Kunobva: legalienate
Sezvo isu tichitsvanzvadzira nzira yedu yekubuda kubva padenda reCovid, kune mazano ari kuwedzera ekuti kudiwa kwehupfumi kwakadzama kunogona kuunza imwe "makumi maviri anotinhira." Izvi hazvigone kutorwa senhau dzakanaka, zvisinei, sezvo ma1920s aive makore gumi akamisa kushandiswa kusingagumi semhinduro yekushushikana kwekuve mutongi wehutongi hwehupenyu hwese hunobudirira, achiisa nyika munzira yezvakatipoteredza. njodzi. Zana ramakore gare gare, neavhareji mihoro chaiyo mukumira kana kudzikira kweruzhinji rwevashandi vanodzokera kumashure anopfuura makumi mana emakore, kukwezva kwehupenyu hunoramba huchikwira hwehupenyu hunotungamirwa nekambani yeAmerica hunogona kuoneka kune zvayagara iri: chinhambwe che capitalist. .
Saka mashura aya akazovapo sei?
Mushure memakore ekurova, kurangana, kupamba, kubhomba, kudzingwa, hondo uye (yeRussia) chimurenga, plutocracy yakashinga yakabata helm, fungidziro inofambira mberi yakanyura kubva pakuona, KKK yakamutswa, uye Republican Warren Harding akasarudzwa semutungamiri nevashoma vezvematongerwo enyika. muimba yekuseri yeChicago yakazadzwa nehutsi. Akaonekwa akaputirwa uye apererwa parifiti yehotera aine maziso akatsvuka ropa uye nemazuva maviri kukura kwendebvu, Harding “asingazive zvikuru” (William Allen White) akanga asina chido chetsika asi aizivikanwa semumiriri wekubvumirana pane kushaya vavengi.[1] Achishevedzera kuti “hurumende shoma mubhizimisi uye bhizimisi rakawanda muhurumende,” akavimbisawo kuti mari huru yaizo“shandisa misika yenyika yose zvisina kunaka.” Vashandirwi vakapemberera nedhiraivha yeku "Americanize" vanobva kune dzimwe nyika (vashandure kuva vatengi), kurambidza mibatanidzwa, uye "kudzokera kune zvakajairika."
Progressive reform haina kana kuyera kutaurwa kwechiratidzo zvakare. National Association of Manufacturers yakafamba vakabatana neWall Street uye nhumwa dzese dzehurumende dzaipinda 1920 Republican Convention dzakatakura katsi dzakafuta kubva kumaindasitiri makuru - oiri, njanji, nhare, simbi, marasha, uye machira. Mupepeti wekutanga we Misa Itsva Joseph Freeman akaridza chirevo chehungwaru chinopikisa, achitaura kuti kukwira kweHarding kwaityisa kupfuura kuvimbisa:
"America yakanga yadzokera ku'zvakajairika' pasi pekunyemwerera kwemuguta diki kwemukuru wevashandi vegorofu vachisaina mabhiri ayo akaitwa neWall Street. Mukomana wechikuru anotamba muWhite House, pamwe nevatambi vake vepoker, topers, Casanovas nembavha dzemafuta, vakaratidza hutsinye kune rotogravures sezvo Republic yakazorora kubva kuhondo kuburikidza nezororo refu reRoma pa bootleg gin. Mamirioni emadhora ekurwira mibairo, mitambo yebaseball nemijaho yemabhiza yakaratidza Zera rakakura