Kubva 1967, Jawaharlal Nehru Memorial Lecture yakarongwa rinenge gore rega rega mumwedzi waMbudzi paTeen Murti House neJawaharlal Nehru Memorial Fund.
Chidzidzo chekupedzisira chakaitwa naProf Joseph E. Stiglitz vekuColumbia University. Stiglitz, nyanzvi yezvehupfumi ane mukurumbira pasi rose uye akahwina mubairo weNobel anga achizivikanwa zvikuru muIndia nekujekesa kwake uye nekutenda maonero. Mabhuku ake anoverengwa zvakanyanya uye kukurukurwa pakati pevasiri vezvehupfumi chete asiwo nedenderedzwa rakakura revakangwara. Angave sachigaro wePresident Clinton's Economic Advisory Council kana Chief Economist weWorld Bank, haana kumbozeza kudaidza foshoro, chero zvoita sei.
Hazvishamise kuti hurukuro yake yakapotsa yafuratirwa nevezvenhau vekuIndia kunyangwe yakapindwa nevanhu vanotungamira mabasa enyika. Vese Mai Sonia Gandhi, sachigaro weUPA pamwe neHomwe, uye Prime Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh vaivepo kwese. Asi, hazvina kupiwa ngwariro ipi neipi. Pamwe mabhegi emari nevanoshandira munhau havana kuda kuti vanhu vaziviswe nezvekusahadzika kwakakura kuri kusimudzwa naStiglitz nezve hwaro hwepfungwa dzekuchinja kwehupfumi kuri kuitika munyika kubva kutanga kwema1990. Iyi nheyo yepfungwa yave ichizivikanwa zvikuru se Washington Consensus uye mapoinzi ayo gumi, akadudzwa naJohn Williamson uye akasundwa nenyika dzichiri kusimukira neIMF, World Bank, US Department of Treasury zvichingodaro zvichikurudzirwa nehutungamiri hweUS.
Ngatitendeukei kune zvinotaurwa naStiglitz. Anobvuma kuti India yakanyoresa kuita zvinokatyamadza mumakore achangopfuura. Kunokora mashoko, โIndia, nyika hurusa yedemocracy yenyika, inofanira kudada nebudiriro yayakawana mukati mamakore 25 apfuura, uye zvakatonyanya kukura kwayo mumakore achangopfuura. GDP pamunhu muna 2009 yakapetwa ka2.3 pane zvayaive muna 1990, uye, maererano nedata reWorld Bank, urombo hwakadzikiswa kubva kupfupi kubva pa50 muzana yehuwandu muna 1994 kusvika 42 muzana muna 2005. Asi India haigone zorora pane izvi. Pachine vanopfuura mamirioni mazana mana muhurombo, uye mari inotambirwa nemunhu ichiri isingasviki hafu yeChina mukutenga magetsi. "
Mibvunzo yekukurumidzira pamberi peIndia ndeiyi: inogona sei kuchengetedza kukurumidza kwekukura kwayo uye kuunza michero yayo kune vanhu vese. Mune mamwe mazwi, inofanirwa kunyatsoongorora kana marongero ayo ehupfumi aripo ari kutungamira kune kugara zvakanaka kwevagari vemo uye mabhenefiti ekukura ari kugoverwa zvakaenzana. Iyi mibvunzo haigoni kukandwa parutivi nemhaka yokuti โZviitiko zvamakore achangobva kupfuura zvakabvunza fungidziro dzagara kwenguva refu, uchenjeri hwenguva dzose munyika zhinji pamusoro pemhinduro dzakarurama kumibvunzo iyi. Mazano anozivikanwa neimwe nzira seWashington Consensus, market fundamentalism, kana neoliberalism yakundikana munyika chaimo makabva idzo. Masangano nemitemo yakataurwa semienzaniso yokuti vamwe vatevedzere yakakundikana: yakakundikana kubereka kukura kunopfuurira, uye zvibereko zvokukura kwakaitika zvakaenda kuvashomanene. Nhasi, vanhu vazhinji