Kupfuura Mwari nehurumende, imari inotonga. Tinogona here kufungidzira dzimwe nzira? Uye ndeipi basa richaitwa munguva pfupi yapfuura seBitcoin mukurwira?
Mumwe haafanire kunyorera kuna Gilles Deleuze's someobscurantist post-structuralism kuti azive kuti muzivi wechiFrench akaita zvingangosvika zviviri zvakanyanyo cherechedzwa. Kutanga, fungidziro yake mukutanga 1990s yekuti Foucault's chirango nzanga, nezvikoro zvayo, majeri nenzvimbo dzekupotera dzepfungwa, dzakamira kuve nzira yehutongi hwehutongi pasi peneoliberalism uye yave kupa nzira kune kusimuka "mamiriro ekutonga.” Uye chechipiri, maonero ake ane hukama ekuti munharaunda ino iri kusimukira inodzora mari-fomu inotora nzvimbo yepakati patsva mukati mekuberekana kwehukama hwesimba recapitalist. “Kunze kwehurumende,” Deleuze akanyora kudaro, “mari ndiyo inotonga, mari inokurukurirana, uye chatinoda mazuva ano hakusi kutsoropodza Marxism, asi rondedzero yazvino uno yemari yakanaka seyaMarx inopfuurira kubva kwaakabva. kure.”
Sezvineiwo, Deleuze akasunga izvi zviviri zvakacherechedzwa pamwe chete nengetani dzechikwereti, chaaiona se“chimiro chepasi rose” chekutonga kwecapitalist. Mumashoko ake akataurwa zvakanyanya Zvinyorwa ya1992, akanyora kuti “munhu haasisiri munhu akasungwa, asi munhu ane chikwereti.” Ndakayeuchidzwa nezvemashoko aya ane hunyanzvi pandakaenda kunofadza Musangano weMoneyLab muAmsterdam svondo rapfuura. Yakarongwa neInstitute of Network Cultures, chiitiko ichi chakaunza pamwe chete kuparara kwenyanzvi dzepfungwa dzakaita saSaskia Sassen naFranco 'Bifo' Berardi, pamwe neboka rakasiyana uye repasi rose renyanzvi, maartist, varwiri, hackers uye heterodox economists, kusanganisira vakapfuura ROAR vatsigiri. Max Haiven uye Brett Scott. Chinangwa chikuru chemusangano wepasirese wepasi rose chaive chekuongorora "zviyedzo nemhando dzemari, masisitimu ekubhadhara nemari zvichipesana nekuderera kwehupfumi hwenyika."
Nenhaurirano dzepanhau nezve "kuita mari pazvinhu zvese", "kubvisa mari yepasi rose", "kunze kweBitcoin", "kutsoropodza kwekuwanda kwemari" uye "kugadzira dzimwe nzira", varongi vemusangano vakagadzirisa matauriro: munyika inotongwa nezvemari. , nyika ine chikwereti chakazara umo mari yakanyatso fungidzira basa remucherechedzo wepasirese umo zvinhu zvese zvemagariro uye zvechisikigo zvehupenyu zviri kukurumidza kutorwa, isu tinoda chaizvo kutanga kuongorora nzira dzakanyanya kune iyo capitalist mari-fomu - kwete nekuti dzimwe mari. neimwe nzira a panacea, asi nekuti nyika nemabhangi zvakajeka havasi kuzotiitira isu. Kunyangwe kufambira mberi kukuru kwetekinoroji kwakaitwa mumakore achangopfuura, hunyanzvi hwemahara seBitcoin hahungaite kucheka. Uye saka pane kudikanwa kwekukurumidzira kuparadzanisa, kukurukura uye kutsvaga nzira nyowani dzekukoshesa basa, nguva, zvisikwa, nharaunda uye zvibereko zvekushanda kwedu pamwe chete.
Pamusoro pekusimbaradza network iri kusimukira yepasirese yenyanzvi, matsotsi uye varwiri vari kushanda pakushoropodza zvemari nekuvandudzwa kwedzimwe mari, masisitimu ekubhadhara uye mhando dzemari, pamwe chinhu chakakosha pamusangano weMoneyLab ndechekuti zvakaitika zvachose. Kutaura idi, hafu yamakore gumi apfuura, vanhu vashomanene zvikuru vaitaura zvakakomba pamusoro pemari. Nhasi, panoratidzika kunge paine kuwedzera kwechokwadi mukuziva (kunyanya pakati pevazivi uye varwiri vezvematongerwo enyika, asi zvichiwedzera pakati peruzhinji rwevanhuwo) nezvechimiro nekukosha kwemari, uye basa rakakosha ringaitwe neimwe mari nedzimwe hurongwa hwechikwereti. mukupidigura mubatanidzwa wezvemari wehurumende uye kuzvisunungura kubva kukutonga kwecapitalist.
Tinotenda muchikamu chikuru kutsoropodza kwaOccupy pamari yepasi rose, kuburitswa kwesimba raDavid Graeber. Chikwereti: Yekutanga Makore zviuru zvishanu, kufarira kutsva mukuverengazve kusiri kwechokwadi kweMarx, uye kusaneta (kunyangwe kusiri kunyanyo chinja) kusimudzira kwemapoka ekuchinja kwemari senge. Positive Money uye New Economics Foundation, mubvunzo wemari pakupedzisira unoratidzika kunge wakasunungurwa kubva munzvimbo inokatyamadza yevanopikisa Semitic kurangana theorists, right-libertarian gold bugs uye anarcho-capitalist "currency cranks" kwayainge yakaramba yakavharirwa. Pakupedzisira, chirongwa chepasi rese chave kutanga kutora chimiro chekutsvaga nekuyedza dzimwe nzira dzekongiri, dzichiisa hwaro hwenyika umo nzira dzekugadzira dzinobatanidzwa pamwe chete uye zvese chimiro uye kusikwa kwemari zviri pasi pekutonga kwakananga-democracy. nenharaunda dzichangopihwa simba dzevashandisi.