uye riri nani. Veruzhinji vakanyatsotevera pepanhau iro, richivanza chokwadi pamusoro paMooney naBillings [vatungamiriri vevashandi vemauto vakapomerwa zvenhema nebhomba reKugadzirira Zuva re1915 muSan Francisco], Sacco naVanzetti, vakapira mapeji kumakwikwi erunako uye kuuraya kweruchiva; uye vatori venhau vemabhunu vaitaura chokwadi nezvehondo. Asi senguva dzose mushure mechiitiko uye pasi pekumanikidzwa; nokuti kwaiva kumukirana kwevashandi muRussia, Germany neHungary kwakaunza pachena zvibvumirano zvemakororo epachivande zvehurumende dzeimpiriyasi. Kubiridzira, unyengeri hunouraya hwetsika yakanga iripo yevanhu, iyo yakanga yanyengera mamiriyoni mukuuraya (WWI), yakabuda pachena mukutyisa kwayo kwose kusina kupfeka.”[2]
Kutamba kwakarongeka kwakakurumidza kudzorera kuAmerica kutarisa kune mafashoni, mafashoni, mah jong, tabhu yegini, redhiyo, tsvarakadenga yekugeza, utsotsi, vakadzi, kuputa, Babe Ruth, bonde naFreud. Dzidziso dzinonzi hadzina kukosha dzababa vepsychoanalysis dzakaratidza kubatsira zvakanyanya mukudzikisira kusagutsikana kusati kwaita kumukirana kwakakurumbira, apo psychoanalysis yakawedzera kuva chimwe chezvinyanya kukosha zvemakore gumi. Maererano nachiremba weViennese, miitiro yomunhu yokusaziva yaifanira kuongororwa, kutya kukundwa, uye kusimbiswa. Catharsis, kwete kurwisana kwemapoka, ndiyo yaiva nzira yokuzvisunungura nayo kubva muudzvanyiriri hwekutya kukuru uye kusatendeka kwevanhu, maitiro ezvematongerwo enyika akasimbisa chinyararire mamiriro ezvinhu. Muchinji Frederic Howe, apererwa nezano pamusoro pezviroto zvakaparara zvenzanga itsva, akaenda kuna chiremba wepfungwa, uyo akamuudza kuti aifanira kuzvibvisa amene kuva nemhaka ndokurerekera kuupenyu hwake hwapachivande. Nenguva pfupi Howe akasiya shanduko yemagariro achisarudza kutsvaga "kuwirirana mukati," achiedza kugadzirisa "mikaha muhunhu [hwake]," uye kutsvaga "kushamwaridzana neni sezvandisati ndamboziva."
Muzita rehutano hwekugadzirisa psychoanalysts vakabatsira vanonetseka munharaunda kutora mukana wekurapa kunodhura kwakarambwa kune vese kunze kwevashoma, kuitira kuti vasunungurwe kubva mukusagadzikana kwetsika kupinda muhupenyu hwekusagadzikana hwekuzviwanira wega izvo zvakaita kuti kunyanyisa kuzvifunga kugoneke pakutanga. . Kureva kutsanangura uye kunzwisisa hana isina kusimba, vakatanga kukanda mapfumo pasi kwetsika kunonyeverwa souchenjeri hwounhu hwakabatana. Mhedzisiro isingaenderane yaive yekugutsikana-kwakanangana nekutsvaga kwemukati kunobudirira pamwe chete nekuwedzera kubira kwekunze kweKlansmen usiku, hondo dzeMafia dzinoteura ropa, mibatanidzwa yakaputsika, mhomho dzevanyanyisi, uye kutonga zvine hutsinye muCaribbean neCentral America.
