Fallujah, Iraq - Kutyaira kuburikidza neFallujah, raimbova guta reSunni rinopandukira munyika ino, ndakaona humbowo hushoma hwemhando ipi neipi yekuvakazve. Anosvika makumi manomwe muzana muzana ezvivakwa zveguta iro zvakaparadzwa panguva yekurwisa kukuru kwemauto eUS muna Kubvumbi, uye zvakare muna Mbudzi 70, uye anopfuura makore mana gare gare, mu "Iraq itsva," guta riri kuramba richipera simba.
Mabhomba ezvivakwa akaputswa nemabhomba eUS, artillery, kana moto wedhaka kumashure panguva iyoyo achiri mutsetse wemugwagwa mukuru weFallujah, kana kuti, izvo zvasara nazvo. Sechimwe chezviratidzo zvishoma zvinooneka zvekuvakwazve muguta, mugwagwa iwoyo - wakaparadzwa zvakanyanya panguva yekukomba kwaNovember 2004 - uri kubvarurwa zvishoma nezvishoma kuti ugadziriswe.
Kushaikwa kwemabasa kwatekeshera pano, zvivakwa zvinoramba zviri matongo, uye makumi ezviuru zvevagari vakatiza muna 2004 vachiri vapoteri. Kwaigona sei kuva neimwe nzira, tichipiwa nhamburiko yakawanda yakapinda mukuparadzwa kwayo uye kwete, gare gare, mukuivakazve? Inzvimbo iyo mugari anofanira kuramba akatenderera neUS-yakapihwa biometric ID kadhi, iyo inofanirwa kuratidzwa chero nguva yaunopinda kana kubuda muguta kana uri weko. Kadhi rakadaro rinogona kuwanikwa chete mushure mekunge mauto eUS aongorora retinas ako uye atora mafingerprints ako.
Kushungurudzika kubva mukurwiswa kwa2004 kunoramba kuchionekwa kwese kwese. Tichifunga nezvemadziro asingaverengeki ezvitoro, zvitoro, nedzimba asingaverengeki akazara nebara, hazvibviri kuona guta uri panzvimbo ipi neipi, kana kutarira mativi ose, pasina kuona zviratidzo zvokukomba ikoko.
Zvose zviri muFallujah, uye munhu wose aripo, akabatwa kusvika kumucheto nechiitiko, asi haasi munhu wose ari kusangana nemigumisiro yekuparadzwa kweguta nenzira imwechete. Muchokwadi, kune yakawanda ye "kushanya" kwangu kweFallajah, ndakanga ndiri mukati memba yakashongedzerwa, yakavakirwa-tsika, $420,000 BMW ine zvese zvishongedzo zvaidiwa muzana ramakore remakumi maviri nerekutanga Iraq, kusanganisira kamuri yedoro nemahwindo asingapindi bara.
Imwe yenguva dzekupedzisira dzandakanga ndadzingwa kuburikidza neFallujah - muna April 2004 - ndaive neboka duku revatapi venhau uye vashandi. Takanga tapinda muguta, panguva iyeyo rakanga rakakombwa, tiri mubhazi rakanga rakaita kanyama kakatakura zvinhu zvokuyamura. Mushure mekuona tichitya sezvo US F-16 yakadonhedza mabhomba mukati meFallujah patakanga tichienda kwairi kuburikidza nemapurazi ekumaruwa, takasvika kuwana migwagwa yayo isina chinhu, chengetedza. mujahideen checkpoints.
Kutaura kuti nzira yangu itsva yekufambisa yaive yekusimudzira iyo yakandisiya ndavhiringidzika kungave (kuiswa zvinyoro) kushomeka. Iyo BMW yaive yaSheik Aifan Sadun, mukuru weAwakening Council yeFallujah. Kutenda kusangano reKumutsa rakatanga kuumbwa muna 2006 muAl-Anbar Province, ipapo kwaipisa mhirizhonga yeSunni - umo mauto eAmerica akakurumidza kudurura mari yakawanda, maoko, uye mamwe marudzi erutsigiro - mhirizhonga munzvimbo zhinji dzedunhu iroro. iye zvino yakaderera zvachose. Izvi zvinonyatsooneka mu Fallujah, yaimbozivikanwa seguta rekupokana, sezvo kurwa kunotyisa kwemakore ekugara kweAmerica kwakaitika ikoko.