Kunyange zvisingaite kuenderana nemisoro mizhinji yakakosha inokurukurwa pamusangano muchikamu chimwe chete, ndinoda kuvhenekera pano pane izvo zvandaiona semamwe epfungwa dzakakosha dzakasimudzwa nevatori vechikamu, pamwe nedzimwe pfungwa dzekuwedzera dzavakabatsira. kurudzira (Ndinokumbira ruregerero mberi nekurasikirwa nezvimwe zvisingaverengeki zvinofadza zvinoonekwa). Mumavhiki nemwedzi iri kuuya isu tichave tichiongorora zvakare mubvunzo wemari paROAR zvakadzama. Senguva dzose, tinogamuchira mipiro pamusoro penyaya (taura nesu pano).
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1. Mari chikwereti
Imwe pfungwa yakafararira yekubvumirana pakati pevatori vechikamu mumusangano weMoneyLab kwaive kutevedzera kwavo dzidziso yekugadzira mari iyo inonzi ""dzidziso yemari.” Yakatungamirirwa mukutanga kwezana remakore rechi20 neBritish economist Alfred Mitchell-Innes uye ichangobva kufarirwa neanthropologist David Graeber uye heterodox think tanks sePositive Money, dzidziso yekwereti yemari inogona kunzi inotenderera kumativi maviri makuru ekutaura. Chekutanga, mabviro enhoroondo emari haasi mukushanda kwayo senzira yekutsinhana, kugadzirisa kusashanda kwekuchinjana (sekureva kwaAdam Smith uye kunyangwe Karl Marx), asi pane basa rayo sechikamu cheakaundi yezvisungo zvakasiyana siyana zvemagariro. Mari, nemamwe mazwi, yakabva muchikwereti - kana, zvichida zvakanyanya zvakakodzera, muukama hwechikwereti-mukwereti. Saka mari haifanirwe kuonekwa sea chinhu, chinhu kana chinhu, asi sea hukama hwevanhu. Muchokwadi, isimba rehukama pakati pezvisina kuenzana, iyo inogara ichikanda vane chikwereti kune vakweretesi. In Kuitwa kweMunhu Ane Chikwereti, Maurizio Lazzarato anotosvika pakutaura kuti hukama hwechikwereti-mukwereti ndiyo hukama hwekirasi yakakosha, uye capital "mukwereti wepasi rose".
2. Mabhanga ega ega anogadzira mari
Chirevo chechipiri chevanoti kiredhiti yemari - chakatsinhirwa nevazhinji vatori vechikamu pamusangano weMoneyLab uye nguva pfupi yadarika yakasimbiswa ne bepa rinokurukurwa zvakanyanya neBhangi reEngland - ndeyekuti nguva dzose bhangi rinopa chikwereti kune mutengi chaizvoizvo inosika mari mukuita. Kupfava kwekutaura uku kunowanzokurudzira kusatenda. Chokwadi mabhanga akazvimirira haagone kungogadzira mari kubva pakutanga? Handiti mari inogadzirwa nemabhanga makuru, achimiririra nyika? Mhinduro ndeyokuti hongu: mabhanga epakati anogadzira mari, asi mari yavanogadzira ingave kiredhiti yakawedzerwa kumabhanga akazvimirira kana mari - uye mari mazuvano inongoumba chikamu chiduku zvikuru chemari yose. MuUS neUK, mari yemapepa nemari zvinoumba ingangoita 3% yemari yakakura kwazvo (muEurozone iyo mari iri pedyo negumi). Mari yasara ndeye "virtual" yechikwereti-mari inongowanikwa senhamba pascreen. Yakawanda yemari iyi yakavapo kuburikidza nehungwaru hweakaunzi iyo bhangi rinongotora account yemutengi uye rakagadzira dhipoziti mukuita.
Vatsoropodzi vakawanda vanowanzopikisa kuti mari iyi ichiri kugadzirwa nemabhanga makuru kuburikidza nekupa chikwereti kumabhanga akazvimirira ayo anozo "wedzera" mari yaanoisa kumusoro kuti awane imwe mari. Mune iyi classical Keynesian dzidziso yekusika mari, akadzivirira zvakasimba naPaul Krugman, mabhanga epakati achiri kudzora huwandu hwemari. Uchapupu huchangobva kuitika hwakapikisa maonero aya, zvisinei, uye bepa reBank of England (BoE) - asi risingarambi kuti mabhanga makuru achiri kuita basa rinokosha - asingatauri kuti "Kusikwa kwemari mukuita kunosiyana nemamwe maonero asina kunaka - mabhanga haaiti nyore. sevarevereri, vachikweretesa mari dzavanochengeta, uye ‘havawanzi’ mari yebhanga guru kuti vaumbe zvikwereti zvitsva nemadhipoziti.” Zviri nani neimwe nzira kutenderedza: mabhanga akazvimirira anotora danho nekuwedzera chikwereti uye anongotarisa kukwezva mamwe madhipoziti. pashure chokwadi. Sezvinotaurwa neBoE: "Pese bhangi parinokwereta, rinogadzira panguva imwe chete mari yakaenzana muakaundi yebhangi yemukwereti, nekudaro ichigadzira mari nyowani."
