CHIKAMU 1 yakakurukura kuderera kukuru kwezvipembenene munyika yose.
CHIKAMU 2 yakakurukura basa rokurima mbesa imwe mukuparadza nzvimbo dzinogara zvipembenene.
CHIKAMU 3 inotaura nezvehondo yemakemikari kurwisa zvipembenene.
naIan Angus
Pakati paZvita 2018 naKukadzi 2019, nyuchi dzinodarika mazana mashanu miriyoni dzakawanikwa dzakafa nevapfuri nyuchi kumaodzanyemba kweBrazil. Kudai nyuchi dzomusango dzakanga dzaverengwa, nhamba yevakafa sezvingabvira ingadai yakakwira nekazhinji. Chikonzero chikuru, ongororo yerabhoritari yakaratidza, yaive yekusangana nemishonga yekuuraya zvipembenene.[1] |
Huremu hwekutanga hwakagadzira mushonga wekuuraya zvipembenene, dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane, unozivikanwa zviri nani seDDT, akatanga hupenyu hwekutengesa sechombo chehondo, kugadzirwa kwemashiripiti kwakadzivirira mauto eUS muAsia neAfrica kubva kumarariya, typhus nezvimwe zvirwere. nguva , muparidzi weparadziro asinganeti nokuda kwehondo yeAmerica, akakudana kuti โchimwe chezviwanwa zvikuru zvesayenzi zveHondo yeNyika II.โ[2] Yakanga yakachipa uye iri nyore kugadzira, uye, sekunyora kwakaita Rachel Carson mukati Silent Spring, iyo nemimwe mishonga inouraya zvipembenene zvaiuraya zvikuru kupfuura chigadzirwa chipi nechipi chekare.
โIvo vane simba guru kwete rekungouraya muchetura chete asi rekupinda muzvinhu zvakakosha zvemuviri vozvishandura nenzira dzakaipa uye dzinowanzouraya. Saka, sezvatichaona, ivo vanoparadza iwo ma enzymes ane basa rekudzivirira muviri kubva mukukuvadzwa, anovharira oxidation maitiro ayo muviri unogamuchira simba rawo, anodzivirira kushanda kwakajairika kwemitezo yakasiyana, uye vanogona kutanga mune imwe nzira. masero kuchinja kunononoka uye kusingadzoreki kunotungamirira kurufu. "[3]
Yakaburitswa kuti ishandiswe nevanhuwo zvavo muna 1945, DDT yaive yakabatana zvisingaparadzaniswe nekukwira kwekurima hombe monocrop. Mumwe murimi akadyara rudzi rumwe chete rwechirimwa akanga achigadzira buffet inokwezva nokuda kwemarudzi mashomanene aidya chirimwa ichocho, nepo achinyima misha uye kuvharira zvikara zvawo. DDT yakasimbisa mamonocrops nekuuraya tumbuyu twaikwezva zvirimwa zvacho. Zviziviso zvakaita seizvi zvakaudza varimi nevatengi kuti โinobatsira vanhu vose.โ
Asi ruzivo rwakakurumidza kuratidza kuti yakanga isiri yakanaka isina kusanganiswa.
Sokunyora kwakaita Carson, โmishonga inouraya zvipembenene haisi chepfu inosarudzwa: haisarudzi rudzi rumwe rwatinoda kubvisa.โ[4] Shiri dzaidya tsikidzi dzakapfapfaidzwa neDDT dzakafa, sezvakangoita hove munzizi pedyo neminda yakapfapfaidzwa. Vapfuri nyuchi vakarasikirwa nemazana emikoko ine utano apo minda yemichero yaiva pedyo yakapfapfaidzwa. Muchetura waiyerera nemacheni echikafu: shiri dzaidya tupukanana twaidya tupembenene twaive neDDT twakaisa mazai ane magoko matete akatyoka vana vadzo vasati vakura. Vashandi vemumapurazi vaifa nemuchetura wemushonga wezvipembenene, uye pakazopera makore ekuma1950 pakanga paine humbowo hwekuti DDT nemimwe mishonga yekuuraya zvipembenene yaishandiswa zvakanyanya yaive kenza.