Kure neshanduko, psychoanalysis yakagadzirisa kungogadzirisa varwere kune kusarongeka kwehurongwa hwemagariro kudiwa kwekuzvimiririra. Vaya vakaremerwa nemhosva yakavatungamirira kupandukira tsika dzechinyakare vakapedzisira varapwa nevanoongorora nezvepfungwa vakaona kupandukira sechirwere. Hana yakatendeseka yemagariro, mhosva yakatwasuka, kuzvipomera kwakananga maererano nekubiridzira, zvese zvakadzoredzwa pamuripo. Kudzokorora Freeman zvakare:
"Psychoanalysis yakanga isiri, sezvaifungidzirwa nevapanduki verudo, yetsika. Yaive ine hunhu, yakajairika uye bourgeois. Iye amene akanyura chose chose mumiitiro yeboka rapakati, muongorori wepfungwawo zvake airangarira ruvengo rwakakomba rwenzanga ye<em>capitalist sokupengenuka kwendangariro . . . Muzviitiko zvakawanda, psychoanalysis yevanyori vebohemian uye maartist yakavavhurira musuwo wekuseri umo vakapindazve munharaunda yebourgeois yavakange varamba munguva yavo yekumukira kwerudo. Zvakazoitika muzana ramakore rechimakumi maviri America, semuzana ramakore rechigumi nepfumbamwe kuEurope, kuti pwere yakamukira chiremera chababa, ichipfeka zviratidzo zvekunyora uye zvezvematongerwo enyika, kwaingova kuramba kwetsika dzechinyakare pasi pekumanikidzwa kwehudofo hwakajairwa mukupokana nehana isina kujairika. Kana kukakavadzana ikoko kwangopedzwa chete, hunhu nehana pazvayananiswa, mugwagwa wakazaruka wokuti muparadzi adzoke kudanga remabhunu. Iyo neurotic bohemian yaitsvaga murudo mafaro pasina mutoro. Apo psychoanalysis yakamupa pfungwa yokuva nomutoro, kupfurikidza nokumubudisa munzvimbo yefungidziro kupinda munzvimbo yechokwadi, aigona kuva nomutoro bedzi sokugamuchirwa kwakakwana kwenzanga yemabhunu.”
Dambudziko, hongu, raive rekuti psychoanalysis yakadzikisa chikamu chekufarira zviri pamutemo kuhukama hwega. Saka, avo vaipikisa kubiwa kwakarongwa kwehutongi hwega hwega uye varwi vayo vehondo dzema imperialist vakanzi vapanduki, nechikonzero chekuti vakanga vasati vambosangana nemunhu upi noupi wevanhu vakapamba nekuponda vavaivenga. Zvechokwadi, munguva yeWWI yakanga yaonekwa seuchapupu hwepfungwa dzakanaka kuchemera musoro waKaiser uye kushuva kuurayiwa kwemamiriyoni makumi matanhatu eGermany angadai asina kusangana. Asi uku kwaiva kuda nyika yechokwadi, kuda nyika kunoyemurika, chishuvo chakarurama uye chine utano chokupfura, gomba, bhomba, kufa nenzara, kuremadza, uye kuuraya vose avo vatungamiriri vako (vawakanga usati wamboonawo) vakasimbirira kuita kuti nyika isachengeteke kugutsaruzhinji. Nokudaro zvakazoitika kuti avo vakanzi vakakodzera mundangariro vakaratidzira utano hwavo hwendangariro kupfurikidza nokunamata anosarura Woodrow Wilson nemhondi yeMexican “gororo” General Pershing, nepo avo vaishora zvikuru vatungamiriri vemaindasitiri nokuda kwekuuraya vashandi muLudlow, Lawrence, Youngstown, uye Pittsburgh vakawanwa kuti iva nekunyengera. Ditto kune avo vairamba kutumira mamirioni evarume vechidiki vachimhan'arira mumoto wepfuti muhondo yakabvumwa neMutungamiriri Wilson yaive chibereko che "kukwikwidzana" - mushure mechokwadi. Avo vakamira vachipokana nekutora chikamu kweUS muhondo kana yaigona kuita zvakanaka - saEugene Debs - vakaiswa mutirongo nekukanganisa kunyorwa uye kusamboregererwa. Mumazuva okupedzisira outungamiri hwake Woodrow Wilson akapa ruregerero rwokuenda kune vamwe, asi kwete Debs, uyo akanga aputsa murairo mukuru woUmambo: “Usaramba Kuuraya!”[3]
"Kana tikanzwisisa magadzirirwo uye zvinangwa zveboka repfungwa, zvino zvave kugona kudzora nekugadzirisa ruzhinji maererano nechido chedu vasingazvizive."