3. Mari haisi mari chete
Nhoroondo iri pamusoro inoratidza zvakajeka kuti mari haisi mari chete - kana kuti kwete mari sechinhu. Mabhangi haangori vamiriri vanofananidza kuchengetedza uye mari uye nekugovanisa mari zvakanaka kuburikidza nehupfumi mukutsvaga goho repamusoro. Nepo mari yakabvumidza kuita mari pazvinhu zvese, Saskia Sassen zvakarurama akasimbirira muhurukuro yake kuti, “kana ukaderedza mari kuva mari, unenge usiri chinhu chinokosha pachirongwa chacho.” Sassen anotsanangura mari sea simba; uye kwete hazvo kugona kwakanaka pane izvozvo. Mari ndiko kugona kutengesa chinhu chausina; kana kudzokera kune zvatakambotaura, kugadzira mari uye kugovera kiredhiti pasina kutombova nayo tisati tawedzera chikwereti. Izvi zvinopa mari nesimba rakakura rekuvaka uye nekuparadza kwakaipisisa: ingofunga nezve 44% yedzimba dzeGreece dzave kugara pasi pehurombo, kana mhuri dze9 miriyoni dzeAmerica uye vangangoita hafu yemiriyoni varidzi vedzimba vekuSpain vakadzingwa mudzimba dzavo. kubva pakatanga dambudziko rezvemari muna 2008. Sezvakataurwa naSassen, mari yemazuva ano, ine zvikwereti zvayo, zvigadzirwa zvepa-the-counter uye zvitsva zvisingaperi, ndezve "kuoma kukuru kunokonzera hutsinye huri nyore."
4. Inguva yekutanga "kubira" mari
Kubva pane izvi, zviri pachena kuti, kuti tizvisunungure kubva muhusungwa hwechikwereti, tiite demokrasi yechokwadi uye kugadzira nzvimbo yezvematongerwo enyika neyemari yedzimwe nzira dzekusunungura, iyo yeruzhinji-yakavanzika duopoly yekugadzira mari - izvo David Harvey. yakataura nezvayo senexus yehurumende-yezvemari - inoda kubviswa nekukurumidza. Pfungwa yekuti izvi zvinogona kuitwa neimwe nzira pasina kutora capitalism inhema ine ngozi. Iko hakuna chinhu chakadai se "chaiyo" hupfumi hunobudirira huriko neimwe nzira mukuparadzaniswa kubva kune "chaiyo" hupfumi hwemari. Contemporary capitalism inonyatso pihwa mari mune dzinenge mativi ese. Kutora mari ndiko kutora capitalism; uye kutora capitalism kutora nyika yecapitalist. Parizvino, isu zvakajeka hatina maturusi, kana simba, rekupikisa zvakanyanya iyi yehurumende-yemari nexus, ndoda kuiparadza nekuitsiva nechimwe chinhu. Asi vamwe vane ropafadzo dzakawanda pakati pedu vane mukana wokutanga kuputsa zvemari yepasi rose mukutamba uye kugadzira nzira itsva.
Iyi yaive nyaya yekutaura kwaBrett Scott nezve “.kubira ramangwana remari," umo mumiriri weSouth Africa akapokana kuti isu tinofanirwa kushandisa hunhu hwehacker munzira yatinodyidzana nayo nemari: kutanga nekubvisa zvidimbu zvidiki, kudzidza mashandiro azvo emukati uye hukama hwazvo kune zvimwe zvikamu, uyezve kuyedza kugadzirisa zvinhu zvakakosha mukati. kuitira kuongorora mhedzisiro yekupindira kwakadaro. Chii chingaitika, semuenzaniso, kana tikatora kufarira kubva mukuenzanisa? Chii chingaitika kana tikatamira kune yakazara reserve banking? Chii chaizoitika kana mari yedu yaisanganisira mutero wokubvisa otomatiki (mutero pakuunganidza mari) waigona kugovaniswazve nenzira yemari inowanwa? Hazvina maturo kutaura, "kubira" mari nenzira duku idzi hazvizove zvakakwana kukanganisa simba rayo rekugadzirisa saizvozvo; asi "kuvhura" mari uye kugadzirisa mativi ayo epakati richava danho rekutanga rakakosha mukudzamisa manzwisisiro edu emukati mekushanda kwayo uye kutsvaga nzira dzekuvhiringidza kugona kwayo kunoparadza (uye kunyange kushandisa kugona kwayo kwekusika) nechinangwa chekuchinja.
5. Mari ndiyo imwe yemakiyi ekuzvitonga
Alternative currencies, kunyangwe isiri iyo panacea, inogona kuita basa rakakosha mukuvaka kuzvitonga kubva kune zvese zvemari nenyika. Ehe kuzvitonga kuzere hazvigoneke chero iyo hegemonic modhi yekugadzira uye iyo inotonga mari-fomu ichiramba yakanyatso capitalist, asi izvo hazvifanire kutitadzisa kutanga kugadzira mitswe mufacade yehutongi hwemari nekugadzira dzimwe nzira dzekongiri mune pano- Saka zvino. Zviyedzo zvisingaverengeki zvave kutoitika pasi rese kugadzira makorasi anotungamirwa nevashandi, makiriniki ehutano akazvimirira, hupfumi hwekubatana, zvichingodaro. Asi sezvakaita David Harvey kunyatsocherechedzwa, mapurojekiti aya anoyemurika anozopedzisira ave enguva pfupi kana akaramba achivimba nemari uye/kana nyika kuti vararame.