vekuAmerica vatonyanya kuipa kupfuura zvavaive muna 1999, nguva isati yatanga kuderera kwehupfumi. Kunyangwe dambudziko risati ravepo, hupfumi hwakaderera โ fungidziro yekuti chero kukura kwakasimbiswa, vese vachabatsirika - yakashorwa. Asi kukura kweAmerica kwakanga kusiri kungorwisana nevarombo; kunyange vepakati vakatambura. Kune humbowo hwakakwana hwekushungurudzika kwevanhu kunodarika izvi zviratidzo zvehupfumi โ imwe yemhando yepamusoro yemhondi munyika uye mwero wepamusoro wekusungwa munyika. Zvimwe zvikonzero zvinoita kuti munhu ave noutano hwakanakaโsekushamwaridzanaโzvinoitawo sokuti hazvisi kufamba zvakanaka.โ
Nguva pfupi yapfuura Hondo Yenyika Yechipiri, maitiro ekuita decolonization akatanga uye nhamba huru yemakoloni akabuda senyika dzakasununguka. Mubvunzo unonyanya kukosha waiva pamberi pavo waive nzira yekuita kuti rusununguko rwavo rwezvematongerwo enyika rwakawanwa zvakaomarara rwakachengeteka uye rwune revo kuvanhu vavo kuitira kuti varambe vakabatana uye vabatane uye vakunde urombo hwavo nekutambura. Mumwe angarangarira kuti dzinonzi nyanzvi dzokuMadokero nevashandi vavo muIndia vakabvumikisa sei kuti iyi nharidzano yakanga isingabviri kuzadzika. Ukuru hwechiverengero chavagari vapasi uye mwero wayo wokukura zvaifanira kuva dombo gurusa kukurirwa. Kubudirira kwemaindasitiri kwakashorwa sezvo kwaifanirwa kupesana nedzidziso yekuenzanisa mukana. Saka India yakaudzwa kuti irambe yakaganhurirwa kune zvekurima uye kottage uye maindasitiri madiki. Kurima kwaifanirwa kuunza rugare nerunyararo kunze kweโdiki raive rakanakaโ. Gandhi akatsvakwa kuti arwiswe naNehru.
Chimwe chikoro chepfungwa kuMadokero chakabuda nepfungwa yekuti nyika dzakaita seIndia dzaishaya mari uye misika yemari yepasi rose yakanga isina kukwana. โSaka, chaidiwa kwaiva kuumbwa kwebhangiโWorld Bankโkuti rifambise kufambiswa kwemari uye kubatsira nyika dzichiri kusimukira kuti dziite zvirongwa zvaizokwidza mari pamunhu.โ Zviripachena, Madokero akaedza kugadzirisa matambudziko ayo nerubatsiro rwezano iri. Yaida kuchengetedza nyika dzichangozvimiririra semusika wezvinhu zvavo uye nzira dzekudyara mari yavo yakasara. Kuti varambe vari pasi pekutonga nekuona kuti havana kubuda muchirango chavakatemerwa World Bank neIMF vakaunzwa.
India pasi peNehru, zvisinei, haina kubvuma zvese izvi uye yaida kuzvisimudzira pachayo pahwaro hwekuchengetedza kwayo kwemumba, musika wemukati uye zviwanikwa zvayo zvevanhu, zvakanyanya mukuda kwevanhu vayo. Yakagadzira hukama hwehupfumi neyaimbova Soviet Union nedzimwe nyika dzakabvumirana kusakanganisa zano rayo. Mumwe anogona kuyeuka kuti kuedza kwakaitwa sei nevanoda kushatisa zano racho nekuriunza mukuzvidzwa. Chikamu chezvenhau, mamwe mapato ezvematongerwo enyika nemapoka, hurumende uye madenderedzwa ebhizinesi vakaita zvese zvavaigona kuparadzira disinformation nezve nekupidigura zano reNehruvian. Kupa muenzaniso, Industrial Policy ya1956, iyo yakanangana nekukunda kusaenzana kwematunhu uye kusaenzana kuripo kwemagariro nehupfumi, yakatsvakwa kusekwa ichiunza 'Licence-Permit Raj'.