Nhasi, Sheik Aifan ane makore makumi matatu nemana anogona kunge ari murume akapfuma muguta, nekuda kwemubatanidzwa wake wekuzvifarira nemauto eUS. Aifan rombo rakanaka raive iri: Aive sheiki akakodzera munzvimbo chaiyo panguva chaiyo apo maAmerican, vachishuvira kutadza kwavo muIraq, vakafunga kukanda rutsigiro rwavo kumashure kwekugadzwa patsva kwevakuru vedzinza mudunhu umo mhirizhonga yeSunni yakaitika. nehukasha hwakanyanya kubva 34-2004.
Mu "Business Rekuvaka"
Usanzwisisa zvisizvo. Iri rakanga risiri hurongwa hwekuchenjerera, hwakaiswa zvine hungwaru, hwakagadzirwa muUSA. Yaiva chigaro-che-pant, spur-of-the-nguva kugadzirisa nokukurumidza. Mushure mezvose, panguva iyo varongi veUS vakafunga kukanda huremu hwavo kuseri kweKumutsa Movement, chaitove chimwe chinhu chechibvumirano chakaitwa.
Mukupera kwa2006, tichingotaura, mwedzi isati yasvika George W. Bush zano re "surge" risati ratumira mamwe mauto eAmerica zviuru makumi matatu muBaghdad nenzvimbo dzakatenderedza, US yakatanga kubhadhara-mubhadharo wekushandira pamwe kwemadzishe edzinza eAl-Anbar ndokutanga kupa mari nekupa zvombo. mauto eSunni avaironga ipapo. Nekuda kweizvozvo, huwandu hwekurwiswa kwevapanduki hwakakurumidza kudonha, uye saka maAmerican akawedzera chirongwa kune mamwe mapurovhinzi. Yakakura ichibatanidza vanenge 30,000 Sunni fighters, vazhinji vavo vaibhadharwa $ 100,000 pamwedzi - mari yakawanda muguta rakaparadzwa rakafanana neFallujah ine denga-yakakwirira yekushayikwa kwemabasa.
Chirongwa ichi chakakurumidza kurumbidzwa sekubudirira, uye mapoka akatumidzwa chero chinhu kubva kuThe Awakening, kusvika kuVana veIraq (al-Sahwa), kana sekuda kwemauto eUS kwechinguva, Concerned Local Citizens. Chero zita ripi, vazhinji venhengo dzavo vaichimbova varwiri vehondo; vazhinji vaimbovawo nhengo dzeBaath Party yaSaddam Hussein; uye nhamba dzakakosha dzaive - uye, chokwadi, dzakasara - zvese.
Paive nenhoroondo yakadzama kunzira iyo maAmerican vakazosarudza kuti vadzore hupanduki uye mapoka eAl-Qaeda-in-Iraq (AQI) akakura kubva paari. Mubvunzurudzo naDavid Enders naRichard Rowley, vandaishanda navo, muzhizha ra2007, Sheikh Aifan akataura izvi zvakajeka: "Saddam Hussein aitsigira mamwe madzinza uye mamwe masheki. Vamwe vevakuru ivavo, vakashandisa simba ravo munzvimbo dzavo. .Rutsigiro rwekutanga rwakauya nemari. Akavatsigira nemapurojekiti makuru, nemari, uye akaita kuti vapfume zvakanyanya shefu."
Chinangwa chikuru chemaAmerican chaisambove kuvakazve kwakaparadzwa al-Anbar Province. Ndiro raingove zita rakapihwa chirongwa chaive nechinangwa - kubva pamaonero eUS - chaive chekuponesa hupenyu hweAmerica uye kupedza mhirizhonga muIraq sarudzo dzemutungamiri wenyika yeAmerica dza2008 dzisati dzaitwa.