Semasayendisiti ezvemamiriro ekunze munguva yedu, Carson akatarisana nemushandirapamwe weindasitiri wakashata wekuzvidza iye pachake uye sainzi yezvezvakatipoteredza, asi pakupedzisira - zvinosuruvarisa, mushure mekufa kwake - DDT yakarambidzwa kushandiswa zvakanyanya muNorth America neEurope muma1970s. Mishonga mipfumbamwe ye organochlorine pesticides, kusanganisira DDT, yakarambidzwa pasi rose nechibvumirano chepasi rose chakatanga kushanda muna 2004.
Asi mirau nezvibvumirano zvakasarira kumashure kwechokwadi cheagrochemical. Makambani emakemikari akashandisa mari yakawanda kutsiva DDT nedzimwe mhondi. Kugadzirwa kwemishonga yezvipembenene uye kushandiswa iko zvino kwakura zvikuru kupfuura munguva yaCarson, uye zvigadzirwa zvinonyanya kushandiswa zvinouraya kupfuura zvaaifunga. Capitalist yekurima kwemakumi emakore-yakareba kurwa kwemakemikari kurwisa zvipembenene yave mutyairi mukuru wekuderera kwezvipembenene nekutsakatika, uye indasitiri yakakura yemakemikari yakawana purofiti kubva mukuuraya. Sekunyora kwakaita nyanzvi yezvakatipoteredza wekuCanada Nick Gottlieb nguva pfupi yadarika, sangano rezvakatipoteredza rakadzidza chidzidzo chisiri icho kubva Silent Spring.
"Bato iri rakabata pfungwa yekuti kuziva veruzhinji ndiko kwaive kusipo, asi rakatadza kunzwisisa chikamu chakanyanya chekuongorora kwake: kuti kuparadza kwaiitwa kunyanya kugadzira misika yeindasitiri inobereka makemikari, kwete nekuda kwevamwe. rudzi rwemuzvarirwo, rwunotungamirwa nevatengi rwekuda chepfuโฆ.
โCarson akatipa tsananguro yakajeka uye inogutsa yenyika isingabereki yaigadzirwa neindasitiri yemakemikari. Asi zvakavanzwa mukati meiyo yaive ongororo yakajeka yekuti nei zvaiitika: dhiraivha yekuunganidza mukati mecapitalism uye kuda kwemakambani nemacapitalist kushandisa chishandiso chese chiripo kwavari, kusanganisira iyo nyika pachayo, kugadzira misika uye kukura purofiti.[5]
Imwe yenyevero yaCarson yaive yekuti varimi vaizomanikidzwa kushandisa huwandu hwemishonga inouraya zvipembenene, nekuti tupukanana tunenge twakanangana twaizokura hutachiona - "kudzora kemikari kunogara, kunoda kudzokororwa kakawanda uye kunodhura."[6] Makumi emakore gare gare, treadmill yezvipembenene iri kufamba nekukurumidza kupfuura nakare kose, sezvinoratidzwa nenyanzvi yezvipembenene yokuBritain Dave Goulson.
โMaererano nenhamba dzehurumende dziri pamutemo, varimi vekuUK vakarapa nemishonga yekuuraya zvipembenene mahekita 45 miriyoni muna 1990. Pakazosvika 2016, aya akange akwira kusvika pamamiriyoni makumi manomwe nematatu ehekita. Nzvimbo chaiyo yezvirimwa yakaramba yakafanana, pa73 mamiriyoni mahekita. Nokudaro munda mumwe nomumwe, paavhareji, wakarapwa nemishonga inouraya zvipembenene kagumi muna 4.5, ichikwira kusvika ka1990 muna 16.4I20, kuwedzera kweinodokusvika 6 muzana mumakore makumi maviri namatanhatu chete.โ[7]
Apo Carson akanyora Silent Spring, indasitiri yemishonga yezvipembenene yakanga ichigadzira chepfu inokwana kuisa hafu yekirogiramu paeka imwe neimwe yeminda yezvirimwa munyika. Nhasi, inobereka zvakawanda zvakapetwa katatu. Sekutaura kwaNick Gottlieb, kuramba mishonga yezvipembenene harisi dambudziko kune vanogadzira makemikari, chirongwa chebhizinesi.[8]
Iro hurongwa hwebhizimisi hunosanganisira kwete chete kutengesa zvimwe makemikari anouraya, asi kugadzira uye kutengesa zvinouraya zvakanyanya zvigadzirwa. Kudzikira kwehupenyu hwezvipembenene muzana ramakore rechi21 kwakakwidziridzwa kwete chete nekushandiswa kwedosi hombe rechepfu, asi nekusimudzirwa kwechizvarwa chitsva chevanouraya zvikuru.