Imwe yekupokana kwakakosha iyo nzira dzekuzvimiririra uye dzemubatanidzwa dzekugadzira dzinowanzopinda mazviri ndezvekuti dzinowanzoda imwe nzira yekudyara kuti utange uye uenderere mberi. Chero bedzi macooperatives anotungamirwa nevashandi achifanirwa kutendeukira kumabhanga akazvimirira kuti vazvipe mari, vanozosangana nemamiriro ezvinhu akafanana nemafemu akajairwa: vanozoda kuwana imwe yakasara (kureva, kugadzira purofiti) kuti vakwanise vabhadhare zvikwereti zvavo pamwe nemubereko, uye nekudaro vanomanikidzwa kuburitsazve macapitalist maitiro emakwikwi emusika maitiro kana kutarisana nemhedzisiro uye kubuda mubhizinesi (the kubhuroka kwazvino uno yemamwe maCooperatives eMonragón muBasque Country ndiyo muenzaniso). Pano, dzimwe mari uye zvikwereti zvakabatana zvinogona kuita basa rakakosha mukubvisa kutsamira kwemakorasi anotungamirwa nevashandi pamari yakazvimirira uye kutenderera kwekuunganidza mari zvakanyanya, zvichibva zvaita kuti pave nekunzwa kwemubatanidzwa uye kuzvitonga kuzere.
6. Mari inobatanidzwa nekuvimbana
Sezvo mari pakupedzisira iri hukama hwemagariro hwakadzika mukunzwisisa kwakafanana uye nekuziva pamwe chete zvisungo zvedu kune mumwe nemumwe, mari dzakabudirira dzinotsamira pane. kuvimba. Kwete zvakangoitika, iyi zvakare mudzi wechiLatin wezwi rekuti chikwereti: concere, kutenda nokuvimba. Nenzira iyi, dambudziko rechikwereti ra2008 - iro isu tichiri kuramba tichinzwa ramifications nhasi - idambudziko rekuvimbana: kusavimba nezve kugona kwevakwereta kubhadhara zvikwereti zvavo, kusavimba nezve kukosha chaiko pamapepa emari emasangano emari. , kusavimba pamusoro pekuda kwevabhengi kunamatira kudivi ravo rekutengesa, kusavimba nezvezvinangwa zvehurumende maererano nepenjeni yedu, mabasa ehurumende, kuchengetedza hupenyu, nezvimwewo. midzi yedambudziko iri systemic), asi kuburitsa gangaidzo rakakosha riri pamwoyo wechimiro chayo chemari.
Mushure mezvose, hachisi chinhu chinotsanangura cheWall Street's mafia tsika yatisingafaniri kuvimba nemunhu? Fidite mini inoratidzika kuva inotonga zvikuru sedzidziso yemakwikwi ye capitalist yekusavimba. Haana here Ayn Rand akatsigira hunhu hwekuzvifunga uye kushoropodza uipi hwekuzvifunga nekuti munhu aifanirwa kuvimba maari, uye iye ega? Munharaunda yemazuva ano ye-hyper-individualistic, kuvimba kwedu muvanhu uye kune mumwe nemumwe kuri kukurumidza kutamiswa mune pfungwa yehudiki yekuvimba mumaavatar maviri ehurumende yeneoliberal: chikwereti-mari uye nyika yekuchengetedza. Tarisa papepa re$20 kana kuti flip coin uye uchawana pakanyorwa kuti: “Tinovimba naMwari.” Asi Mwari chii? Giorgio Agamben aive akarurama zvachose paakanga achangobva kutaura kuti “Mwari haana kufa; akachinjwa kuva mari.” Handizvo here kuti isu takadzurwa kubva kune chero pfungwa ine revo yenharaunda, zvakanyanya kufungidzira vanhu nenyika yakatitenderedza, zvekuti tiri vachiri unoda kuratidza kuzvipira kusingabvunzwe kune abstract wepamusoro izvo zvatisingatombonzwisisi zvizere - mune iyi nyaya Mammon, mwari weavarice? Saka mari ndiyo inotibatanidza uye inotiparadzanisa. Sokutaura kwakaita Marx wechidiki:
If mari ndicho chisungo chinondisungirira munhu hupenyu, kusunga nzanga kwandiri, kundibatanidza nemasikirwo uye munhu, haisi mari chisungo chezvose zvisungo? Haikwanise here kuputsa nekusunga zvisungo zvese? Hazvisi, saka, zvakare zvepasi rose mumiririri wekuparadzana? Ndiyo mari chaiyo inoparadzanisa pamwe chete neicho chaicho kusunga mumiririri - mushonga simba renzanga.
Ehe, kutamiswa kwekuvimba uye kutenda mune fomu remari hachisi chinhu chitsva. Pakatanga kubuda mari yechikwereti-mari yechikwereti uye nechikamu chekuchengetedza bhangi muproto-capitalist 15th century Florence, ichiparadza nharaunda yevatendi vaitsigira simba reChechi, mufundisi weDominican Girolamo Savonarola akaronga zvine mukurumbira "moto wezvisina maturo” kupikisa kupindira kwakaipa kwemari parudo rwaMwari. Nokuda kwechikonzero chimwe chete ichocho, Dante akachengetera mushava nzvimbo inokosha murin’i yechina yegehena, nepo mukwereti aizomanikidzwa kufamba panyika inopisa pasi pemvura yomoto kusvikira pakuguma kwenguva. Nemhaka youcapitalism, Chechi yakarasikirwa noukuru hwayo pa“kunaka”, uye mari yakakurumidza kuva mucherechedzo mukuru woukoshi. Kutamiswa kwekutenda kwemunhu kubva kuna Mwari kuenda mumari kunosvika pakupera kwayo mukusimudzira kwesymbiotic yezvemari yemazuva ano uye nyika yenyika. Sezvakataurwa naMarx, chikwereti chakazvimirira (uye kuvimba kwepachivande mukuda kwehurumende kukudza chikwereti ichi) kwakaita basa guru mukuita ikoko. "Chikwereti cheruzhinji," akanyora kudaro, "inova iyo madhiri of capital. Uye nokukwira kwokuita chikwereti chenyika, kushaiwa kutenda muchikwereti chenyika kunotora nzvimbo yokumhura Mweya Mutsvene, uko kungasakanganwirwa.”