Nhasi, vatungamiri vevatungamiri vakaita saAifan vachakuudza kuti vari mu "bhizimisi rekuvaka." Ndiwo mutsara une hunhu wezvavari kuita, uye rubriki iyo yakawanda yekubhadhara inoitika (zvisinei nemwero basa rekuvaka patsva ringave). Funga nezvazvo seizvi: Mutengesi wese anoda murume wepamberi. US yakatenga masheiks uye zvaive kune mukana wavo kuti vatengerwe. Vakawanazve rudzi rwesimba rakanga rave richinyura, nepo mari yose nemaoko zvakavabvumira kuisa mhasuru chaiyo mukuunganidza vanhu mumarudzi avaidzora uye mukuvaka Bato Rinomuka.
Zvikonzero - uye zvakazara - nei vatungamiriri vemadzinza vakada kushandira pamwe nevagari venyika yavo, zviri nani mukutarisa, zvakajeka. Avo vari muAl-Anbar vakambotsigira, uye vakatsigirwa naSaddam Hussein, uye vakambotsigira kuramba vakanyanya kuda kushanda nemauto sezvo vaiona simba ravo raparadzwa neAl-Qaeda-mu-Iraq.
AQI yakaratidza kutyisidzira kune sheiks, vazhinji vavo vakamboshanda nayo zvakananga, payakatanga kuyedza kumisa pfungwa yavo inotyisa, yekunyanyisa yeSunni mudunhu - uye pamwe zvakatonyanya kukosha, payakatanga kutyora muchinjikwa. -kutengeserana kwechitsotsi kwepamuganhu kwakanga kwachengeta madzishe mazhinji edzinza akapfuma. Sezvo AQI yakawedzera kukura uye nekutyisidzira mabhesi avo emari nemasimba, vaive vasina sarudzo kunze kwekukanda mujenya wavo nemaAmerican.
Nekuda kweizvozvo, varume ava vakawana rutsigiro rwemauto avo ega ega, vakatumidzazve mapoka eKumuka, uye nekuwedzera, vakasaina zvibvumirano zve "kuvaka" nevaAmerica vanoisa mamirioni emadhora muhomwe dzavo, kunyangwe zvisiri nguva dzose munzvimbo dzekuvaka chaidzo. Kubva muna Kubvumbi 2006, Rand Corporation yakaburitsa chirevo, "The Anbar Awakening," ichizivisa vangangove mubatanidzwa mutsva weAmerica seboka remasheiki aimbodzora zvindori uye hutsotsi hwakarongwa munzvimbo iyi.
Mumwe muenzaniso unoshamisa waive Sheik Abdul Sattar Abu Risha, akavamba mapoka ekutanga eKumuka mual-Anbar uye akazotungamira bato rese kusvika apedza. akaurayiwa muna 2007, nguva pfupi mushure mekunge asangana neMutungamiri Bush. Zvainyatsozivikanwa mudunhu iri kuti Abu Risha ainyanya kuita chitsotsi achidzivirira bhizinesi rake nekujoinha maAmerican.
Hazvishamisi kuti, tichifunga nezvemaitiro anobhadhara ehukama hwekushandira pamwe hwakatanga, chero panopondwa sheik weboka reKumuka, mumwe anogara aripo kuti atore nzvimbo yake. Abu Risha, chokwadi, akabva atsiviwa se "mutungamiri" weAnbar Awakening nemukoma wake. Sheik Ahmad Abu Risha, zvakare ikozvino mu "bhizimisi rekuvaka."
Kurota kweDubai Nyowani
Apo George W. Bush akashanyira Iraq munaSeptember 2007, muenzi wangu parwendo rwangu rwe Fallujah, Sheik Aifan, akanga ndakafara kusangana naye. Bush, akadaro, "aive akangwara uye hama." Munguva yezhizha ra2008, aizodaro kusangana naBarack Obama naizvo. Paakabvunzwa kuti aifungei nezvaObama, akaudza Richard Rowley, "Mutemo weUnited States wekunze hausi kushanduka nemutungamiri mutsva." Mufananidzo wake aina Mutungamiri weIraqi Nouri al-Maliki inoratidzwa nokudada, pakati pevamwe vakawanda, kumba kwake muFallujah.