Varimi vagara vachiziva kuti mushonga wezvipembenene unogona kugadzirwa nekunyika fodya mumvura nekuisa mushonga wekuti iname. Yakapfapfaidzwa pamichero nemiriwo, mushonga we nicotine ichepfu yekubata inouraya hove nezvimwe zvipembenene zvinoyamwa. Muna 1992, Bayer yakaunza kemikari yakabatana - neonicotinoid zvinoreva nicotine itsva-yakafanana - uye mukati memakore matatu yakanga yatora 85% yemusika wepasi rose wemishonga yezvipembenene. Pakazosvika 2016, kutengesa neBayer uye hafu yegumi nevaviri vamwe vagadziri vakapfuura mabhiriyoni matatu emadhora ekuAmerica pagore, zvichiita kuti ive iyo inonyanya kushandiswa-inoshandiswa uye inobatsira zvakanyanya pasi rose.
Neonicotinoids (neonics kwenguva pfupi) ipai mabhenefiti matatu akakosha kuvarimi. Haina kukuvadza vanhu kupfuura mishonga yezvipembenene yapfuura. Izvo zviri nyore kushandisa - iyo yakajairika fomu ndeyekuputira mbeu, saka kungodyara chirimwa kunopa dziviriro. Uye inyanzvi kwazvo pakuuraya tumbuyu: dhodhi diki rimwe chete rinogona kuuraya nyuchi dzinopeta 7,000 pane huwandu hwakafanana hweDDT.[9] Ongororo ye2019 yevhu rekurima reUS yakawana kuti "hupfu hwekutakurwa kwezvipembenene munzvimbo dzekurima nenzvimbo dzakatenderedza hwakawedzera nekanosvika makumi mashanu pamakumi maviri emakore apfuura."[10]
Kusiyana nicotine uye mamwe akawanda emishonga inouraya zvipembenene, neonics haingogari pamiti yemiti - inopararira kuburikidza nezvirimwa 'circulatory systems, zvichiita zvose kubva pamidzi yemidzi kusvika kumusoro-soro mashizha ane chepfu. Zvikamu zvishanu kubva muzana zvekemikari inopinda muzvirimwa zvakanangwa, uye neonics inonyungudika nemvura, saka inotakurwa nemvura yepasi kuenda kune zvimwe zvinomera uye muhova. Sezvo mbeu dzezvirimwa zvikuru munyika dzinopfuura 100 dzichitengeswa dzisati dzavharwa nemushonga wezvipembenene, nzvimbo dzepasi rose, kusanganisira dzisina kurapwa nemaune, dzakaiswa muchetura.
Ongororo neDhipatimendi Rezvekurima reUS yakawana masara e-neonicotinoid mumhando dzakasiyana dzezvigadzirwa, uye kunyangwe mukudya kwevana.[11] Pakaedzwa mazana evanhu mumaguta gumi nematatu eChinese muna 2017, anenge munhu wese aive nemishonga muweti yavo.[12]
Kushandiswa kwakapararira kwe nicotinoids kuri kuita basa guru muapocalypse yezvipembenene, kunyanya mukuderera kwemapollinator.