——Edward Bernays, anowanzonzi “Baba Vehukama Huzhinji”
Psychoanalytic nzwisiso yakaratidzawo kubatsira mukugadzira zvinodiwa zvekugadzira, izvo zvakakurumidza kumisa zvinooneka kushandiswa seyekupedzisira chiyero chehupenyu hune chinangwa.
Mikana yekudzora pfungwa dzeveruzhinji yakaratidzirwa zvinoshamisa neCreel Commission panguva yeWWI, apo ruzhinji rweAmerica rwekutanga rwakashandurwa kuita mhirizhonga yejingoist mumwedzi yakati wandei. Zvino nyanzvi yezveupfumi Roger Babson akafanotaura kuti kudzora pfungwa kwaizopinda munharaunda yezvokutengeserana: “Hondo yakatidzidzisa simba reparadziro. Iye zvino kana tine chero chinhu chekutengesa kuvanhu veAmerica, tinoziva kuti tingachitengesa sei. Tine chikoro, purupiti, uye muchina wokudhinda.”
Nyanzvi yezvemagariro evanhu JB Watson weJohns Hopkins University, muvambi wemaitiro emazuva ano, akakurumidza kubata bviro dzeinjiniya yemagariro mune inonzi sayenzi yepfungwa. Achikurudzira kuterama pabasa uye kutsiviwa kwegutsikano pamusika nokuda kwemibayiro youpenyu hwemhuri, akarasa tsika dzokurera vana dzechinyakare dzokutsvoda, kubata-bata, uye kubata-bata achiti dzinokanganisa uye dzinokuvadza pfungwa, achiramba kuti dzakanga dzisina kunyatsogadzirira chokwadi chebhizimisi nenyanzvi. upenyu, sezvavakanga vari. Chakanga chasara chisingafungiki kwaari chakanga chiri chokuti simba rebhizimisi rakazvimirira ringangofanira kurega kuitira kuti zvinodikanwa zvavanhu vakasvinura uye vane utano zvigogona kuzadzikiswa.[4]
Asi zvaidiwa nemakambani ekuwana purofiti isina muganho zvakakunda panzvimbo, saka kushandiswa kwakaitwa mushonga wekuvhiringidza kwekugadzira. Sezvo mabasa emumaindasitiri akanga ava nenguva refu kubva pakuva munhu mumwe chete, pfungwa yokukundikana kuwana upenyu hune chinangwa chaive chichemo chevashandiwo zvavo. Kudzivirira kusagutsikana uku kubva pakuwana nzira yekuchinja kwemagariro, makirasi ebhizinesi akapemberera kusunungurwa kwevashandi se "kuzvimiririra kwakaoma," vachikudziridza "uzivi hwekusava nematuro" hunoenderana nemaune hwakavhiringa hupenyu hwakanaka neizvo Lewis Mumford akadana kuti "zvinhu. upenyu.”[5] Mumapepanhau, magazini, uye paredhiyo vakaratidzira pamberi peAmerica chiono chokuzvigutsa chisingaiti kupfurikidza nokushandisa mari kwakapinza noungwaru kusagutsikana kwoupenyu hwomuindasitiri mukushandiswa kwakawanda. Sezvo netsanangudzo vashandi vaisambokwanisa kuwana zvinhu zvakawandisa zvakagadzirirwa kutsiva kugutsikana kwega kwega nechishuwo chitsva, kushushikana kwakawedzera sezvo hupfumi hwaiwedzera.