Kuti unzwisise zvizere kuti sei vatungamiri vemarudzi vakaita saAifan vakatanga kushanda zvakanyanya nemauto eAmerica, iwe unofanirwawo kufunga nezvemafungu emhirizhonga yemapoka echechi akanga achitsvaira muIraq muna 2006. Sezvo kuzviuraya kweSunni uye kuputika kwemotokari kwakauraya maShiites, saizvozvowo, Mauto eShia nemapoka erufu aiponda maSunni nenhamba zuva nezuva.
Isati yarwiswa neUS muna 2003, maSunni anga anga akawanda muBaghdad, guta guru reIraq. Pakazosvika 2006, vaive vashoma vashoma, vakanyanya kudzingwa kubva munzvimbo dzakawanda dzakasanganiswa dzeSunni-Shiite dzaive neguta uye dzimwe dzeSunni zvakare. Mazana ezviuru zvavo akadzingwa mumisha muBaghdad moga.
Pane yake Inoziviswa Comment blog, Juan Cole mishumo kuti maSunni angangoita zvishoma se10% -15% yehuwandu hweguta guru. Hakushamisi kuti vatungamiriri vavo vedzinza, vaiva nenhamba uye vaikurira kumativi ose, vakanzwa kudikanwa kworumwe rubatsiro uye, nesarudzo dzakaganhurirwa, vakaiwana kupfurikidza nokusvika kumauto ane simba zvikurusa papasi. Nemari yavo, raramo, uye kunyange upenyu hwava mungozi, vakashandisa nzira yechinyakare yavakadzvinyirirwa, yakapfupikiswa muchitsumo chinoti, โMuvengi womuvengi wangu ishamwari yangu.โ
Mugumisiro wacho nhasi? Sheik Aifan ari miriyoni kakawanda. Uye zviroto zvake nenzira yakakodzera hazvichisiri zviya zvemubairo wenzvimbo. Anoda "kuita Anbar iyo inotevera Dubai," akaudza vaviri vandaishanda navo neni patakanga tichidzika mumigwagwa yakarohwa yeFallujah.
Imba yake ihombe zvakafanira, yakachengetedzwa zvikuru iine nzvimbo yayo yekuongorora pedyo nemugwagwa, shongwe dzevarindi mbiri, uye kunyange pfuti mbiri dzinorema dzakaiswa pedyo nemusuwo wehofisi yake. Boka revarindi rinomukomberedza nguva dzese uye vanogara muimba huru nguva yakazara kuti azvidzivirire.
Mukati meshanyo yedu yokutanga kumusha kwake, ini navafambidzani vangu takapedza usiku hwose, sezvo takanga tisati tapedza bvunzurudzo dzedu apo zuva rakanga rava kunyura. Kwange kwasara mazuva mashoma kuti sarudzo dzematunhu dzichangobva kuitwa apo mazita enhengo dzeMumutse aaipinda atore nzvimbo yechipiri. Pataidya zvinonaka, akakurukura achidada nezvemushandirapamwe wake waaitarisira kuti waizomukwidza mukanzuru yeguta. โNdiri kumhanya,โ akaomerera kudaro, โnokuti kana ndikasadaro, vanhu vakaipa vachachengeta zvigaro zvavo.
Nemapoka mazhinji eSunni achiramba sarudzo ye2005, Iraqi Islamic Party (IIP), boka rechitendero chakanyanya, rakatora kutonga kwezvigaro zvemasimba muFallujah. Ndichiri naAifan, airatidza kushushikana uye akatsamwa nerunyerekupe rwekuti IIP yaiedza kumanikidza vavhoti uye kubiridzira sarudzo. "Ticharwa nechero nzira dzinodiwa kana vakakunda nekubiridzira," akadaro akashinga - uye, sezvandaizoziva munguva pfupi, akange ave kutotora kurwa kuIIP.