Zvisinei nekuedza kwavo kwese, zvishuwo zvavo hazvina kubudirira kunyangwe zvaigona kuunza kukanganisa mukuumbwa kwemitemo. Zvakadaro, vakawana mukana wegoridhe apo Soviet Union yakapunzika uye Musasa weSocialist ukaparara uye NAM ikaita kushaya simba zvakanyanya. Zvakasimbiswa kuti kushomeka kwemari handiyo mhinganidzo huru mubudiriro yenyika idzi. Chaidiwa yaive "mitemo chaiyo," iyo, mumashoko aStiglitz, "yaiwanzoreva Washington Consensus, neoliberal, misika yakakosha mitemo."
Mumamiriro ezvinhu eIndia, kwete chete seti yezvirongwa nezvirongwa, zvakatevedzwa kubva pamazuva eNehru zvichinzi zvisizvo asi ivo vakasekwawo uye vakaziviswa chikonzero chechikonzero chekunonoka kwekukura kwehupfumi, vakadaidzwa kuti 'Hindu Rate yeKukura'. Basa rehurumende muhupfumi rakaziviswa sechinhu chikuru chinotungamira kune bureaucratisation nezviito zvehuori. 'Licence-Permit Raj' yakanzi idambudziko rakakura mukufora kweIndia. Mumwe mutongi ane mukurumbira, achitora zano kubva kuLaffer's Curve, akabuda nebhuku raizivisa India senyika inobhadhariswa zvakanyanya uye aida kuti mutero wemutero uderedzwe zvakanyanya kuti atarise kunzvenga mutero nekunzvenga mutero uye kubvisa dambudziko revatema. mari! Makambani ehurumende anonzi aidhonzera, uye kusaisa mari, zvichiita kuti vapedzisire vega, kwakanzi ndiyo nzira yekubuda nayo.
Hurumende mbiri dzisiri dzeCongress, inotungamirwa naV.P. Singh naChandrasekhar, dzakakanganisa nyika zvekuti yakatofanira kukwereta mari dzayo dzegoridhe kuBank of England kuti dzigadzirise dambudziko remari yekunze. Hurumende yaitevera, inotungamirirwa naP. V. Narasimha Rao yaifanira kubvuma Kubvumirana kweWashington. Ndokutanga chikamu cheLPG kana kusununguka, kushambadzira uye kudyidzana kwepasi rose. Kubva ipapo dzinoverengeka dzehurumende dzepfungwa dzakasiyana dzakauya uye dzakapfuura asi kushandiswa kwemapoinzi gumi eWashington Consensus kwakaramba kuchienderera mberi. Kubva kuRudyi rweHindu kuenda kumaKomonisiti vese vakagovana simba, asi hapana izwi rinoshanda rakambosimudzwa pamusoro pemhedzisiro yavo yakaipa.
Nekufamba kwemakore, kusaenzana kwematunhu kwakawedzera, kusaenzana kwemagariro nehupfumi kwakawedzera uye kubuda kwevashandi kubva kumisha kuenda kumaguta kwakawedzera. Hutachiona hwehuwori hahuna kuponesa chikamu chipi nechipi chenzanga, chingave chiri pamusoro kana pasi. Zvisinei nekudzikiswa kwemitengo yemutero uye kurambidza Rezinesi-Permit Raj, isu zuva nezuva tinonzwa nezve hutsotsi hutsva. Inflation iri kutyisidzira kutora chivakashure chekuti 'hyper' uye izvi zvinovhundutsa vanhu pavanofunga nezvemhedzisiro yazvo mune zvematongerwo enyika muchiedza chezvakaitika kuGermany makumi masere emakore apfuura.