Kusava nematuro kwoupenyu hwakadaro kwakashamisa nyanzvi yezveupfumi yebhizimisi Paul Nystrom somumwe mukana wokuongorora zvingaitwa nevoruzhinji kuti vatenge: “Uku kushaikwa kwechinangwa muupenyu kune mugumisiro pakushandisa zvakafanana nokuva nefariro youpenyu hutete, kuti iri, kuisa pfungwa dzevanhu pazvinhu zvakanyanyisa zvinosanganisira kudyiwa kwefashoni.”[6]
Nenguva isipi kufarirwa kwehupenyu hudiki kwakava chigadziro chetsika sezvo zvinhu zvinogadzirwa zvakawanda zvaigonesa hutsva kuita seshanduko. “Kuneta” nokusava nematuro kwoupenyu hwomuindasitiri hwazvino uno kwakabatanidzwa noune no“kuneta . . . nezvipfeko nezvinhu.”[7] Ikokuwo, kwakabvumira kutengwa kwezvinhu zvinopenya izvo zvakagovera zororo rechinguvana pamitoro yemuitiro wezuva nezuva ndokuva shanduro yeAmerica yokusunungurwa kwokunyepedzera. Kunyepedzera kwacho kwakagara kwenguva yakareba zvekuti zvinhu zvakawanda zvinoyevedza uye mifananidzo inoyevedza haina kumboderera.
Kushandiswa kwemafashoni seimwe nzira yekuchinja munharaunda yaive dingindira guru remabhuku ebhizinesi e1920s. Helen Woodward, munyori mukuru wechikadzi wemakore gumi, akabvuma kuti chinjo yaizova “mushonga unobatsira zvikuru munyika kuvanhu vazhinji,” ndokuisa kushandiswa senzira yokugutsa zvishuvo izvozvo panzvimbo pokuita chinjo. “Kuna avo vasingagoni kuchinja upenyu hwavo hwose kana kuti mabasa,” iye akadaro,” kunyange mutsara mutsva muhembe kazhinji kazhinji unozorodza. Mukadzi aneta nemurume wake kana imba yake kana basa anonzwa kumwe kusimudzwa kwehuremu hwehupenyu kubva pakuona mutsara wakatwasuka kuita kuzvitutumadza, kana kuti grey pass mu beige.”[8]
Kuvhiringidzwa nemafungiro akadai seaya, basa remunhu rakagoverwa seatomu yakaderedzwa yekugadzira rakanga risingakwanisi kutsamwiswa, kana kuti kunyange kuonekwa. Woodward, uyo akanyevera kuti kuratidzirwa kwebasa refekitari hakufaniri kutongooneka muzviziviso, haana kufunga kuti chinjo huru yaitobvira, asi akawana mhosho pavavariro dzemagadzirirwo evatengi panzvimbo pevavaki: “Vanhu vakawanda havana ushingi kana kuti kunzwisisa. kuita chinjo dzakadzama,” akadaro achizvidza.[9]
Vachitsausa vashandi kubva mukukangaidzika kwekugadzirwa kwezvinhu, vashambadziri vakashandisa kusachengeteka kwavo munhamburiko isingaperi kuti vawanze zvavanoda uye kuwedzera kushandiswa. Sezvo zvisungo zvokubatana zvakanga zvichityisidzira, kutya kwokusatenderwa kwaifanira kusimudzirwa kukutya kukuru. Saizvozvo, mashoko okushambadza airatidza vanhu sevari mungozi munyika inotonga zvinhu zvokuti zvakanga zvisingabviri kuvimba kunyange nehama neshamwari dzepedyo, tisingatauri nezvevoruzhinji. Mamiriro emagariro evanhu akaratidzwa kuva akabatwa nerusarura uye akazara nezvinhu zvinotyisa: "sneaker smell," "paralyzed pores," "mabvi ekuzorora," "chiso-chikafu chechipunu," "hudyu yehofisi," "mhosva yepasi pemaoko," uye "kufema kweashtray." Kushambadzira kunoratidza hupenyu hwepamba, nharaunda, uye basa zvakakurudzira kusachengeteka kwenguva refu, uye shuwa kuti murindiri "atange azvifungira," achiteverwa nevadikani, shamwari, uye vavakidzani. Stuart Chase, mutsigiri wevatengi vekare, akataura kuti basa guru rekugezesa mukanwa “rinongoperera pakutityisa kurufu.”[10]
Muchidimbu, nekugadzira chiratidziro che (chimiro) chekuchinja mumusika, kufinhwa uye kushushikana nekuvapo kwakarongeka kwakaunganidzwa mukutsigira kuwedzera kushandiswa kwete kwekuchinja kukuru munzvimbo yebasa. Izvi zvakasimbisazve zvimiro zvakaunza kusagutsikana, mukuita kubvumira makambani zviri pamutemo, kudzikamisa vashandi, uye kugadzirisa zviono zvehupenyu hwepachivande. Zvichakadaro, kugutsikana kwega kwega kwechinguvana kwaipiwa nekushandiswa kwezvinhu uye masevhisi kwaingowedzera havi yekuwedzera kuwanda kwezvinhu zvinodiwa uye kunyanya kudyisa. Kuda, kwete chido, kwakanyorwa seinjini yehupenyu hweAmerica.
