rutsigiro rwenguva pfupi yaApril, 2002 coup uye kuvharika kweindasitiri yemafuta, yakaedza kupidigura Chavez nekuparadza Bolivarian Revolution. Vakakundikana. Ikozvino budiriro yeBolivarian Revolution iri kudzoka kubva kuTijuana kuenda kuTierra del Fuego uye manzwi evanhu vekuLatin America arikuda shanduko zvakanyanya kupfuura nakare kose. Chii chichaitika kuWashington kunotevera? Zvichakwana here kudzima moto wekurudziro, muenzaniso netariro kuti Chimurenga cheBolivarian chakabatidza mumamiriyoni emwoyo muโchivanze cheWashington.โ Chavez haasi oga,โ anosimbisa kudaro Evo Morales. โVanhu vokuLatin America vanomutsigira. Ndicho chokwadi chitsva.โ
[1] The Pact of Unity yaisanganisira masangano akaita seFederation of United Neighbors of El Alto (FEJUVE-El Alto), Regional Workers Central yeEl Alto (COR-El Alto), Public University yeEl Alto, Vashandi veDhipatimendi. Central, Confederation of Original Peoples, Federation of Peasants of La Paz 'Tupaj Katari,' the Bolivian Workers Central (COB), masangano evadzidzisi eEl Alto neLa Paz, varimi vecoca, nevacheri vemigodhi, pakati pevamwe.
[2] Pamusoro pekuwedzera kwemari, Mutemo weHydrocarbons wakadzikisa mutero kubva pa67% kusvika pa50%. Makambani ekunze haachabhadharwe nemadhora ekuUS, asi kuti Bolรvares, mari yeVenezuela uye zvinodhura zvakaita sembatya, mota uye chikafu hazvichabhadhariswa maakaundi ePdVSA.
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