"Chii chaifanira kunge chiri pachena, asi chinoratidzika kunge chisina kutyira chero ani zvake apo mishonga mitsva iyi yakatangwa, ndeyekuti chero chinhu chinopararira kumativi ose echirimwa chichapararira mumukume nenekita zvakare. Uye chokwadi zvirimwa zvakadai sekubata chibharo cheoiri uye maringazuva zvinoda mukume uye zvinofarirwa nemhando dzakawanda dzenyuchi, dzose dzinogona kunge dzichizvishandisa nemushonga wezvipembenene kana zvirimwa zvatumbuka.โ[13]
Izvo hazvitore huwandu hunouraya hwema neonicotinoids kuti aparadze mhirizhonga pakati pevanotakura mukume. Chikamu chimwe chete pabhirioni muchikafu chazvo chinonetesa masoja enyuchi, chinovhiringa kugona kwadzo kufamba, uye chinoderedza kukandira mazai emadzikadzi uye nguva yekurarama. Nekuda kweizvozvo, neonicotinoid-based insecticides yakabatanidzwa muhuwandu hwekufa kwakanyanya mumikoko yekutengesa - muUS munguva yechando ye2020-2021, semuenzaniso, makumi mana neshanu muzana eakachengeterwa nyuchi makoroni akaparara, yechipiri-yakakura kufa-kubva pa record.[14] Indasitiri yepasi rose yakagadzira, kupfuya nyuchi dzevashandi nemahosi kutsiva kurasikirwa ikoko.
Hapana anoziva kuti zvipembenene zvingani zvamarudzi ose zvinourawa nechizvarwa chitsva chezvinouraya zvikuru, asi, sokutaura kunoita Dave Coulson, โZvino kunoratidzika kuva sezvingabvira kuti ruzhinji rwemarudzi ose ezvipembenene zvenyika ari kuratidzirwa nguva dzose kumakemikoro akagadzirirwa kuuraya zvipembenene. .โ[15]
Panguva imwe cheteyo, kugadzirwa kwemajini kwakaita kuti mapurazi atonyanya kuvenga upenyu hwezvipembenene.
(Zvichaenderera mberi)
Notes
[1] Pedro Grigori, "Hafu yebhirioni yenyuchi Dzafa Sezvo Brazil Inobvumira Mazana Emwe Mishonga Yezvipembenene, " Mongobay, Nyamavhuvhu 23, 2019.
[2] "DDT," nguva, 12 Chikumi 1944.
[3] Rachel Carson, Silent Spring (Mariner Books, 2002), 16.
[4] Carson, Silent Spring, 99.
[5] Nick Gottlieb, "Chidzidzo Chatinofanira Kudzidza kubva ku'Silent Spring, 'โ Canadian Dhizaini, Ndira 3, 2023.
[6] Carson, Silent Spring, 98.
[7] Dave Goulson, Nyika Yakanyarara: Kudzivirira Iyo Insect Apocalypse (HarperCollins, 2021), 87-8.
[8] Gottlieb, "Chidzidzo Chatinofanira Kudzidza."
[9] Goulson, Nyika Yakanyarara, 90-1.
[10] Michael DiBartolomeis et al., "Ongororo yeAcute Insecticide Toxicity Loading (AITL) yeKemikari Inouraya Zvipembenene Inoshandiswa PaNyika Yekurima muUnited States," PLOS ONE, Nyamavhuvhu 6, 2019. AITL chiyero chinosanganisa chepfu, huwandu hwese hunoshandiswa, uye kuramba kwechepfu nekufamba kwenguva.
[11] Hillary A. Craddock et al., "Trends in Neonicotinoid Pesticide Residues muChikafu uye Mvura muUnited States, 1999-2015," Environmental Health 18, kwete. 1 (Ndira 11, 2019).
[12] Tao Zhang et al., "Ongororo Yenyika Yese yeUrinary Concentrations yeNeonicotinoid Insecticides muChina," Zvakatipoteredza International 132 (Mbudzi 2019).
[13] Goulson, Nyika Yakanyarara.
[14] "United States Huchi Nyuchi Colony Kurasikirwa 2020-2021,โ Bee Informed Partnership, Chikunguru 23, 2021.
[15] Goulson, Nyika Yakanyarara, 109.
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