Izvi zvakazviratidza kuburikidza nekuwanda kwemafungu ekushambadzira-inopa mbiri yekushambadzira mumapepanhau, magazini, mifananidzo inofamba, uye paredhiyo, sechikwata chitsva chemainjiniya echinzvimbo chakazvipira kukugadzira zvinodiwa, kumutsa godo, uye kushora vatengi vanoregera nekutadza " fambirana nevaJones." Gore rega rega mota nyowani, gajeti, sipika yeredhiyo, feni yemagetsi, kana vacuum cleaner muffler yaiunzwa semushonga unokosha wekushushikana kwechimiro kunoenderana nekudzikira kweboka revashandi.
Kuwanda kunoramba kuripo kwemaprimiyamu, mibairo, uye zvipo zvakakudziridza kuvimbika kwemhando panguva imwe chete iyo "kubhadhara pasi" kwakaderedzwa, "kutengeserana" kubvumidzwa kwakawedzera, uye mazwi echikwereti kurerutswa, zvese izvi zviri zvitsva zvemari zvakagadzirirwa kuwedzera kushandiswa. Nevashambadziri vachitsanangudza kuda kwakakurumbira sehuwandu hwesarudzo dzevatengi mumusika, izvo Thorstein Veblen akange ashora sekushandiswa kuri pachena kwekirasi yekutandara kwakava kwakanakira demokrasi yeAmerica, kunyangwe demokrasi yevatengi uye demokrasi chaiyo zvakaparadzana pasirese.
Sezvingatarisirwa, idzi sarudzo dzenhema dzakafambiswa mberi senyaya ine simba rinokwevera zvinhu zvakanyanya. Nyanzvi yezvehupfumi Nystrom yakasimbisa migumisiro yakaipa munzanga yaizoshanyirwa kune ani zvake ari kuedza kurega upenyu hunodzorwa: “Pachava nezvitarisiko zvinokatyamadza, kutarisisa kusina chokwadi uye fungidziro dzokutsoropodza. Anenge afunga kuti anopenga. Achatongwa seasina simba repfungwa uye, pamwe, semunhu asingadiwi. " Uye kwaisafanira kuva netsitsi nokuda kwomuramba: “Kana akaramba [mukuputsa mipimo yokushandisa] . . . iye, kana ari mushandi, acharasikirwa nebasa rake! Acharasikirwa nevatengi kana ari mutengesi; acharasikirwa nemavhoti kana ari wezvematongerwo enyika. Acharasikirwa nevatengi vake kana ari chiremba kana gweta. Acharasikirwa neshamwari dzake dzose.”[11]
Sezvatinoziva, nyaya haina kupera zvakanaka. Muhoro wevarombo uye purofiti yakakwira mukati memakumi maviri ese zvakakonzera kukwira kwechigadzirwa cheindasitiri kudarika simba rekutenga kwevatengi. Pakazopera makore gumi vashoma vashoma vevasima mari vaive nehupfumi hwakawanda kupfuura hwavaikwanisa kushandisa kana kuisa mari zvine mutsindo, ukuwo makumi manomwe kubva muzana emhuri dzisiri dzepapurazi dzakashaya mari yakakwana yekuti vakwanise kuchengetedza chikafu chakakwana.[12] Ongororo yakaitwa nenyanzvi dzezveupfumi dzechokwadi dzakaratidza kuti 35% yevaAmerica vaigara pasi kana kuti pasi pekuchengetedzwa kwemuviri netsika, neimwe 25% iripo pa“kunyaradzwa kudiki”.[13]