7. Alternative currencies inotarisana nemubvunzo wechiyero
Kukurukurirana kusinganzwisisike pamusoro apa kunodyisa zvakananga muchikamu chinotevera, chaive chimwe chiitiko chakakosha chakaitwa nenhamba yevatsoropodzi vekripto-mari paMoneyLab, kusanganisira. Franco 'Bifo' Berardi. Imwe yematambudziko makuru ayo mamwe mari anotarisana nawo inyaya yechiyero - iyo ine zvimwe zvakakosha zvakanyanya kumubvunzo wekuvimba. Kune rimwe divi, isu tine kuwanda kwemari dzemuno, dzimwe dzakatodzika midzi munharaunda dzavanogara, uko vanhuwo zvavo vanotsvaga kudzoreredza nekuisazve mari mukati meimwe matrix akasiyana ehukoshi hwakajairika kuitira kufambisa kugutsikana kwezvinhu zvakakosha. zvido zvemagariro uye zvishuwo. Idzi mari dzemuno dzimwe nguva dzinokwenya kumashure kune imwe pfungwa yerudo yenzvimbo inoda kudzoreredza hukama hwevanhu mukati mehupenyu hwenyama-yenyika yevanhu varipo chaizvo, nokudaro vachipikisa pfungwa inobatika yekugarisana kwevanhu kune iyo chaiyo uye isinganzwisisike nzvimbo yechikwereti. default swaps uye zvibvumirano zvakaoma zvakabva kune zvinoratidzira mari yemazuva ano. Chinhu chimwe chete mari dzemuno idzi dzakafanana ndechekuti dzese dzakabva pakuvimba.
Zvakajeka, zvisinei, kuti mari dzemuno hadzizombokwanisa kupikisa - ndoda kutsiva - mari yepasirese yemari seyakadaro. Kazhinji, mari dzemuno dzichakura kuita dzakakosha zvinowirirana mari inogona kuwedzerwa kune yakakura-siyana musanganiswa wemari zviridzwa. Kana tichizogadzira imwe nzira yekutsiva capitalism yepasirese, zvisinei, isu tichafanirwa kutanga kufunga pamwe nekukura kwenzvimbo (kureva, pasi rose) kana kudarika nharaunda zvachose nekugadzira mari isiri yemuno (apo isiri-nzvimbo zvinoreva pfungwa iri muquantum physics zvichienderana nekuti zvinhu zviviri zvakapatsanurwa muchadenga uye pasina murevereri anoonekwa pakati pazvo, zvinokwanisa kumira zvakasangana). Iyo yekupedzisira ndiyo nzvimbo ye crypto-currencies seBitcoin: peer-to-peer digital currency iyo inogona kuisa murimi wekuKenya mukuonana zvakananga nevatengi vake, uye mudzidzi wekuAmerican koreji kana mubhengi weWall Street akatarisana zvakananga nemutengesi wavo wezvinodhaka, pasina kupindirana nebhangi kana nyika. Iyo peer-to-peer tekinoroji kuseri kweBitcoin ine shanduko mune izvi. Zvatiri kupupurira humbowo hunonakidza hwepfungwa: isu tinogona chaizvo kugadzira mari pasina kudiwa kwematunhu kana mabhangi!
8. Cryptography (yega) haizotisunungure
Asi, sekusimbisa kwakakosha kwaBifo muhurukuro yake, iyo nheyo ye otomatiki inorara kumashure kwekripto-mari seBitcoin inovanza njodzi huru: nekuramba zvakajeka kudiwa kwekuvimba pakati penharaunda yevashandisi sechinhu chakakosha cheiyo tekinoroji dhizaini (iyo inonzi yakagoverwa public ledger), Bitcoin inotyisidzira. kubvisa zvakasara zvekupedzisira zvezvisungo zvedu zvevanhu kubva kumari-fomu, nokudaro kuishandura kuva mumiririri wekupedzisira wekuparadzanisa. Chaizvo nekuti yakaganhurwa uye isiri yenzvimbo, Bitcoin haigone kushanda pahwaro hwemusimboti wekuvimba sezvinoita mari dzemuno. Pane kudaro, yakagadzirwa pahwaro hweiyo imwechete yeRandian musimboti unosimudzira bankster tsika: fidite nemeni, usavimbe nemunhu! Zvino zvatakasiiwa zvakanyanya naMwari, mari uye nyika, uto risingazivikanwe recyber-libertarians rinopa chiratidzo chitsva chekunamata: cryptography. Uye saka kutenda kwedu kunobva kwaenda kune yakaomesesa sosi kodhi kuseri kwemafomu matsva emari yedhijitari.