John Gotti muIraq
Sezvo usiku hwakanga hwava pakati, Aifan akangoerekana afunga kuti tinofanira kumuperekedza pakushanyira guta guru reruwa, Ramadi. Aida kubvunza mumwe munhu wepadunhu, Sheik Abu Risha, kuti anyore tsamba yakabatana yekunyunyuta nezvehutsotsi hwaiitwa neIIP pamberi pesarudzo. Zvaifadza kuziva kuti, makore maviri chete nemwedzi mishoma mushure meKumuka kweMovement yaumbwa, madzishe maviri aitya bato resarudzo reSunni zvakanyanya kupfuura al-Qaeda-in-Iraq.
Ari munzira airatidza kudada zvekuwedzera zveBMW, kusanganisira mahwindo ayo akakora masendimita maviri (anobatsira kana uchitya kuurayiwa), kamuri yekufefetera yewhiskey yaive yakabata Johnny Walker nemamwe masoda, uye yepamusoro-ye- line music system. Sezvaaityaira, nharembozha yake mune rumwe ruoko uye newalkie-talkie padivi pake aigara achibatanidza magadhi ake emotokari dzeSUV dzaive dzatiisa pamberi neshure, akaramba achitaura nesu nechido. Ndakatasva kumberi, handina kukwanisa kuita kunze kwokunyanyoziva pfuti yakanga yakamira pedyo naye pachigaro. Kuseri pasi kwaive nepfuti neAK-47.
Komboni yaAbu Risha muRamadi yakanga yakatokura kupfuura imba yaSheik Aifan - uye yakachengetedzwa zvakanyanya. Takasvika mumwe mukuru anoona nezvesarudzo akatomirira kutora chichemo chaAifan pamusoro pemhosva dzekubiridzira. Mukuru wemapurisa mudunhu iri aivepowo, chiratidzo chesimba neruremekedzo zvevarume vaviri ava vanopanana chisungo chesimba nemari. (Abu Risha anotova nepurazi rengamera.)
Kamwe kushanya kwacho kwakapedzwa, takadzokera shure kuFallujah uye takava nekudya kwekupedzisira kweusiku panzvimbo yaSheik Aifan tisati tagadzirira kurara semuenzi wake. Mwanasikana wake, musikana ainyara zvichida ane makore manomwe, akagara padivi pake tichidya. Pane imwe nguva, akangoerekana abvisa bhiri reUS $ 100 kubva pawadhi yemabhiri angadai akashamisa chero mukuru wemufirimu mafia, akanyemwerera netsitsi, uye akawedzera kuti aisafanira kuzivisa amai vake nezvechipo ichi.
Sezvinei, sheiki akanga asara nemadhora zana, sezvo mamiriyoni emadhora nokuda kwezvinonzi zvirongwa zvokuvaka akafambiswa nenzira yake. Ndiwo mabhadhariro aanoita varume vangangosvika mazana mapfumbamwe vaanofungidzira kuti vanoumba mauto ake ega ega. Nezvese izvi anogona kutenda mauto eUS, ayo anogara achiunza zvikamu zvemari - zvidhinha zvakavharwa zvemadhora zana emabhiri - nekuti mushure mekupinda Iraq muIraq inoramba iri hupfumi hwemari chete.
Tisati taenda kuRamadi, mapurisa eUnited Marines akanga ashanyira Sheik Aifan. Masoja sezvaaikwira masitepisi aienda kukamuri rake rokusanganira, akatora mabara kure neboka rinodzivirira rasheiki, ndokuzvichengeta kusvikira vabuda mukomboni yake. Chaive chiyeuchidzo chinyoro chekuti ndiani achiri nekutaura kwekupedzisira muchikamu chino cheIraq uye nezvekuti kuvimbana kunosvika papi pakati pevadyidzani ava.