Stiglitz akaudza vateereri vake pasina kudzungudza mazwi achiti: โKunyangwe dambudziko richangobva kuitika risati raunza chipikiri mubhokisi reusununguko, pfungwa idzi dzakanga dzarambwa zvachose: nzvimbo dzavo dzehungwaru dzakaderedzwa, uye zvisingaite, nyika dzakabudirira kwazvo, nyika dziri East Asia, yakatevera nzira yakasiyana zvikuru.โ
Achibvunza hwaro hwedzidziso hweneoliberalism/Washington Consensus policy, Stiglitz akatsinhira kuti: โVaifungira pfungwa yekuti misika pachayo yainyatsoshanda uye yakagadzikana, uye kuti mabhenefiti ekukura aizodzika kuvagari vese. Kunyange nyika dzichiri kusimukira dzisati dzaoneswa kune izvi zviedzo zvitsva zvemitemo pasi pesimba remasangano ezvemari epasi rese, zvese dzidziso nehumbowo hwakadaidzira mune izvi zvitendero. Basa rangu pahupfumi hwemashoko (pamwe naBruce Greenwald) rakanga raratidza kuti chikonzero chokuti ruoko rusingaoneki rwaAdam Smith rwaiwanzoita serusingaoneki ndechokuti rwakanga rwuri, chaizvoizvo, kwete. Misika ine ruzivo rusina kukwana uye rweasymmetric uye ruzivo rusina kukwana rwakanga rusina kunyatsoshanda-uye sezvo misika yese inoratidzwa neruzivo rusina kukwana uye rweasymmetric, izvi zvaireva kuti misika haina kumbobvira yabudirira. Isu taifanira kunge takadzidza kubva kuKuderera Kukuru kuti kwete chete misika haisati yanyatsoshanda, asi zvakare haina kugadzikana uye yekuzvigadzirisa (zvishoma, kwete panguva yakakodzera). Takadzidza zvidzidzo izvi zvakare.
"Chiitiko chemitemo yeWashington Consensus chave kukanganisa imwe neimwe yemitemo yayo yepakati. Semuenzaniso, kudzoreredza uye kusununguka kunogona kusanatsiridza kugona uye kugadzikana. Chokwadi, nguva chete iyo hupfumi hwemusika husina kuve pasi pematambudziko emari yaive makumi matatu kusvika makumi mana emakore mushure meKuderera Kukuru apo United States nedzimwe nyika dzakatemesa mitemo yebhangi nezvemari. Aya makumi emakore akaitikawo kuva nhambo yekukura nokukurumidza, nemichero yakagoverwa zvakafara.โ
Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti mitemo inoyerera kubva kuWashington Consensus haina kuunza kukura kwehupfumi nekugoverwa kwakaenzana kwezvibereko zvayo. Iko hakuna mubvunzo wekugadzikana sezvinoonekwa kubva kune ese marudzi eannarchic maitiro uye mafambiro akaita seNaxalism. Kunyanya kuda zvechitendero uye ugandanga hwemarudzi akasiyana-siyana zvave zvichisimudza misoro. Sezvakacherechedzwa, uwori noutsotsi zvinoratidzika kuva zviri kwose kwose uye kune kuwedzera kwezviito zvoutsotsi. Pasinei nekuti kuvhota kwakasimba kwe "kudonha," vachitungamira Komisheni Yekuronga, hapana humbowo hwekuitika kwayo muIndia. Stiglitz akarurama paanoti: โUpfumi hwakaderera hauna kumbova nerutsigiro rwakawanda, asi mumakore achangopfuura, ipfungwa yakashata zvakanyanya. MuUnited States, semuenzaniso, pakati pa1999 na2009, mari yepakati pemhuri chaiyo muUnited States yakaderera ne5%. Nhasi, vazhinji vekuAmerica (uye regai ndisimbise kuti: vakawanda MaAmerican) vakashata kupfuura zvavaive makore gumi apfuura. Ese mabhenefiti uye nezvimwe zvakaenda kune avo vari pamusoro. Isu takava nekukura-kukwira, kwete kudonha-pasi. Nhasi, pakati pechishanu nekota yemari yese inoenda kune yepamusoro 1%. Kusaenzana muupfumi kwakatoipisisa.โ
Yasvika nguva yekuti Indian National Congress ichangopinda mu126 yayoth gore rekuvapo kwayo uye mutungamiri wayo anofanirwa kuve nekuongorora zvakare uye kuona kana iyo Washington Consensus-yakafemerwa marongero ehupfumi ari kuenderera mberi kana kuramba nhaka yayo.
ZNetwork inopihwa mari chete kuburikidza nerupo rwevaverengi vayo.
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