Kuwanda kwechigadzirwa kwakawedzera dambudziko semichina, kuwedzera kwehunyanzvi hwekugadzirisa maindasitiri, uye nyanzvi huru yevashandi ichangoisa hupfumi mumaoko mashoma. Kudyara mari yekunze, kiredhiti yechikwereti, uye fungidziro yemasheya zvakamisa zuva rekuverengera kwenguva pfupi, asi pakakwira mitengo yemasheya uye kuwanda kwenhamba dzezvitoro zvakakanganisa vatengi muna Gumiguru 1929, kudzvanya kwemahara kwematiki eWall Street kwakapera mukunyarara kwenguva refu.
[1] William Allen White, Iyo Autobiography yaWilliam Allen White, (Macmillan, 1946) p. 596
[2] Joseph Freeman, Testamente yeAmerica - rondedzero yevapanduki uye vanodanana, Farrar naRinehart, 1936) p. 233
[3] Idzi ndima mbiri dzakatorwa pamwe neruzivo rwepfungwa mundima ino runobva kuna Joseph Freeman's, Testamente yeAmerica - rondedzero yevapanduki uye vanodanana (Farrar naRinehart, 1936), p. 232-3, 244, 275-6, 403. Yakakoshawo kune ruzivo rwakakwana nezvenguva iPage Smith's, Nhoroondo Yevanhu yeProgressive Era uye WWI - America Inopinda Munyika, (McGraw Hill, 1985), p. 792-4, pamwe chete neyake Kununura Iyo Nguva: Nhoroondo Yevanhu ye1920s uye Iyo New Deal (Penguin, 1987), p. 30-1, 915. Ruzivo rwekuwedzera runobva kuna Thomas C. Cochran naWilliam Miller, The Age of Enterprise – A Social History of Industrial America (Harper, 1961) p. 342; uye Murray B. Levin, Zvematongerwo enyika Hysteria muAmerica - The Democratic Capacity for Repression (Basic Books, 1971) p. 72
[4] Stuart Ewen, Vakuru veKuziva - Kushambadzira uye Midzi Yemagariro eMutengi Tsika, (McGraw Hill, 1976) p. 82-3
[5] Lewis Mumford, Technics uye Civilization, (Harcourt, 1934) p. 105-6
[6] Ewen, ibid., p. 85
[7] Ewen, ibid. p. 85
[8] Ewen, ibid. p. 85-6
[9] Ewen, Ibid. p. 80uye 86
[10] Ewen, ibid. p. 97, 99, 102
[11] Stuart Ewen, Vakuru veKuziva - Kushambadzira uye Midzi Yemagariro eMutengi Tsika, (McGraw Hill, 1976) p. 80, 82-6, 94-5
[12] Frank Stricker, Zvinokonzera Kuderera Kukuru - Izvo Reagan Asingazive Nezve ma1920s, https://www.bartleby.com/essay/Cause-Of-The-Great-Depression-What-Reagan-F3CAR3LD47W
[13] Mauritz Hallgren, The Gay Reformer – Profits before Plenty under Franklin D. Roosevelt, (Knopf, 1935) p. 41
ZNetwork inopihwa mari chete kuburikidza nerupo rwevaverengi vayo.
dhoneta