Mari, ipapo, inova Automated. Kana yangogadzirirwa uye yasunungurwa, mari yacho inofanirwa kurarama hupenyu hwayo. Hongu vatsoropodzi vanogona "kubvisa" kubva kune iyo kodhi kodhi uye kugadzira yavo dzimwe nzira, asi musimboti unoramba wakafanana: kusazivikanwa cryptography inotsiva kuvimba sechiyero chemagariro edu, nekudaro kubvisa iyo yekupedzisira-yasara chidimbu chevanhu kubva mukuenzanisa. Bitcoin naizvozvo haigadzirise dambudziko recapitalism rekuvimbana; izvozvo chete radicalizes iyo nekusimbirira kuti hapana uye hapana anogona kuvimbwa - chete kodhi. Imwe nhengo paBitcoin Talk Forum akarayirwa vamwe vake vanofarira saka: "Usavimbe nekuchinjana, usavimbe nemabasa echikwama epamhepo, usavimbe nesoftware yako yekudzivirira hutachiona, uye usavimbe chero munhu pamhepo." Kunyange zvazvo akanga akarurama zvachose, zvinofanira kuva pachena kuti iyi pfungwa yakadzika yemagariro evanhu haisi chinhu kunze kwecapitalist schizophrenia pane steroids. Hapana zvachose chinosunungura nezve automation yekusavimba. Nharaunda umo vanhu vakarega zvachose kuvimbana ingori kukwana kweAyn Rand's egoist dystopia - kuratidzwa kwehusiku kwe hyper-individualistic worldview gone haywire.
Sezvo shamwari yangu Rutger Kaput, muzivi paOxford University, akandiratidza mushure memusangano, munguva dzehunyengeri hwepasi rose, kungovimbana kune mumwe kunova chiito chekuchinja. Kutaura idi, kushuva kworudo kunzanga dzomunzvimbomo dzekare hakuzokanganise kuderera kusingachinjiki muudzvinyiriri hwezvemari. Asi nyika isina kuvimbana haisi nyika yakakodzera kugara mairi. SaQuinn DuPont akakakavadzana zvinogutsa muhurukuro yake, cryptography inogona kuva nebasa rinokosha rekuita mukurwisana nehurumende yekutonga. Asi kana tikatanga kuinyengedza, tichitenda kuti inogona kutsiva kuvimba seglue yezvisungo zvedu zvemagariro, tinozopedzisira tadzamisa pfungwa yedu yekuparadzaniswa nevamwe vanhu. Pashure pezvose, pasina kuvimbana, chii chichava chepfungwa yedu yechinangwa chakafanana? Kupokanidzana kukuru kwakacherekedzwa naMarx, pakati pemari sechisungo chokupedzisira chenzanga uye mumiriri wepasi rose wokuparadzana, kuchawedzerwa bedzi. Saka Bifo aive akarurama kupokana kuti, mukuita otomatiki kwekusavimba kuburikidza necryptography, neoliberalism pakupedzisira inowana avatar yayo - kuratidzwa kwayo kwakakwana.
9. Bitcoin HAISI mari yechimurenga
Kune izvi, isu tinofanirwa kuwedzera zvakacherechedzwa - zvakadzokororwa zvakakodzera kuMoneyLab - kuti, kunze kwematambudziko ehunhu anouya neamoral tekinoroji dhizaini, pane zvakare nyaya yakakosha neBitcoin. mari dhizaini, iyo inonyanya kuchengetedza muzvisikwa. Muchokwadi, Satoshi Nakamoto, asinganzwisisike muvambi weBitcoin, akanyatso kupesvedzerwa nedzidziso dzechokwadi dzemari uye nerudyi-rusununguko rwezvehupfumi mazano, kwete ayo earch-neoliberal Friedrich Hayek, akange atodaidzira "denationalization yemari” kumashure kuma1970. Chinonyanya kukosha, Bitcoin yakanyatsogadzirwa kuti ishande segoridhe: inogadzirwa zvisingaite, kuburikidza neyakaoma algorithmic process ye "migodhi", uye inotenderera sechinhu chinotengeswa. Mari itsva inovapo nechiyero chakafanotemerwa uye ine chivharo chakaiswa pamari yese inopihwa. Izvi zvinoreva kuti, kana huwandu hwevashandisi uye kutengeserana mukati meBitcoin system kunotanga kuwedzera, iyo mari inopihwa haizokwanisi kuramba ichimhanya - pakupedzisira ichiburitsa deflation. Icho chokwadi chekuti Bitcoin inopatsanurika zvachose chinoratidza kuti Nakamoto ainyatsoziva chokwadi ichi uye nemaune akadhinda deflation muhurongwa. (Deflation kudzikira kwemutengo wakazara wezvinhu nemasevhisi, uye yaive denda regoridhe rakaparadza mamirioni ehupenyu panguva yeKuderera Kukuru.)
Asi nepo vashandiwo zvavo vachitambura nedeflation, izvo zvinowedzera kushaikwa kwemabasa uye zvinodzikira pamihoro, ibasa chairo kune vakapfuma. Mushure mezvose, kana iwe ukabata mari yakawanda yekuchengetedza, simba rekutenga remari yako rinokoshesa nemazuva ese kuti huwandu hwemutengo hunodonha. Izvi zvinoreva kuti deflation inosimudzira kuhodha nekupa mubairo wekuunganidza mari. Ne deflation, vapfumi vanopfuma nekupfuura kuita chinhu zvachose. Pane kukanda mari yavo mukutenderera, sezvaizoitwa nemushandi paanenge achitenga zvaanoda zvekutanga kana se "anogadzira" capitalist yaaizoita pakutenga michina, zvigadzirwa uye simba revashandi, muchengeti anobatirira kugoridhe rake kana Bitcoins chero bedzi zvinogoneka. Deflationary mari hutongi seBitcoin uye chiyero chegoridhe saka zvinodya muhuwandu hwakakura hwehupfumi nesimba. Hazvishamisi, saka, kuti Bitcoin inoratidzira yayo chaiyo yekupedzisira-yakapfuma elite. Kubva munaChikunguru 12, 2011, 97% yeakaundi yeBitcoin yaive isingasviki gumi bitcoins, uku 78 masangano vakanga vachiunganidza zvinopfuura 10,000 imwe neimwe. Stanislas Jourdan Abvunzwa mubvunzo wakakodzera mukupindura iyi data: iyo yakanyanyisa kunyura uye deflationary fomu yemari ingambobatsira sei maGiriki?