Sheikh Aifan akapa kwaziso yeushamwari kumukuru weMarine, uye varume vaviri vakagara pasi kuti vataure. Mumwe nemumwe ainyatsoona kuti ari kutsauswa, achitarisa-tarisa achinetseka. Sheik Aifan akatamba achishushikana nemabhedha ake emunamato, achikwenya makumbo ake semwana wechikoro anotya, achiudza muenzi wake mafambiro aiita zvese. Musangano wacho waidzokororwa kakawanda nekufonerwa kwasheiki uyo, pane imwe nguva, akaenda kunotambira mumwe muenzi.
Musangano wapera, ndiro dzakaunzwa uye vanhu vose vakadya. Pavakanga vava kuenda, ndakabvunza mumwe wevaMarines kana misangano yakaita seiyi yaiitwa nguva dzose. "Iri ndiro basa redu," akapindura. "Tinoshanyira madzishe. Uye mukomana uyu akafanana naJohn Gotti." (Gotti, anonzi "Teflon Don," akamhanya mhuri yeGambino mhosva muNew York City asati asungwa.)
Ini ndakanga ndisingade kugara husiku, asi dzimwe nzira - dzinenge dzakachengeteka - dzaive dzisipo. Kunyangwe mumamiriro ezvinhu eumbozha, takabata chimwe chinhu chitsva cheIraqi dambudziko: takanga tine "chengetedzo" yerudzi, asi tisina rusununguko.
Kunze kwemagedhi ekomboni yaSheik Aifan yakanyatsochengetedzwa, majenareta airira usiku achipa magetsi munyika umo, kana usingakwanise kubhadhara jenareta rako pachako kana kugovera imwe nemuvakidzani wako, uri mudambudziko. MuFallujah, kufanana neBaghdad, maawa mana emagetsi anounzwa kubva kune grid yenyika anoonekwa sezuva rakanaka. Kazhinji, imwe nguva yekuzvisarudzira yaiita kuti mumigwagwa muve nemigwagwa isina motokari mushure mekunge rima guru rapinda.
Guta rinogara Sheik Aifan, hongu, richiri mumarara, vanhu varo zvakanyanya mumamiriro ekutsungirira. Mapoka ekumuka akawana ruremekedzo rwevaIraqi vazhinji nekupa "chengetedzo," asi nemutengo wei?
Kuvaka patsva kusati kwanyatsotanga munzvimbo dzeSunni uye kufamba, sheiks nevamwe vese, vanongoshanda chero US ichiramba ichipa "mari yekuvakazve" kuvatungamiriri vedzinza. Chii chinoitika kana izvozvo zvamira, sezvazvinofanira kudaro nokufamba kwenguva? Vanhu veFallujah vachashandirwa zviri nani here? Kana kuti muitiro uyu wakangoisa hwaro hwokudeurwa kweropa kwomunguva yemberi here?
Dahr Jamail, mutori wenhau akazvimirira, anga achiburitsa Middle East kwemakore anopfuura mashanu uye ndiye munyori we Kupfuura iyo Green Zone: Dispatches kubva kune Anembedded Mutori venhau muKushandira Iraq. Anoshuma yeInter Press Service uye anogara achipa TomDispatch. Akaburitsawo mukati Le Monde Diplomatique, iyo Yakazvimirira, Muchengeti, iyo Sunday Herald yeScotland, Nyika, uye Foreign Policy muFocus, pakati pevamwe. Kuti ushanyire webhusaiti yake, tinya pano.
[Chiziviso chekutenda: Bhashwati Sengupta, Richard Rowley, Jacqueline Soohen, naDavid Enders vakapa tsvagiridzo kuchinyorwa ichi.]
[Chinyorwa ichi chakatanga kubuda Tomdispatch.com, weblog yeNational Institute, iyo inopa kuyerera kwakadzikama kwemamwe masosi, nhau, uye maonero kubva kuna Tom Engelhardt, mupepeti wenguva refu mukutsikisa, muvambi we iyo American Empire ProjectMuvambi Mugumo Wekukunda Muitiro, uye mupepeti we Nyika Maererano neTomdispatch: America muNew Age yeHumambo.]
ZNetwork inopihwa mari chete kuburikidza nerupo rwevaverengi vayo.
dhoneta