10. Crowdfunding HAISI "anarchist welfare state"
Ndichinzwa vamwe vevatauri kuMoneyLab, imwe njodzi yandinofunga kuti tinofanira kungwarira ndeyerudo rwevanhu vakawanda senzira yekuchinja mari inozoita kuti maartist nevamwe vanogadzira vasunungurwe kubva mukunetsa kwekukumbira-kukumbira uye zvipo zvepachivande uye zvikwereti. Mumwe mutauri, akazvidaidza kuti "crowdfunding consultant", akaramba achitaura nezve"crowdfunding zviroto zvako, "Asi imwe yaireva Kickstarter se "anarchist welfare state". Njodzi iri pano ndeyekuti tinopedzisira tagadzirisa zvinodiwa uye nekuzvikanganisa kuti zvigadzirise. Munguva yehudzvinyiriri, uko mibairo nerubatsiro zviri kuramba zvichidzikiswa uye mari inenge ichiri kugoverwa inoita kuti iwedzere kunyura mumapurojekiti ane hukuru hunofungidzirwa hwemusika uye kucherechedzwa kwezita, kuunganidza mari kazhinji ndiyo yega sarudzo yasara yemapurojekiti ekugadzira ayo - kunyangwe ingave yakakosha - haina chero kukosha kwekuchinjana kuri pachena, uye nekudaro haugone kukwikwidza kuwana rubatsiro rushoma kana mari.
Imwe njodzi ndeyokuti, nekusimbisa zvishoma nyaya dzekubudirira kwevanhu vakawanda, tinopedzisira tava kubereka dzimwe nzira dzepfungwa dzinotsigira hegemonic tsanangudzo yekubudirira sechinhu chakanaka chebhizimisi - kuvhara kushandiswa kunopindira mukuita. Ndiyo chiono chakasarudzika che "crowdfunding zviroto zvako” haisi nzira yakanakisa yekudzoreredza Chiroto cheAmerica chekirasi iri kusimukira yekugadzira? Kutarisa nekukurumidza pawebhusaiti yeIndieGoGo kunoratidza chokwadi chinosuruvarisa kuseri kwekuwanda mari: papeji rekutanga, tinounzwa nemapurojekiti akawanda akabudirira, tisingazive tichiita tarisiro inotyisa pakati pevanotarisirwa kuwana mari yekuti "kana vachikwanisa kuzviita, isu tinogona kuzviitawo." Nekudaro, penya zvishoma muzvikamu zvakasiyana zvemushandirapamwe uye iwe uchaona akawanda mapurojekiti asingazomboswedere pedyo nekuita chinangwa chavo. Nekuda kwekuti mapurojekiti aya anounza chero mari zvachose, ivo vari kunyatso kukwidza mari yepuratifomu uye masangano ekuzadzikisa. Pazasi pedombo, avo vasina hunyanzvi hwekushambadzira uye kuwana kune makuru uye akapfuma network vanodzikisirwa patsva. Iyo "anarchist welfare state", saka, haisiriyo yese yakaenzana - uye iyo yakawandisa yainogadzira inozopedzisira yave muhomwe dzevaridzi vepuratifomu.
Kunze kwezvo, zvinoonekwa kuti "boka revanhu" mukuunganidza mari kazhinji harisipo. Ruzhinji rwe Kickstarter's revenue haibvi kubva ku "mabig hits" (ayo anongobatsira kukwevera kutarisiro kumhando yavo, kushanda senge nzira yekushambadzira) asi kubva muhuwandu hukuru hwezvirongwa zvidiki. Aya mapurojekiti madiki, zvakare, anotsamira zvakanyanya kumhuri neshamwari kuti vasvike pavanenge vakatarwa. Zvinoreva izvi ndezvekuti iyo inonzi "anarchist welfare state" ichokwadi tsigiro yenharaunda yakashandurwa kuita sosi remubairo kumapuratifomu ekuunganidza. Kubatsirana kwemhuri yako neshamwari kunopedzisira kwave kunyoreswa muhurongwa hwekuunganidza mari. Crowdfunding, mune rimwe izwi, inoshandisa zvinodiwa (kuti vanogadzira vawane nzira nyowani dzekuunganidza mari muzera rekuomesesa) kuitira kuvharira mhinduro yakafanana (mutual aid) voishandura kuita chinhu. Iko uko nyika yemagariro inodzokera, nharaunda inopinda mukati, uye kambani yakazvimiririra inozokwanisa kukanganisa purofiti kubva mukusada kwedu.
11. Zvakakosha kuti usaite mari!
Zvinocherechedzwa zviri pamusoro saka zvinoita sekunge zvinonongedza kudivi rimwe chete: nepo kugadzira dzimwe nzira kune capitalist mari-fomu kuchave kwakakosha pakuvaka kuzvitonga kubva kuhurumende-yemari nexus uye kudzora hupenyu hwedu, pane njodzi huru yekuti mhinduro dzedu dzinopera. kunyorerwa mugwara rehurongwa hwemari nehupfumi hwazvino uye kushandurwa kuve kumwezve kunopa fungidziro, kugovera uye kuunganidza. Naizvozvo zvakakosha kuti usaite fetishize dzimwe mari nemamodheru emari. Kuvaka kuzvitonga uye kupikisa hurumende-yemari nexus kunoda kurwisana kwemarudzi akawanda kunonangana nhanho dzese dzehukama hwehukama hwehupfumi. Kana tikatadza kudzoreredza nzira dzekugadzira, kuunza demokrasi munzvimbo yebasa, kuzvironga pachedu padanho renyika nepasirese, kukudziridza mhando nyowani dzekuita sarudzo, kuvakazve kuvimba munharaunda dzedu uye nekupfuura, kutsvaga nzira dzekuzvidzivirira kubva kudzvinyiriro yenyika, nezvimwewo, dzimwe mari dzedzimwe mari dzichapedzisira dzave zvishoma kudarika kutaura kusina simba kwechido chinoyemurika asi chisingakuvadzi chekuchinja kwemagariro. Basa redu rezvematongerwo enyika renguva refu nderokuputsa simba rehupfumi uye kuita demokrasi zvakanyanya kubva pasi. Kana tikarasikirwa nekuona kweiyi mhedziso yakakura umo kutsvaga kwedzimwe nzira dzemari kunozoiswa, isu tichakundikana.
12. Dambudziko chairo nderekutsanangurazve kukosha
Nepo mumakore anotevera mubvunzo wemari ungangotora kukosha kwepakati mubato riri kubuda rinopikisa capitalist, isu tinofanirawo kungwarira zvakanyanya kuti tisawira muchirwere chemesiya icho dzimwe nguva chinoratidza "vatendeuki" vachangobva kuitika kuchikonzero. Pakutanga kuona kuti mari inogadzirwa nemabhangi akazvimirira, uye kuti chikwereti chinotakura mubereko chinoramba chichidyisa kudiwa kwekuwedzera kwehupfumi pamwoyo we capitalist system, vanhu vazhinji vane eureka nguva - Ndazviona! Mari ndiwo mudzi wezvakaipa zvose! Ngatigadzire imwe mari uye tishandure nyika! - izvo zvinovapofomadza kwechinguva kune kumwe kupokana kwakakosha kwehurongwa (dingindira rakatorwa naDavid Harvey mubhuku rake. bhuku rinouya). Izvo hazvigone kusimbiswa zvakakwana kuti mari ingori chinhu (chinhu chakakosha kuve nechokwadi, asi chingori chinhu) mukuita kwekuyeresa uye maitiro ekugadzira uye kuunganidza ayo akaomarara zvakanyanya uye asingagone kungoderedzwa kusvika kuzvikamu zvayo. . Kune rimwe, dambudziko rakakosha - iro rinogara rakavanda kuseri kwemafomu emari - ndiro rakasimudzwa naMax Haiven mumharidzo yake uye nebhuku rake idzva. Matambudziko ekufungidzira, Matambudziko eSimba: isu zvino tinofanirwa kutanga takabatana kufungidzira zvakare uye kutsanangura zvinhu kwete chete kukosha kwakadini, asiwo chii icho kuti tinokoshesa.
Pano, pakupedzisira, tasvika panzvimbo yezvamatongerwe enyika: Tingasvika sei pazvisarudzo zvakafanana pamusoro pechinofanira kukosheswa? Tinokoshesa zvisungo zvedu here kana kuti tinokoshesa kusazivikanwa? Tinokoshesa nharaunda here kana kuti tinokoshesa munhu mumwe nomumwe? Pane nzira here yekuvharisa izvi zvinooneka zvinopokana kana kumisa kupokana kwavo, kana kuti vachagara vachipokana? Chii chatinokoshesa pachedu? Chii chatinokoshesa kune vamwe? Chii chatinokoshesa muzvakasikwa, mubasa, mukuzorora? Uye isu tingadzikise sei idzi hunhu - zvese zvehunhu nehupfumi - mune iyo mari-fomu? Pakupedzisira, kana tiri kutaura nezvekugadzira nzanga yakasiyana zvakanyanya, mubvunzo wekukosha uchafanirwa kubviswa kubva pamari. Exchange kukosha chinhu chimwe; kukosha kwekushandisa, sezvakataurwa naMarx, zvakatosiyana (zvisingatombotauri kukosha kwetsika, kunaka uye kwezvakatipoteredza. kusashandisa value). Zvingave zvichiita here kuronga nzanga pahwaro hwekushandisa (uye kusashandisa) kukosha, pane kuchinjana tsika? Nzanga yakadaro ingaratidzika sei? Tinosvika sei ikoko? Tingatokwanisa here kuvimba nevavariro dzakanaka dzemumwe nomumwe nepfungwa yedu yechinangwa chakafanana sezvatinokakavadzana nokurwa pamusoro pemhinduro dzinobvira?
Panguva ino, hapana anoziva - asi zvirinani isu takazotanga kubvunza mibvunzo chaiyo. Munyika yakazara mari umo vanhu vakarega kuverenga chero chinhu, kuti, zvimwe, inofanira kuverenga chimwe chinhu.
Jerome Roos akadzidza International Political Economy paScience Po Paris neLondon School of Economics uye parizvino ari mukwikwidzi wePhD paEuropean University Institute. Ndiye mupepeti wekutanga weROAR Magazine.
ZNetwork inopihwa mari chete kuburikidza nerupo rwevaverengi vayo.
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